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Air quality decreases due to the increase in air pollutants generated by motor vehicles that have a negative impact on human health. Generally, the pollutants can be gaseous and particulate matter. PM2.5 are particulate matters having diameters less than 2.5 µm, respectively. This research was aimed to design a measurement system of PM2.5 concentration. A PM NOVA SDS011 and a microcontroller ATmega328P were used as the sensor and the processing system. The principle of the sensor was based on the change of the particulate concentration to a voltage. The particulate PM2.5 concentration was displayed on an LCD. The system was completed by a LoRa SX1278 module to data communication. The performance of the system was tested based on the ability to measuring PM2.5 concentration and data communication in a varied distance. The result showed that the system worked well in measuring the PM2.5 concentration in the range of 0-1000 µg/m3. The resolution was 1 µg/m3. The system can be used to measure PM2.5 with a distance of up to 200 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw is a by-product found in rice production at harvest. As a by-product, rice straw generally is not a useful product and is burnt directly, as commonly found in Lombok island, Indonesia. On this island, rice straw, as a biomass product is directly burnt as a biomass burning activity and well-known to contribute to air pollution. On the other side, biomass burning is a complex system in which many types of gaseous and particulate matter emissions occur. Ultrafine particle is one of the particulate matter emissions in which having a diameter of less than 0.1 µm and is well-known to be related to serious health effects. Thus, this study was aimed to characterize the emission factor of rice straw combustion of Lombok Island in terms of ultrafine particle emission. The study used an exposure chamber with a dimension of 40 × 40 x 25 cm3. The biomass sample was burnt in a furnace, while the emission was sucked into an exposure chamber with a constant flow-rate. The ultrafine particle concentration was measured using a TSI P-Trak Ultrafine Particle Counter Model 8525 for a certain time. At the last time, the burnt mass of the rice straw was also measured. The results showed that the emission factor is related to the speed of biomass burning. There is significant correlation between velocity and the ultrafine particle emission factors. The highest velocity on the combustion process has the smallest emission factor, 1 × 107 particles/ mg of the burnt biomass. On the other side, the lowest combustion speed generates the highest emission factor, 11 × 107 particles/ mg of the burnt biomass. The faster burning of rice straw biomass, the lower emission factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel additive has been known to increase the vehicle efficiency by reduces a fuel consumption and to reach long distance. However, the particulate matter emission has not been known yet. This study was purposed to measure PM10 emission factor emitted by motorcycle with various fuel additives. The aim of the study is to characterize the influence of the fuel additive to the PM10 emission factor. The emission factor is calculated by totalize the PM10 concentration for every 1 ml burned fuels. In this research, a gasoline with RON 90 was used as the main fuel. The additive was mixed in certain ratio and applies into 110 cc motorcycle engine. The test was conducted in idle throttle engine condition for every 1ml burned fuels. The emission was injected into measurement chamber with volume of 2.7 × 10−2m3 for 60-second. The PM10 was measured by using Hinaway CW-HAT200S air quality tester. The observation was done after the PM10 concentration inside the measurement chamber touch the ambient concentration. In the result, we found the lowest PM10 emission factor in the factory-suggested concentration+0.001 L. The types of additive (booster, cleaner, or both) also found to affect the character of the PM10 emission factor. In conclusion, additive concentration and type are found to affect the PM10 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine particles are particulate matters having a diameter less than 2.5 µm, ubiquitous in ambient air and mainly resulted from many emission sources. Several epidemiologic studies have investigated fine particles that have a relationship with an inflammatory response deep in the lung and red blood cells. For these reasons, the interest in real- time monitoring of the concentrations in the ambient air has increased. In this study, a bare quartz crystal microbalance combined by an impactor, a fine particle filter paper, and a signal conditioning circuit was used to measure the fine particle concentration based on the frequency change. This study aimed to define the correlation between mass loading and frequency shift of the crystal. The mass of fine particles was calculated by multiplying the total of fine particles concentration, emission flow-rate, and measurement time. A Kanomax Digital Dust Monitor Model 3443 was used to measure the concentration of fine particles inside an experimental chamber with a volume of 12,000 cm3 for certain measurement times. At the same time, a bare quartz crystal microbalance with a fundamental frequency of 9.9780 MHz was connected to an oscillator and frequency counter to measure the frequency shift related to the fine particle concentration fluctuation. The results showed that the frequency shift of the crystal, to the fine particle mass, in which frequency decreases corresponding to the increasing amount of particle mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kind of motor vehicle emission is particulate matter or PM. Of all the types of PM, some PMs have a diameter of less than 2.5µm or PM2.5. PM2.5 are recognized as the pollutants that harm human health. An effort that can be made to reduce this emission is by developing a PM2.5 filtration system. This research developed the PM2.5 filtration system based on high voltage direct current with varied of gap distance that was applied on motorcycles. The filters were made of four aluminum plates with a thickness of 0.15 mm arranged as anode and cathode probes installed before an orifice of the outlet. There were four variations in different gap distances between the plates: F1 with a distance of 14 mm, F2 with a distance of 12 mm, F3 with a distance of 10 mm, and F4 with a distance of 8 mm. The voltage that was originated from the battery by 12 V was converted 400Volt with a signal conditioning circuit. The filtering efficiency was calculated by measuring PM2.5 concentration before and after passing through the filter using Kanomax 3443 Digital Dust Monitor. The result showed that the filter could reduce PM2.5 concentrations from 63% to 70% depending on the gap distance between the plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]