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Four new alkyl aromatics, penixylarins A-D ( 1 - 4 ), along with the known biogenetically related 1,3-dihydroxy-5-(12-hydroxyheptadecyl)benzene ( 5 ) and 1,3-dihydroxy-5-(12-sulfoxyheptadecyl)benzene ( 6 ), were isolated from a mixed culture of the Antarctic deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium crustosum PRB-2 and the mangrove-derived fungus Xylaria sp. HDN13-249. UPLC-MS data and an analysis of structural features showed that compounds 1 and 2 were produced by collaboration of the two fungi, while compounds 3 - 6 could be produced by Xylaria sp. HDN13-249 alone, but in noticeably increased quantities by cocultivation. Compounds 2 , 3 , 5 , and 6 showed antibacterial activity against a panel of strains, and compound 3 possessed potential antituberculosis effects (MIC = 6.25 μM against Mycobacterium phlei ).

Seven new polyketides, named tanzawaic acids R-X ( 1 - 6 , 11 ), along with seven known analogues ( 7 - 10 and 12 - 14 ), were isolated from Penicillium steckii HDN13-279. Their structures, including the absolute configurations, were elucidated by NMR, MS, X-ray diffraction, circular dichroism (CD) analyses and chemical derivatization. Five compounds ( 2 , 3 , 6 , 10 and 12 ) significantly decreased the oleic acid (OA)-elicited lipid accumulation in HepG2 liver cells at the concentration of 10 μM, among which, four compounds ( 3 , 6 , 10 and 12 ) significantly decreased intracellular total cholesterol (TC) levels and three Compounds ( 3 , 6 , and 10 ) significantly decreased intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels. Moreover, the TG-lowering capacities of compounds 6 and 10 were comparable with those of simvastatin, with the TG levels being nearly equal to blank control. This is the first report on the lipid-lowering activity of tanzawaic acid derivatives., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

• Two new two new citrinin dimers with rare C-7/C-7′ carbon-bridges were isolated from a marine derived fungus. • Compound 2 was the first citrinin dimer consisted of two mono-benzene monomers. • Compound 1 displayed antioxidant activity. Two new citrinin dimers named dicitrinones E and F (1 and 2), together with one biogenetically related known citrinin monomer (3), were isolated from the marine derived fungus Penicillium citrinum HDN-152-088. All structures including the absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data, and assisted by ECD calculations. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 belong to the class of citrinin dimers with a rare carbon-bridged C-7/C-7′ linkage. Compound 1 displayed antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 23.73 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]