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Nanofluids as thermal absorption media or optical filters have showed great potential for application in direct absorption solar collector or hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors. Due to their nanoscale size and high surface energy, particles in nanofluid have a great tendency to aggregate into large secondary agglomerate, even in the presence of the anti-agglomeration agent, which could in turn lead to significant change in the thermal and optical properties of the nanofluid. However, rare work has been carried out to investigate the relation between the aggregation and optical properties of the nanofluid, which in our view, is of great importance for the enhanced performance of the nanofluid in solar collectors. In this study, taken alumina nanofluids with controlled particle aggregation properties as example, we were able to investigate the underlying correlation between the size distribution of the aggregate in nanofluid and their resulting absorption coefficients. It was found that inhibited aggregation and resultant smaller aggregated particle size could lead to larger absorption coefficient. Both Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering theories have been attempted to predict the optical properties of the nanofluid after particle aggregation. The results indicate that values obtained by Rayleigh scattering theory are several orders higher than experimental values but that predicted by Mie scattering theory can reasonably match with the experimental results. Specially, it was demonstrated that by introducing the projected areas of the nanoparticle aggregate corresponding to smallest sphere enclosing diameter, more accurate absorption coefficient prediction based on Mie theory can be obtained. Our study is expected to provide a valuable guidance for the regulation of the optical properties of nanofluids and to improve their performance in solar collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion, deformation, and stability of compound droplets in extensional flows are investigated numerically via a three-dimensional spectral boundary element method. We examine the droplet stability under the influences of the capillary number, the inner droplet size and the relative magnitude of the surface tension of the two interfaces composing the compound droplet. The influence of viscosity on the droplet deformation is also discussed. We conclude that a compound droplet with a larger inner droplet and/or smaller inner surface tension is less stable and cannot withstand strong flow. For moderate viscosity ratios, a compound droplet with a more viscous 'shell' exhibits larger deformation at steady state. In addition, for an eccentric compound droplet, both the inner and outer droplets tend to migrate away from its original location due to the asymmetry of the problem. The initial location of the inner droplet also influences the droplet stability as well as the migration velocity of the compound droplet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, evolution and final state of particle size distribution (PSD) of TiO 2 /water suspension were described by a modified population balance equation considering both natural convection and Brownian motion. The calculation was verified by experimental measurement of scanning electron microscope and Laser particle analyzer. Based on the predicted PSD, Rayleigh scattering theory (for d < 4 λ ) and Fraunhofer diffraction theory (for d > 4 λ ) were then employed to determine the scattering and absorption coefficients of TiO 2 /water suspensions with various particle concentrations and at various light wavelengths. UV–Vis investigation showed that the predicted optical properties of TiO 2 /water suspension considering PSD are in much better agreement with the experimental results than that without considering PSD, at all particle concentrations investigated. It is traditionally accepted that for colloid suspension the scattering coefficient can be neglected compared to the absorption coefficient and therefore the extinction, which is the combination of the absorption and scattering coefficients, can be approximately replaced by the absorption coefficient. However, our finding indicates that, when particle aggregation is considered, the scattering coefficient of TiO 2 /water suspension could be much higher than the absorption coefficient. Consequently, using the absorption coefficient alone to replace the extinction coefficient even at long wavelengths could result in significant calculation errors and is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides their wide existence in various industrial processes, nanoscale particle suspensions are also the important media for some emerging technologies such as photocatalytic hydrogen production. The circulating flow properties of the nanoparticles in the fluid are of great concern for their practical use. In our study, a modified experimental system was set up based on Malvern laser particle analyzer that can estimate the nanoparticle concentration and size distribution in a laminar nanoparticle circulating flow. We found that the particle concentration and size distribution were periodical oscillation with time in such flow. Understanding the oscillation mechanism is capable of promote the energy efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production. A simulation based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) was conducted to understand this particular oscillation mechanism by studying the single particle movement and trajectory properties in the solid-liquid suspension. The simulation results agree well with the tendency obtained by the experimental results and are capable of better understanding the oscillation characteristics. The simulation results also reveal that the nanoparticles tend to gather in the middle region (the higher velocity region) of the tube after several cycles. Moreover the gravity is of great significance in the circulating flow of solid-liquid suspension because the particle swarms tend to distribute a little below the axial center line of the straight tube. These obtained results are credible for understanding the nanoscale particle transport phenomenon in many natural or industrial processes. In particular, our results are helpful for the understanding and effective control of the movement and distribution of photocatalyst particles in the tubular photocatalytic reactor, which is believed to significantly affect the incident radiation distribution and finally the energy conversion efficiency of the photocatalytic process. • A simulation based on DEM method is conducted to predict the particles transport; • A periodical oscillation of the particles volume fraction and size is predicted; • The trajectory and behaviour of single particle was studied by the simulation; • This simulation can be extended to other applications of particulate system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]