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One of the significant problems in demand response (DR) participation in the smart power system is calculating how much electrical power is required to extract from DR (∆PDR) to keep the power system frequency in the allowable range. Calculating the precise amount of this value is impossible due to the random nature of load disturbance (LoD). In this paper, a new method is presented to control the DR participation in the load frequency control considering communication time delay. Extended State Observer is used to estimate the magnitude of the LoD, considering the structural uncertainty of the power system parameters. Then, the DR program is implemented in load frequency control to compensate the whole or part of LoD considering the available electrical power at the aggregators (PAV‐AGG) and communication time delay. Afterward, Active Disturbance Rejection Control is modified and adopted to control the uncompensated LoD. The salp swarm algorithm is employed to design the parameters of the proposed method, which is verified in comparison with the previous methods. The results demonstrate that the presented approach has potentially significant performance, assisting the power system frequency to be damped immediately with the small overshoot and undershoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous investigation of demand response programs and false data injection cyber-attack are critical issues for the smart power system frequency regulation. To this purpose, in this paper, the output of the studied system is simultaneously divided into two subsystems: one part including false data injection cyder-attack and another part without cyder-attack. Then, false data injection cyber-attack and load disturbance are estimated by a non-linear sliding mode observer, simultaneously and separately. After that, demand response is incorporated in the uncertain power system to compensate the whole or a part of the load disturbance based on the available electrical power in the aggregators considering communication time delay. Finally, active disturbance rejection control is modified and introduced to remove the false data injection cyber-attack and control the uncompensated load disturbance. The salp swarm algorithm is used to design the parameters. The results of several simulation scenarios indicate the efficient performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous investigation of false data injection cyber‐attack (FDICA) and demand response (DR) participation in smart power systems are dealt with in this paper. For this purpose, simultaneous and separate detection of FDICA and determination of the changes in the power consumption for participation in DR (PDR) are necessary. To balance between generation and consumption, PDR must be equal to the load disturbances (LDs). Active‐disturbance rejection control (ADRC) with the extended state observer (ESO) is implemented to detect FDICA and LDs. But, ESO only detects the sum of FDICA and LDs without the ability to separate them. Therefore, a nonlinear sliding mode observer (NSMO) is implemented to detach FDICA from LDs. In order to improve the NSMO estimation accuracy, the modified salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is implemented to design NSMO parameters. Moreover, to achieve better performance of ADRC, a fuzzy tuner is applied to the online tuning of controller parameters. The proposed optimized fuzzy sliding‐based modified active‐disturbance rejection control (FSADRC) is tested for load frequency control of the IEEE 9 bus standard test system and the 10 machines New England test power system considering communications time delay. The results of several simulation scenarios indicate the efficient performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]