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An awareness of the problems associated with the use of plastics can provide new opportunities for the paper industry. We have to try to enhance the public awareness of the environmental value of papers by using diverse advertising approaches. We have to collaborate to make paper more viable to replace plastics in many uses. The collaboration not only between industry and academia but also between countries and associations is essential to advance the age of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry is increasingly seeking a sustainable and conscientious development, minimizing the environmental impacts caused by it. Therefore, reducing efficiently the number of stages used in the bleaching process can mean less consumption of water and chemical reagents, contributing to the reduction of harmful waste to the environment. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the pulp quality and some physical-mechanical properties (smoothness, tear and tensile indexes) of two new bleaching sequences A*DP and A*E*DP and compare them with the reference D0(E+P)D1P. To do so, industrial eucalyptus Kraft pulp pre-delignified with oxygen was used. The bleached pulp was refined to 1200, 1800 and 2400, in PFI mill and tested according to TAPPI standards to determine smoothness, tear and tensile indexes. Based on the results obtained, it was verified that the sequences studied are viable for using in bleaching plants, which allowed a reduction in the chlorine dioxide consumption and presented satisfactory smoothness, tear and tensile indexes for paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation are treatment methods based on the same removal mechanism.In this study, it was investigated the effectiveness of coagulation methods using Al electrodes and Al2(SO4)3.18H2O on the wastewaters from cardboard production.In the electrocoagulation experiments, the optimum current and pH where the highest COD removal efficiency by 54% was achieved were determined respectively as 10A and 6.62.The study also it was seen that 58%COD removal was reached for the KCl concentration of 0.5 mg/L that was applied.In the chemical coagulation study, the highest removal efficiencies were obtained as 36%, 95% and 97% for respectively COD, color and turbidity.The results show that higher efficiency could be achieved by electrocoagulation as a pre-treatment step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hemp plant Cannabis sativa Linn, referring to industrial hemp, is a high-yielding annual industrial crop grown providing fibers from hemp stalk and oil from hemp seeds. Although hemp is a niche crop, hemp production is currently undergoing a renaissance. More than 30 countries grow hemp, with China being the largest hemp producing and exporting country. Europe and Canada are also important actors in the global hemp market. Traditionally, hemp as a fiber plant has been used for the production of apparels, fabrics, papers, cordages and building materials. The hurds, as waste by-product of fiber production, were used for bedding of animals, the seeds for human nutrition, e.g., as flour, and the oil for a wide range of purposes, from cooking to cosmetics. Hemp has also been an important crop throughout human history for medicine. Other more recent applications include materials for insulation and furniture, automotive composites for interior applications and motor vehicle parts, bioplastics, jewelry and fashion sectors, animal feed, animal bedding, and energy and fuel production. Foods containing hemp seed and oil are currently marketed worldwide for both animal and human nutrition. They also find applications in beverages and in neutraceutical products. Hemp oil is also used for cosmetics and personal care items, paints, printing inks, detergents and solvents. It is estimated that the global market for hemp consists of more than 25,000 products. Currently, the construction and insulation sector, paper and textile industries, and food and nutrition domains are the main markets while the cosmetics and automotive sector are growing markets. Innovative applications, e.g., in the medical and therapeutic domains, cosmeceuticals, phytoremediation, acoustic domain, wastewater treatment, biofuels, biopesticides and biotechnology, open new challenges. Hemp is also the object of numerous fundamental studies. This review presents and discusses the traditional and new uses of industrial hemp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface characterization is important and has many applications in the paper industry. Surface characterization requires both surface roughness and surface friction. The relationship between the two has not been fully established for paper and paperboard. It has been a common practice that only the average property and the standard deviation with the coefficient of variation (COV) are reported for surface roughness and friction measurements. This practice, however, provides few information on surface structure and can lead to wrong judgments because two samples having the same average and the COV can have different physical properties. To avoid such mistake, a new surface characterization method has been developed. To this end, surface roughness- and frictionprofiles have been obtained using a latest version of Kawabata surface tester (Model: KES-SESRU, Kato Tech, Kyoto Japan). This new version uses the same stylus for both measuring surface roughness and friction under the same operating conditions. It was found that a correlation between the surface roughness and surface friction was very low. This indicates that they should be independent of each other. Therefore, both should be determined for surface characterization.

Wood is versatile, inexhaustible and renewable. These made the wood an outstanding material used in different domain such as raw material for production of pulp, paper and fibre based products. In Nigeria, one of the problems in pulp and paper industry is inadequate supply of long fibre for paper production. Also, overexploitation of materials having desirable fibre characteristic was observed. Therefore, there is need to research into lesser known wood species so as to ascertain its suitability for paper making. This study presents the potential of Aningeria robusta wood as source for adequate fibres for paper making. Samples of 20x20x20mm were collected from the three trees of Aningeria robusta wood at different position; base (10%), middle (50%) and top (90%) along the merchantable height and prepared into slivers of 3mmx10mm for examination of the fibre characteristics. Thereafter, it was macerated and viewed under microscope. Further morphological indices were calculate accordingly. The mean fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen, cell wall thickness (CWT), slenderness, flexural ratio and runkel ratio were 1.55mm, 11.71µm, 8.78µm, 1.46, 132.12, and 75.07 respectively. Variation of indices along sampling heights were not significant except for CWT. A. robusta has shown good properties and could be added to already known wood species suitable for paper making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often think of paper as an environmentally harmful product because trees are cut down to make it. A new generation that has grown up in today's digital society may think that the use of digital devices is a waste-free way to protect our environment. Although the pulp and paper industry is making various efforts to preserve the environment, it has not been properly recognized. Developing new technologies to produce better products at lower cost while protecting our environment is important. But it is also important to enhance the image of the pulp and paper industry in the eyes of the public. The pulp and paper industry's efforts to reforestation for raw materials and to expand the recycling of waste paper should be more widely introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry in Europe produces over 11 million tons of waste per year. Given high landfill operational costs, thermal coprocessing with biomass may be a viable management and valorisation option for such wastes. In this work, the analysis of biomass (wood sawdust), mixture of primary and secondary pulp mill sludge and their respective blends (50 wt.%, 60 wt.%, 70 wt.% of sludge) was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis. One of the possibilities to ensure valorisation of paper pulp mill sludge is its combustion in the form of pellets containing a different amount of sludge. Production of pellets samples was realised on laboratory experimental device. The measurements showed that increasing the content of paper sludge in the produced pellets reduced the calorific value and increased the ash content. This research deals also with the effect of paper sludge on the ash melting temperatures. The results indicated that a higher content of paper sludge in the pellets increased the ash melting temperatures. This advantage of paper sludge can be utilized in co-combustion of biomass with a low ash melting temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work assesses six different agricultural residues with the aim of finding alternative raw materials for a soda semichemical pulping process: stems of bell and chili pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), broad bean ( Vicia faba ), asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis ), pea ( Pisum sativum ), and okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ). Pulping yields higher than 60% (m/m) were obtained, except for pea stems (43%). The drainability of all the pulps, expressed as the Schopper-Riegler index (ºSR), had values of over 70 ºSR. The Kajaani analyses of the fibers showed acceptable fiber lengths in all cases (0.64–0.92 mm), but on average shorter than the lengths of pulps from a commercial fluting paper (Old corrugated Container, OCC), that was found to be 1.27 mm. Handsheets of paper were produced both with the pulps under study and with mixtures of these pulps with OCC pulp. Several properties were measured to assess the use of the new fibers in a paper for cardboard production. The property showing the greatest differences was the Gurley porosity, ranging from 25 mL/min (asparagus) to 1300 mL/min (broad bean). Of the six residues tested, the okra residue fiber showed better properties than the commercial paper fiber (Concora Medium Test indexes: 1.5 N m 2 /g and 1.1 N m 2 /g respectively, Burst Indexes: 2.3 kPa m 2 /g and 1.7 kPa m 2 /g, respectively), yielding similar mechanical properties to those of high quality fibers obtained from miscanthus ( Miscanthus giganteus ). Broad bean residue could also be a promising raw material, though its properties are not as good as okra’s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid material based on halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and sodium perfluorooctanoate (NaPF8) was used as a consolidant for paper treatment. The consolidation efficiency was determined by thermogravimetry as well as by paper grammage determination. Morphological analysis of the treated paper was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy while the effect of modified HNTs on the thermal behaviour of the cellulose fibres was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry which determined the combustion enthalpy of the paper.Water contact angle measurements were performed to study the paper wettability. The physico-chemical properties investigated (mesoscopic structure, thermal stability and wettability) of the treated paper were correlated successfully with the consolidation loading and, consequently, to the affinity between the fluorinated modified HNTs and the fibrous cellulose structure. This study proposes a new green protocol for paper consolidation based on natural tubular nanoparticles with a flame retardant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to characterize the properties of pulp and paper produced from tea (Camellia sinensis) wastes, an agricultural residue widely available in Turkey, using the kraft-anthraquinone (AQ) cooking method. The chemical components and fiber morphology of tea wastes were investigated. The results indicated that tea wastes had low holocellulose, cellulose, and a-cellulose contents and high lignin content. Also, the suitability of the fiber for pulp and paper production was examined, and the fiber length, fiber width, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were measured. According to these values, it was found that the strength properties of papers obtained from tea wastes were insufficient. Therefore, tea waste pulps were mixed with Turkish pine pulps at various ratios. Twelve different cooking experiments were performed on the tea wastes, and the cooking with the best pulp yield was used for mixing. The second cooking, with 0.1% AQ, gave the best yield (33.26%), an increase of about 3.51% compared to the first cooking with no AQ. The physical and optical properties of the papers were also examined. Results showed that paper properties were improved by increasing the Turkish pine pulp rate. Consequently, tea wastes can be used in pulp and paper production when combined with softwood pulps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical model of a vacuum dewatering process was established with a level-set method to simulate two-phase flow in a two-dimensional paper sheet model with constructed volume forces representing flow resistance in a three-dimensional environment. Nine cases of various volume force representations were investigated by comparing numerical and experimental data. Based on the dry content and dwell time relation, the best model is obtained when accounting for in-plane flow resistance at the paper–wire interface. Compared to the other numerical cases, considering the blockage of the pore space, the top layer of the wire plays an essential role in determining the flow resistance during the vacuum process. To validate the maximum dewatering rate obtained in the model, new experimental data with a higher frequency of sampling are needed. The computational time for the two-phase flow models in this study is extensively reduced due to the removal of the internal structure. This distinction enables time-efficient simulations of the vacuum dewatering process in which several dewatering parameters such as the level of the vacuum, the influence of a moving vacuum pulse, and higher basis weights could be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In Victorian Britain rags were not only associated with the inadequate clothing of the poor, they were also viewed as a valuable commodity, widely collected for recycling into paper. This essay examines rags as simultaneously despised and precious objects, tracing the connections between Victorian accounts of poverty, the industrial recycling of rags into paper, and the redemption narratives created by Charles Dickens about rescued children. A supporter of Ragged Schools and champion of rags recycling, Dickens drew on the idea of the transformation of dirty rags into clean paper in his representations of ragged children. To him, the recycling of rags indicated the civilizing forces of modernity, and reading Dickens's representations of ragged children in this context reveals how cloth recycling became a paradigm for society's duties towards destitute children. This essay explains Dickens's juxtaposition of ragged children with references to rag-dealing in his novels; by this means he suggested that street children, like their ragged clothing, were capable of being purified and transformed into social usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The printing press helped to spread literacy, civic discourse, and even political dissent in colonial America. Without paper, however, the invention of the moveable type printing press would have been insignificant. This crucial communication medium was hobbled by a critical shortage of the raw material needed for printed matter. Paper was in short supply in the colonies and in the new nation as it could only be made from rags, and there was constant difficulty in obtaining enough rags to keep the presses rolling. Pleas for this essential ingredient were constantly seen in the newspapers in early America and there were severe shortages of both paper and the rags from which it was made during the American Revolution. This article examines how desperate were the early Americans for the paper which was necessary both for firing the muskets and for spreading the rhetoric of Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Biomaterials and new processes (3D printing and flexible hybrid electronics) offer opportunities to break free from a 2D paper world by allowing for the development of smart multi-dimensional structures. While there has been recent progress reported in each of these areas of technology, to date, the merger of these technologies has been very limited. We believe that their merger offers boundless opportunities and an opportunity for the paper industry to innovate a low cost, sustainable housing solution capable of promoting the well-being of its occupants while minimizing the environmental impact of its daily use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:This review article introduces recent technical and scientific reports on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the wood and paper industry, which have increased during the last decade. Many researchers have reported that the NIR technique is useful for detection of both chemical and physical properties of wood materials and has been widely used in cases where the characteristic cellular structure of the material is retained. With regard to application of NIR spectroscopy to pulp and paper, many publications have reported its potential as an on-line measurement technique during paper-making process control. NIR spectroscopy is considered fundamental in applied research on wood and paper. Utilization of NIR spectroscopy in the wood and paper industry should take into account its applicability and limitations as a nondestructive technique. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper has always been and it remains to be the primary information carrier though only 0.1% of the total information is recorded on this media. The paper production industry has a great impact on the environment which is mostly due to the use of raw materials (wood of conifers and deciduous trees), fillers (CaCO3), additional materials (dyes, glue, binders, retention aids), and chemicals (acids and bases). However, the greatest impact on the environment is caused by the extensive water consumption. To produce 1 ton of paper up to 60 m3 of fresh water are necessary. The water is not the only resource needed in the production cycle. Besides, the consumption of electrical energy (approximately 10,000 MJ/tpap), waste paper (paper represents 35 % of waste), and air pollution (paper production and transport) should be taken into consideration. In spite of the above mentioned environmental threats the paper still remains an important element of the everyday life and the use of modern information technology (personal computers, telefax, Internet) has increased its demand and consumption. It is important that the paper is produced from natural materials which are later released into environment without significant environmental consequences. The technology of paper recycling and re-use is widely known and a must of any responsible and professional social environment. Digitisation has increased the consumption of electrical energy as a consequence of production, use and reprocessing of different devices. Unlike a written record, a digital record has no permanent value and the electromagnetic field has a negative effect on the digital records. Digital records have to be constantly updated and adjusted to the computer software and hardware. A book and its content represent a treasure and an invaluable part of the cultural heritage. To use a book it is necessary to learn the alphabet whereas to read digital records we need to be computer and information literate. Negative effects of digitisation have affected the production of paper as the demand for graphic paper (newsprint, writing, printing paper) has decreased. The demand for raw materials, products and semi-manufactured products has decreased, too. Consequently, the level of investments in modernisation of equipment and in new production lines has been equally reduced. The proportion of employees directly or indirectly involved in the paper making and paper processing industry has been diminished. In the European Union paper and paper processing industry employ 1.9 million people in 200,000 enterprises representing 6.5 % of turnover in the production sector or 80 billion EUR or 16 billion EUR of the value added per year. The EU is expected to prevent the decline of paper and paper related industry (graphic, construction, logistic) which would endanger the production -- consumption cycle. After all, dismissals can ruin the social equilibrium. However, the paper production is faced with a difficult situation caused by digitisation. The competitiveness of the global market has an impact on the labour force costs, raw materials and energy products. Besides, production costs within the European Union are not competitive because of the EU Regulations and Directives which affect the price of raw materials, semi products and energy products. All these facts led to the decrease of workforce and the loss of market leading position and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper manufacturing process remained unchanged for many centuries, until, in the nineteenth century, the crisis of rags led industrialized countries to patent new production processes with different raw materials. This study deals with this period of transition by analyzing four samples stored at the archives of Superintendency Beni Architettonici per il Paesaggio e per il Patrimonio Storico Artistico ed Etnoantropologico (BAPPDAD) of Venice Lagoon, based in the Palazzo Ducale. The samples were analyzed by FT-IR (ATR), SEM-EDS, HPLC-MS/MS and Py-GC/MS. These techniques allow the characterization of various raw materials and adhesives used in various stages of paper production. These analyses have found a gradual introduction of ground wood in the composition of papers from the mid-nineteenth century, and the use of rosin as glue only in more recent documents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Multidisciplinary evaluation of three novel perennial crops as feedstock for the pulp and paper industry. • Meadow hay blends generated higher tensile indices compared to the pure birch control. • Fibre lengths of 0.5 (meadow hay), 1.3 (Virginia mallow), and 0.9 mm (cup plant) were measured. • The fibre widths of cup plant and Virginia mallow are broader compared to hardwoods. • These promising raw materials will be valueable in cardboard production for sustainable packaging. While the demand for paper and packaging material is increasing, industry and consumers are searching for more sustainable raw materials. This study evaluates three non-wood perennials to find alternative raw materials for the paper and pulp industry. Meadow hay, cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) and Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby) are attracting attention as potential raw materials for the bioeconomy due to biodiversity benefits, low fertilizer requirements as well as high yields. For the first time a detailed view on their fibre morphology and use as paper feedstock is given. After three different mechanical grinding methods, the plant material was screened, pulped in NaOH and beaten in a PFI mill. Birch fibre has been chosen as short-fibre control and blend base. Hand-sheets with different pulp blends of birch and one of the three raw materials were made, and paper properties were measured. For meadow hay, Virginia mallow and cup plant fibre lengths of 0.5, 1.3, and 0.9 mm were measured. Therefore, all perennial plant materials have comparable fibre lengths to hardwoods. Meadow hay blends with birch pulp percentages of 50 % and 75 % generated higher paper strength compared to the pure birch paper at a beating intensity of 5000 revolutions (PFI). The paper strength of cup plant and Virginia mallow blends is comparable to the strength of the birch control. Due to these promising results, all analyzed raw materials could find their application, especially in the growing area of sustainable packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify faster-growing non-woody species usable for biomass and paper production, four Leucaena species (L. diversifolia, L. colinsii, L. salvadorensis and three varieties of L. leucocephala) were tested. All the Leucaena species showed a good soil and climatic adaptation to Spain Southwest except for L. salvadorensis. Studied Leucaena species showed biomass productivity ranges from 67.14 to 9.44tha−1 (o.d.b.) and 43.6 to 11.4tha−1 under Mediterranean conditions for the first and second year sprouts, respectively. The quantity of solubles and extractives shows similar values when compared with wood materials. Relatively lower lignin content in Leucaena (from 15.7% to 21.4%) species has been found with respect to other vegetal species. The α-cellulose contents (39.4–45.3%) are in the range of the normal values expected for the other non-wood raw materials. The study confirms the feasibility of organocell yield pulping process to Leucaena species. Organocell process provides an efficient delignification (kappa number 12.4 and pulp yield 42.2%) for L. leucocephala and suitably physical characteristics of paper sheet (tensile index 20.3kNm/kg for L. diversifolia). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report on the use of elemental composition, determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), to identify different types of paper. The concentrations of S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba and Pb were determined in papers from 1555, 1575, 1724, 1748, 1779, 1782, 1787, 1806, 1861, 1919, 1941 and 2005. A preliminary analysis was made with the use of a dendrogram. The Euclidian distances evidenced a big fluctuation in the elemental composition on most recent papers. The dendrogram also allowed us to catalogue the analysed samples into ten types of paper. Calcium, Cu, Fe, Zn and Sr were the only elements found in all paper samples. However the content of each element was different in every paper type. Calcium is the predominant element in all paper types. Applying Spearman coefficients correlations to these papers for Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn and Sr, we found moderate negative correlations between Ca-Cu. Positive correlations were also found between Fe-Cu, though not very strong. High levels of the toxic elements, Co, Ni, As and Pb were present in papers from 1779 and 1787. From this work it becomes clear that the number of elements in modern papers is lower than in older ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flocculation of fines and fillers is important in the papermaking industry. To fulfill the need for accurate control of flocculation, laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS) was selected to supply the floc size distribution. LDS allowed the detection of different flocculation mechanisms depending on the flocculant characteristics. The analysis relied mainly on the collection of two parameters: the size distribution of the flocs, characterized by its median, and their fractal dimension. Floc resistance to shear was assessed and related to the floc structure through the analysis of the fractal dimension. For the lower charge density, flocs grow faster, becoming less compact and, thus, less resistant. LDS proved to be a valuable technique to monitor flocculation processes. However, to obtain significant results, a close control of obscuration in the measuring cell is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper considers calcined paper sludge as an alternative source of metakaolin, an established supplementary cementitious material. Calcination of the sludge generated in the recycling of newsprint paper at 700 °C yields a product with pozzolanic properties. The effects of this recycled metakaolin on the rheology and conduction calorimetry of cement pastes have been studied and compared to the effects of commercial metakaolin. The effects are similar and the results show that calcined paper sludge has the potential to be used as a supplementary cementitious material. This offers a route for utilising this waste material, as an alternative to the increased environmental burden associated with the production of metakaolin from natural kaolinite resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A novel process modeling tool to facilitate the study of how various process changes in the paper dryer section affect the mill-wide energy system has been developed. A model library with steady-state block models describing paper dryers, heat recovery equipment, and auxiliary systems on component level have been developed using the software Extend. Process models are then created from these block models using graphical programming. In this article, the characteristics of the developed tool are described and a case study where the tool is shown to be useful for analyzing the energy performance of a hybrid dryer section is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The broader application of the activated sludge process in pulp and paper mills, together with increased production, have amplified sludge management problems. With sludge management costs as high as 60% of the total wastewater treatment plant operating costs, and increasingly stringent environmental regulations, it is economically advantageous for pulp and paper mills to reduce their biosolids production. In order to provide a state-of-the-art review of secondary sludge reduction technologies, we have considered the scenarios of lower sludge production through process modifications, and waste-activated sludge reduction through post-treatment. A critical evaluation of all candidate reduction technologies indicates that sludge reduction through treatment process changes appears more appealing than post-treatment alternatives. The former approach offers a clear advantage over the latter in that the treatment process changes reduce sludge production in the first place, thus decreasing sludge management cost. Although it is technically feasible to eliminate the need for sludge disposal, it is unlikely to be economically feasible at this time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The influence of mixing process (in a two-roll mill, high-speed mixer, or twin-screw extruder) on the strength properties of polypropylene/wood fiber composites was studied. The best results were obtained for composites compounded in a twin-screw extruder. The water uptake and the influence of moisture on the flexural strength (σfl) and modulus (Efl) were studied by immersion of the composites in water at 20, 50, and 90°C. Most strongly the moisture affected the value of Efl, but the degree of water uptake and the change in σfl and Efl also depended on temperature and the presence of a modificator—maleated polypropylene (MAH). MAH improved the strength properties of the composites both in dry and wet states and also decreased the extent of water uptake and swelling in cyclic (soaking/drying) tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A way of determining the flexibility of wood-pulp fibres is developed, which involves i) a precise measurement of the topology of single-fibres by using a confocal laser scanning microscope and ii) the measurement of the elastic modulus of the fibres by using a single-fibre fatigue cell. Reported in this paper are the initial results of tests carried out on black spruce fibres, which have been subjected to three different levels of mechanical refining energy, namely ∼1100, 2300, and 3500 kWh/t. It is found that the fibre flexibility rises significantly between the first and second energy levels, but it does not change to the same degree between the second and third ones. The described procedure of measuring the flexibility of fibres may be used to establish the appropriate refiner energy necessary for the production of a specific grade of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article makes a comparison of different washing techniques used on an artificially discolored, sized paper. The beneficial effects of increased temperature on washing were studied along with several other variables related to wetting of the paper. It was established that the Arches paper was (compared with filter paper) relatively difficult to wet and, when immersed in water, took several hours to achieve the maximum cleaning available by the immersion process. The experiments described in this article, study the relative efficiency of seven aqueous washing techniques used in paper conservation at the British Museum.

This article describes the influence of Gum Arabic on iron gall ink corrosion. Iron-gall ink corrosion of paper is one of the greatest threats for the graphic heritage and affects a significant number of ancient manuscripts, as iron-gall inks were commonly in use until the beginning of the twentieth century. Numerous recipes are cited in the literature. Most of them include the following basic ingredients: iron sulphate, gallnut extracts and a binder, which makes the ink texture more suitable for writing. Ink corrosion is considered to be the result of two major degradation processes: acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalyzed oxidation of cellulose, contributing to a loss in the mechanical properties of paper.

Smoothness is an important factor in consumer perception of tissue quality, with physical modification and chemical additions to the paper able to enhance tissue handle. Therefore objective measurement of the papers mechanical properties in developing new products and maintaining existing quality is vital. In this study the surface chemical composition of the softener treated paper is investigated using ToF-SIMS, and related to the surface frictional properties of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For printing and heavier grades, combining cylinder and impingement air drying into a multiple technique dryer section can enable higher productivity through higher machine speed. The large differences in local moisture content and temperature across the sheet which develop quickly under high intensity impingement drying provide the potential for reducing drying time by sheet reversal between impingement drying cylinders. This advantage was determined experimentally under low intensity impingement drying conditions. Use of the micro-scale based McGill dryer simulator for determining the advantage from sheet reversal between impingement drying cylinders was demonstrated for both laboratory and industrial impingement drying intensities. For completing the drying of 205g/m[SUP2] linerboard from 0.3 to 0.5kg/kg dry under 400°C air jets of Re 20000, drying time is about 30% less with sheet reversal between two impingement drying cylinders than for a single, larger diameter cylinder. This extensively validated dryer simulator enables determining advantageous design specifications and operating conditions for hybrid dryer sections involving combinations of cylinder and impingement air drying, a concept with potential to become common industrial practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hydrogen bonds formed in the LTTMs enabled the removal of lignin from EFB. • Clear separation of precipitated lignin was observed in EFB strands after washing. • EFB powder showed stronger molecular bonding of pulp than EFB strands. • Paper formed from cactus based LTTMs-delignified EFB had less void space and pores. The aim of this work was to recover the cellulose fibers from EFB using low-transition-temperature-mixtures (LTTMs) as a green delignification approach. The hydrogen bonding of LTTMs observed in 1H NMR tends to disrupt the three-dimensional structure of lignin and further remove the lignin from EFB. Delignification process of EFB strands and EFB powder were performed using standard l -malic acid and cactus malic acid-LTTMs. The recovered cactus malic acid-LTTMs showed higher glucose concentration of 8.07 mg/mL than the recovered l -malic acid LTTMs (4.15 mg/mL). This implies that cactus malic acid-LTTMs had higher delignification efficiency which led to higher amount of cellulose hydrolyzed into glucose. The cactus malic acid-LTTMs-delignified EFB was the most feasible fibers for making paper due to its lowest kappa number of 69.84. The LTTMs-delignified EFB has great potential to be used for making specialty papers in pulp and paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge in prevention of global warming is how to increase energy efficiency, to be able to deal with increased fossil CO2 emissions from rising energy usage. Increasing energy efficiency will decrease energy usage and is in a key role in emission mitigation. The focus is the pulp and paper industry, which is energy-intensive. Development of industrial energy efficiency has been studied before but the role of industrial transformation is still mostly unknown. The knowledge must be improved, to be able to predict future developments in the most effective way. In this research, impact of various production unit closures and start-ups on energy efficiency of the Finnish pulp and paper industry were studied utilizing statistical analysis. Results indicate that about 20% of the Finnish pulp and paper industry energy efficiency improvement between 2011 and 2017 is caused by the major structural changes. The rest, 80% of the progress, was mainly due to improved technology and more optimal operational modes. Additional findings suggest that modern mill start-ups have a significantly greater potential to reduce energy consumption than old mill closures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]