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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a disrupted skin barrier and immune dysregulation. The exact pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis despite extensive research remains complex. It includes genetic disorders, a defect in the epidermal barrier, an altered immune response, and disruption of the skin’s microbial balance. Recent advances in research have provided deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms including the role of filaggrin mutations, Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation, and the skin microbiome. Understanding the intricate interplay between these components is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Aim of the study: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, highlighting recent advances and areas for future research. Material and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed and GoogleScholar using the keywords: “atopic dermatitis”, “eczema pathophysiology”, “skin barrier”. Conclusions: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disease with a multifaceted pathophysiology involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AD have highlighted the importance of skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and microbial interactions in the disease's progression.

Introduction and purpose Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm in adults, which originates from melanocytes and arises from the choroid, ciliary body, or iris. The range of symptoms is wide but there are also asymptomatic cases. Metastases mainly concern the liver, and their occurrence significantly worsens the prognosis. Therefore, early detection is so crucial. This article summarizes significant information regarding epidemiology, pathophysiological processes, and genetic abnormalities underlying the disease. Moreover, we highlight possible clinical manifestations and discuss currently applied diagnostic methods. Description of the state of knowledge The average annual incidence worldwide is 6 cases per million. Risk stratification takes into account mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, tumor size, or invasion of adjacent tissues. In clinical practice, several diagnostic modalities are available, such as gonioscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, ultrasound biomicroscopy, ocular ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, angiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography. Conclusions The publications analyzed in this article have shown that uveal melanoma is quite a medical challenge. Understanding the disease pathogenesis and underlying genetic abnormalities that may be the target of drugs, could be of great importance for patients and may constitute a step towards a personalized approach. However, further research is necessary to recognize cancer mechanisms more precisely, expand diagnostic options, and consequently register targeted drugs and develop comprehensive management guidelines, especially for metastatic disease to achieve improved survival outcomes.