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Purpose: The safety and effectiveness of perampanel in clinical settings involving Chinese pediatric patients are limited, as perampanel has only recently been approved for use in China, in September 2019. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of perampanel as an adjunctive therapy for pediatric patients with epilepsy aged ≥ 4 years in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Methods: Efficacy was assessed by measuring changes in seizure frequency at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up compared with baseline. The baseline was 3 months before the addition of perampanel, and the seizure frequency was based on the patients' seizure diary. The safety and tolerability depended on the type and frequency of any adverse event during epilepsy treatment across all pediatric patients. Results: Overall, 67 pediatric patients from 2 different hospitals were enrolled in the study. Among the pediatric patients with seizures during the baseline period, the effective rates for all seizure types at 3, 6, and 12 months were 59.1%, 58.7%, and 57.4%, respectively. During perampanel treatment, 34 patients (50.7%) experienced at least 1 adverse reaction. Conclusion: Overall, this real-world retrospective study of pediatric patients validated that perampanel is an effective treatment option as an adjunctive therapy among pediatric patients with epilepsy aged ≥4 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy and safety of lacosamide (LCM) monotherapy in Chinese pediatric patients with epilepsy have not been established. Therefore, this real-world retrospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of 12 months after achievement the maximal dose and tolerability of LCM as monotherapy for epilepsy treatment in pediatric patients. Pediatric patients were administered LCM monotherapy in two ways: primary or conversion monotherapy. Seizure frequency was recorded as an average per month for the preceding three months at baseline and then at each follow-up period for three, six, and 12 months. Primary monotherapy with LCM was administered to 37 (33.0%) pediatric patients, whereas conversion to monotherapy was achieved in 75 (67.0%) pediatric patients. The responder rates of pediatric patients receiving primary monotherapy with LCM at three, six, and 12 months were 75.7% (28 of 37), 67.6% (23 of 34), and 58.6% (17 of 29), respectively. The responder rates of pediatric patients receiving conversion to monotherapy with LCM at three, six, and 12 months were 80.0% (60 of 75), 74.3% (55 of 74), and 68.1% (49 of 72), respectively. The incidence of adverse reactions with conversion to LCM monotherapy and primary monotherapy was 32.0% (24 of 75) and 40.5% (15 of 37), respectively. LCM is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option as monotherapy for the treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The HLA-A*03:01 and HLA-B*07:02 allele may be more susceptible to OXC-induced MPE. • The HLA-C*01:02, and HLA-DRB1*06:09 allele may be more susceptible to OXC-induced MPE. • The HLA-B*4001 allele may have a protective effect against OXC-induced MPE. To determine genetic associations between antiseizure medications (ASMs)-induced maculopapular eruption (MPE) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants in Xinjiang, China. A total of 409 patients were enrolled in this study, including 36 subjects with ASMs-induced MPE (case group) and 373 ASMs-tolerant patients (control group). We detected the whole sequence of the HLA alleles in the 409 Uighur patients using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The carried rate of HLA alleles were compared between the case group, the control group, and the general Chinese population. The carried rate of HLA-A*03:01, HLA-B*07:02, HLA-C*01:02, and HLA-DRB1 *06:09 allele was significantly higher in the ASMs-MPE group when compared with both the ASMs-tolerant group (p = 0.000, odds ratio (OR) = 23.92, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 3.96–74.84; p = 0.000, OR = 21.40, 95 % CI = 3.55–67.52; p = 0.030, OR = 4.69, 95 % CI = 0.90–61.73 and p = 0.000, OR = 18.94, 95 % CI = 3.15–60.58; respectively), and the general Chinese population (p = 0.000, OR = 21.34, 95 % CI = 3.31–38.98; p = 0.000, OR = 23.92, 95 % CI = 3.96–74.84; p = 0.019, OR = 5.53, 95 % CI = 0.14–19.86 and p = 0.000, OR = 21.67, 95 % CI = 3.68–11.73; respectively). Moreover, the carried rate of the HLA-B*4001 allele was significantly higher in the ASMs-tolerant group when compared with the ASMs-MPE group (p = 0.024, OR = 5.13, 95 % CI = 1.01–9.99). In this study, we identified for the first time that the carried rate of HLA-A*03:01, HLA-B*07:02, HLA-C*01:02, and HLA-DRB1 *06:09 allele was significantly higher in the ASMs-MPE group when compared with the ASMs-tolerant group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first study to investigate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in Uygur pediatric patients. • A total of 680 (64%) pediatric patients responded to levetiracetam therapy with more than 50% reduction in the frequency of seizures. • Seizure-free rates increased over time, being 13%, 15%, and 18% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. • During levetiracetam treatment, 233 pediatric patients (22%) experienced at least one adverse reaction. Levetiracetam is approved as an add-on therapy to treat refractory partial seizures in pediatric patients over four years old. The efficacy and safety in pediatric patients with epilepsy in Uygur, China, is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of levetiracetam in pediatric patients with epilepsy in Uygur, China. This retrospective study compared the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam monotherapy and in combination with other antiseizure medications (ASMs) in 1055 pediatric patients with epilepsy treated with levetiracetam. The seizure frequencies at 1, 2, and 3 years after starting levetiracetam therapy were recorded and compared with the baseline yearly frequency. Safety variables included the incidence and type of adverse reactions. A total of 680 (64%) pediatric patients responded to levetiracetam therapy with a more than 50% reduction in the frequency of seizures. Seizure-free rates increased over time, 13%, 15%, and 18% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The number of baseline ASMs and the order of levetiracetam introduction were highly significant, impacting the likelihood of seizure remission during a 3-year follow-up period (p < 0.001). During levetiracetam treatment, 233 pediatric patients (22%) experienced at least one adverse reaction. These significant findings indicate that levetiracetam is likely to become a widely prescribed ASM for epilepsy in pediatric clinical practice because of its long-term safety, efficacy, and tolerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lacosamide (LCM) was approved in China in 2018. However, the safety of LCM has not been established in pediatric patients. • Fifty (69%) children responded to LCM therapy with a more than 50% reduction in the frequency of seizures. • Seizure-free rates increased over time, at 14%, 19%, and 20% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. • During the entire period of LCM treatment, twenty-two children (30.5%) experienced at least one adverse reaction. Lacosamide (LCM) was approved in China in 2018. However, the safety of LCM has not been established in pediatric patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate its safety, efficacy, and tolerability in pediatric patients living in Uygur, Northwest China. This is a retrospective analysis of pediatric patients diagnosed with epilepsy and on LCM therapy at a medical center. The seizure frequencies at 3, 6, and 12 months after starting LCM therapy were recorded and compared with the baseline monthly frequency. The primary outcome variables were the 50% responder and seizure-free rates. The secondary outcome variables included the terminal 6-month seizure remission and percentages of discontinuation due to a lack of efficacy and tolerability. Safety variables included the incidence and type of adverse reactions. Seventy-two pediatric patients with epilepsy living in Uygur, China and receiving LCM treatment were included in the present study. Fifty (69%) children responded to LCM therapy with a more than 50% reduction in the frequency of seizures. Seizure-free rates increased over time, at 14%, 19%, and 20% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The number of baseline anti-seizure medications (ASMs) and order of LCM introduction significantly impacted the likelihood of seizure remission during the 12-month follow-up period (p < 0.05). During the entire period of LCM treatment, twenty-two children (30.5%) experienced at least one adverse reaction. This retrospective study of 72 pediatric patients with epilepsy in Uygur, China, showed that LCM therapy is safe and effective for epilepsy in children, resulting in a reduction in the seizure rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]