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Trehalose, as a non-reductive disaccharide, plays a vital role in plant growth and development and resistance to abiotic stress. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis mechanism of trehalose and TPS1 genes play a crucial role in the response to abiotic stress in plants. However, it has rarely been reported that CaTPS1 responds to cold and salt stresses in pepper. To verify the function of CaTPS1 in response to cold and salt stresses, CaTPS1 was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Subsequently, the expressions of CaTPS1, plant morphology and some physiological indexes were analyzed after cold and salt stresses in pepper. The results showed that the expression of CaTPS1 was significantly lower in CaTPS1-silenced (pTRV2-CaTPS1) plant than that in the non-VIGS (CK) and negative control (PTRV2-00) plants. The parameters of response to cold and salt stresses have changed accordingly. The chlorophyll content decreased, while the trehalose content, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased in all treatments. However, these parameters of response to cold and salt stresses were significantly lower in pTRV2-CaTPS1 plant than in CK and PTRV2-00 plants. This study suggested that CaTPS1 was involved in the response to cold and salt stresses in pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this study, 11 SNPs in the previous Rf gene mapping region near the 3' end of chromosome 6 were used to develop the competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) molecular markers. • At last, KS23 was proposed to relate to the Rf genes with the restoring genotype A/A and the maintaining genotype G/G. There were 91.6% in consistency between the genotyping results of KS23 and F 2 individuals. • In addition, KS23 achieved 100% among six restorer lines and 67.8% among 44 inbred lines in universalities, respectively. • These results provided an efficient and labor saving KASP marker related to Rf, which will be beneficial for the breeding of restorer lines and accelerate the utility of CMS/Rf system in the production of F 1 hybrid seed in pepper. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and Restorer-of-fertility (Rf) breeding systems can save the cost of the production of F 1 hybrid seed in crops. However, the breeding of the restorer lines is not easy and the current molecular markers related to Rf gene is not very versatile because of diverse genes regulating the restoration. In this study, 11 SNPs in the previous Rf gene mapping region near the 3' end of chromosome 6 of pepper were used to develop the competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) molecular markers. The results showed that KS23 was proposed to relate to the Rf genes with the restoring genotype A/A and the maintaining genotype G/G. There were 91.6% in consistency for KS23 between the genotyping results in F 2 individuals. In addition, the accuracy of KS23 achieved 100% among six restorer lines and 67.8% among 44 inbred lines in universalities, respectively. These results provided an efficient and labor saving KASP marker related to Rf , which will be beneficial for the breeding of restorer lines and accelerate the utility of CMS/Rf system in the production of F 1 hybrid seed in pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]