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An ultrastructural study of pleomorphic liposarcoma with an unusual clinical presentation is described. A 69-year-old Caucasian female presented with recurrent superficial phlebitis of left leg, which responded only partially to conventional therapy. Following investigations, a mass was excised. Diagnosis of pleomorphic liposarcoma was made on microscopic examination. Numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm and often within intranuclear extensions of cytoplasm were seen on oil red O stain of frozen sections. Ultrastructural features are quite distinctive. The cells varied from small to often large pleomorphic cells with numerous lipid spaces without limiting membrane, large pleomorphic nuclei, and an abundance of cytoplasmic organelles. Centrioles were very prominent, in close proximity to nuclei, and collections of autophagocytic inclusions. Intercellular collagen was immature and scant. These features are compared to ultrastructural features of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, and cardiac myxoma, indicating that ultrastructural features are distinctive and help differentiate similar soft tissue tumors.

Histologic slides from representative series of breast cancer patients in Boston, where the incidence rate of breast cancer is high, and in Tokyo, where the incidence rate is low, were reviewed by pathologists who did not know the city of origin of the material. Intraductal, medullary and colloid histologic types were relatively more frequent in Tokyo. Also more frequent in Tokyo were tumors with circumscribed margins and a high degree of cellular reaction. Tumors of small-cell or invasive ductal histologic type and tumors with a high degree of fibrosis were more frequent in Boston than in Tokyo.

The clinical and pathologic features of 53 endometrical stromal tumors were studied to determine which pathologic characteristics were related to the clinical behavior. Morphologically, stromal tumors were divided into 2 groups: 18 tumors with pushing margins (stromal nodules) and 35 tumors with infiltrating margins (endolymphatic stromal myosis or stromal sarcoma). Stromal nodules, which were expansile, noninfiltrating lesions composed of cells similar to those found in normal endometrial stroma, were considered benign. The tumors with infiltrating margins were separated on the basis of mitotic activity. Patients with endolymphatic stromal myosis had 100% survival at 5 years and those with stromal sarcoma had 55% survival. The size of the primary tumor and presence of vein invasion showed a slight correlation with the patient's prognosis but no correlation was found with increasing degrees of cellular atypism. For patients whose disease was not controlled by hysterectomy and who had symptomatic extra-uterine tumor, x-ray irradiation appeared to be of benefit. The patients' symptoms and physical examination findings were not different from those of patients having other uterine tumors.

The clinical and pathologic findings of 203 patients with granulosa-theca tumors were analyzed to determine the features related to subsequent behavior of the tumor. The neoplasms were divided into three groups—granulosa tumors, mixed granulosa-theca tumors and thecomas. The actuarial survival rates of patients with granulosa tumors and mixed granulosa-theca tumors were nearly identical—both 97% at 5 years and 93% at 10 years. Only one of the 106 patients with a thecoma died of tumor, the other lesions being clinically and histologically benign. Capsular invasion and lymphatic invasion by the neoplasm were features associated with persistence of the tumor but the type of treatment, the degree of cellular atypism and mitotic activity were not. Unilateral oophorectomy is adequate therapy for granulosa-theca tumors confined to the ovary if biopsy and frozen-section examination are done on any suspicious lesion of the opposite ovary or other pelvic structure.

The clinical and pathologic findings in 21 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast are presented. Nineteen of the 21 patients were living and well after treatment. Two patients died of unrelated causes. Local recurrence appeared in only 2 patients, 3 and 7 years following simple excision, but they were free of disease 9 and 14 years after subsequent mastectomy. No clinical or pathologic evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis was found in any of the patients. For these reasons, simple mastectomy is advocated as preferred treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma, unless the tumor is particularly large or there are enlarged axillary lymph nodes. The favorable prognosis of patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast is in sharp contrast to that of patients with histologically identical tumors in other sites. Possible explanations for this striking difference in behavior are discussed.

Vascular lesions in 21 women who died of thrombosis while taking various oral contraceptives and in 21 women who died of thrombosis but who had not taken the pill were examined. Routine histologic sections were available and 7 other special stains were prepared from tissues fixed in formalin. Three types of lesions developed in the pill group. First three-layered thrombi with underlying structural changes were found in 19 cases consisting of an organized revascularized basal layer with accumulated collagen and in some cases macrophages; a zone of fibrin with ingrown fibroblasts between and an unorganized laminated thrombus above. The underlying structures were thickened disrupted and filled with acid mucopolysaccharide. The second type of lesion present in smaller pulmonary vessels in 4 cases was proliferation of the endothelium and intima into a network of papillary projections. The third type of lesion was found in only one case: nodular thickening of the intima media and adventia of the pulmonary artery. These women all suffered from locally formed thrombi which developed over a period of days or weeks indicating primary changes in the blood vessels rather than emboli as the cause of death.

Men with mammary carcinoma have a worse prognosis than do women, even after noncancer deaths are excluded. This can be explained partly on the basis of the high proportion of lesions that lie beneath the nipple area (78%), as centrally located lesions have a greater incidence of metastasis to internal mammary lymph nodes with its consequent adverse effect on patient survival. The central location and the absence of significant encompassing breast tissue also allow small mammary cancers of men to involve the pectoral fascia and the dermal and subareolar lymphatic channels simultaneously. On the basis of size, smaller mammary cancers had only a slightly greater frequency of axillary metastasis in men than women but had considerably greater lethality, presumably because of higher frequency of internal mammary lymph node metastasis.

Although first described in 1961, the association of renal carcinoma with hepatosplenomegaly, hepatic dysfunction, and thrombocytosis remains unexplained and is still not widely recognized. Among the most recent 50 patients with renal carcinoma treated at the St. Louis University Hospitals, five had this constellation of findings. The median age, 59 years, was the same for patients with or without the syndrome; the lesions were histologically identical to renal carcinomas without hepatic dysfunction. None of the five patients had evidence of metastasis to the liver at the time of operation, and the liver was histologically normal in one patient from whom a biopsy was taken. The hepatic dysfunction, hepatomegaly, and thrombocytosis disappeared postoperatively in the four patients who underwent nephrectomy. It seems clear that a humoral mechanism is responsible for the hepatic and hematopoietic alterations, but the nature of the mechanism remains to be demonstrated.

A series of nine tumors arising in the second portion of the duodenum has been presented. These tumors usually occurred in the fifth and sixth decades and clinically simulated peptic ulcer rather closely. Most of them were polypoid lesions not over 2.0 cm in diameter and were usually demonstrated on x-ray examination of the upper digestive tract. Histologic study invariably showed two elements to be present: one, a spindle cell component similar to the spindle cell portion of ganglioneuromas or neurofibromas; the second, and most often dominant element, nests of epithelioid cells indistinguishable from the Zellballen of nonchromaffin paragangliomas in more typical locations. Modified Bodian stains demonstrated a large number of neurites in the tumors and argyrophilia of many of the epithelioid cells similar to the findings reported in carotid body tumors and other paragangliomas. The histogenesis is considered, and our reasons for regarding these tumors as paragangliomas rather than ganglioneuromas or other suggested lesions are presented.

Review of sections from 1000 consecutive breast biopsy specimens coded as sclerosing adenosis disclosed nerve or perineural invasion in 20 lesions. Follow-up information showed that all patients with data available were living and well at the time of contact; the median follow-up interval was 7 years. This included 17 patients whose only definitive treatment was the biopsy. Although involvement of nerves by glandular epithelium is usually regarded as a feature of cancerous rather than benign growths, its presence in lesions of the breast does not by itself justify a diagnosis of carcinoma.

The clinical and pathologic findings of 31 patients with uterine carcinosarcoma are presented. Carcinosarcomas arose within the endometrium and all but 2 invaded the myometrium and lymphatic spaces. Tumor had spread beyond the uterus in 12 (39%) of patients at the time of initial therapy. None of 8 patients (26%) who were free of cancer at last contact had extra-uterine extension or metastasis. Because the patients with carcinosarcoma had a significantly better survival rate than did a similar group with mixed mesodermal tumors, the 2 types of neoplasms should be separated. The authors believe that carcinosarcomas arise both from multipotent neoplastic cells that have the capacity to form both epithelium and stroma and from multiple neoplastic cell types having fixed potencies. Origin from embryonal rests, primitive analagen, or collision tumors is rejected. Because the distribution of metastatic lesions of uterine carcinosarcomas is similar to that of endometrial carcinomas, surgical management should be similar. It is not clear whether irradiation has any value as treatment.

A clinical and pathologic analysis of 30 lipid cell tumors of the ovary shows that both adrenocortical-like and hilus-like cells are present in most instances and that attempts to separate them objectively into adrenal-like tumors, hilus cell tumors or stromal luteomas is often impossible. Inasmuch as there is no histogenetic basis for employing this terminology, such a separation is considered artificial and of no value in predicting either functional manifestations or clinical behavior. Therefore, lipid cell tumors are regarded as a specific entity and not a collection of different lesions. Lipid cell tumors are most often virilizing (77% of patients) and may be associated with Cushing's syndrome (10% of patients) or with evidence of estrogenic activity (23% of patients). Although these tumors usually are considered benign, six patients in this series died of recurrent or metastatic tumor. The clinically malignant lipid cell tumors tended to be larger than the benign ones, had involved contiguous pelvic structures at the time of operation in half of the cases, and occasionally exhibited sufficient cellular pleomorphism and mitotic activity to permit objective interpretation as malignant. On the basis of the authors' findings and the evidence available in the literature, the most likely origin of lipid cell tumors is from the specialized ovarian stromal cells within the medullary part of the ovaries.

The clinical and pathological features of 26 neoplasms derived from ovarian stroma of canine species were analysed. Three types were identified: (1) granulosa tumours, (2) neoplasms with a Sertoli pattern, and (3) a heterogeneous group regarded simply as nonspecific gonadal stromal tumours. All three types of neoplasm were found in mature dogs. Hyperoestrinising effects occurred in five animals (33 per cent.) of the granulosa group, three (50 per cent.) with Sertoli tumours and four (80 per cent.) of those with nonspecific gonadal stromal tumours. Granulosa tumours were clearly malignant, as three (20 per cent.) had spread beyond the ovary, in contrast to the neoplasms of the other two groups, none of which had metastasised. Tumours with a Sertoli pattern were closely related to granulosa tumours, as they were composed of cells similar to granulosa cells at the periphery of developing follicles and within some atretic follicles of the canine ovary. There were also overlapping patterns with granulosa tumours. Leydig cells and androgenic effects were absent. The neoplasms in this study were compared with tumours of other mammalian species from the standpoint of frequency, morphological pattern and behaviour.

The clinical and pathologic features of 26 neoplasms derived from gonadal stroma of hovine species were analyzed. Two types were identified-1 a typical granulosa tumor, the other having a Sertoli pattern. The 13 granulosa tumors occurred in adult animals, 2 of which exhibited nymphomania. Nine of the 13 had metastasized by the time of discovery. The Sertoli type of tumor also occurred in adult animals. Estrinizing effects were more common in these, as the endometrium had varying degrees of hyperplasia or thickening in 7 instances, and 1 animal had persistent estrus. None had spread beyond the ovary. The Sertoli type was thought to be more closely related to granulosa tumors than arrhenoblastomas because it was associated with estrinizing rather than virilizing effect, all of them lacked Leydig cells, some had overlapping microscopic patterns with granulosa tumors. and a Sertoli arrangement could be identified that was similar to areas in early graafian follicles and atretic follicles. They merit separation from granulosa tumors because of their distinctive histological pattern and because of their much more benign clinical behavior.

This clinical and pathologic study of 24 vaginal polyps, 22 from adults and 2 from infants, was prompted by the need for recognition of a benign polypoid vaginal lesion which must be distinguished from sarcoma botryoides, rhabdomyosarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumor. Twelve of the 22 polyps from adults contained atypical cells within the stroma. Five of these patients were pregnant when the polyp was discovered. Follow-up showed that the polyps are benign and adequately treated by local excision. The polyps from the 2 newborn infants were present at birth and were characterized by diffuse edema but contained no atypical stromal cells. One of the polyps regressed after biopsy. The other was locally excised and did not recur. Maternal hormones are thought to induce the intra-uterine development of the polyps in infants. The criteria for distinguishing vaginal polyps from sarcoma botryoides, rhabdomyosarcoma and mixed mesodermal tumor are discussed.

Polypold vaginal lesions containing striated muscle characteristically give rise to a diagnosis of sarcoma botryoides with its consequent therapeutic and prognostic implications. This report describes the second patient in the American literature with a benign polypoid vaginal tumor containing striated muscle. The patient was an asymptomatic 50-year-old Caucasian woman with a 2-year history of a nonulcerated polypoid mass in the anterior third of the vagina. She has remained asymptomatic and without recurrence 6 months after local excision of the lesion. Histologically, there was an edematous stroma with rhabdomyoblasts having longitudinal myofibrils and conspicuous cross striations diffusely sprinkled among mature fibroblasts and unit fibrils of collagen. There was no mitotic activity or cellular atypia. Ultrastructural study disclosed that a majority of the rhabdomyoblasts were composed of well-organized sarcomeric units with the Z bands in register, reminiscent of normal striated muscle. Our studies indicate that the vaginal rhabdomyoma has distinctive histologic and clinical features which differentiate it from other polypoid vaginal lesions as well as from rhabdo-myomas of skeletal muscle.

A comparison was made of the histologic appearance of normal breast tissue and a variety of benign and malignant epithelial lesions in women using oral anti-ovulants and in age-matched controls. No histologic changes have been found that can reliably be attributed to the oral steroids by either light or electron microscopy. Reported changes in fibroadenomas and in carcinomas associated with oral contraceptive use have not been confirmed in studies utilizing controls. Additionally no differences in the prevalence or in the age of patients at the time of diagnosis have been found for fibroadenomas chronic cystic disease or carcinoma. The lack of any demonstrable morphological changes in womens breasts related to oral contraceptives does not necessarily mean that these agents do not have a carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic potential but it makes such a possibility seem quite remote.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)

Benjamin, Ivy, Taylor, Herbert, and Spindler, James: Orbital and conjuctival involvement in multiple myeloma. Report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 63: 811-817, 1975. Orbital and conjunctival involvement in multiple myeloma are rare. In most reported cases of multiple myeloma with orbital involvement proptosis has been the initial manifestation that has led to diagnosis of the disease. Our case represents and example of terminal involvement of the orbit and conjunctiva, causing proptosis. The minimal conjunctival changes were the first indication of neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells in this location and, presumably, the orbit.

The clinical and pathological features of 21 ovarian germ cell tumours (14 dysgerminomas and 7 teratomas) from four mammalian species are presented. All the dysgerminomas were composed of a monophasic population of cells with a variable type of stromal response, depending upon the species, and 11 of the 14 were confined to the ovary. Only one dysgerminoma was associated with teratomatous elements. The teratomas were relatively solid, less cystic than those of women, and mature tissue predominated, although solid teratomas contained immature elements capable of metastasis. There were no examples of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma such as occur in women. From our observations and those of others, coupled with experimental data, it is concluded that germ cell tumours may be divided on the basis of their potential for differentiation. Those failing to express any potential for differentiation persist essentially unchanged as either dysgerminoma or seminoma. Other germ cell tumours have some potential for tissue differentiation. That potential may lead to a very restricted and immature differentiation, such as embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma as in women. Beyond the primordial germ cell stage, germ cell tumours in other mammals primarily manifest somatic differentiation (teratomas). Among the tumours exhibiting differentiation, the clinical behaviour tends to parallel the degree of differentiation. At one end of the germ cell spectrum is the primitive and highly malignant embryonal carcinoma, and at the other is the benign adult cystic teratoma.