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Predicting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) using machine learning (ML) can effectively accelerate the experimental process of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a high‐quality dataset containing 2079 experimental PSCs is established to predict PCE values using an accurate ML model, achieving an impressive coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.76. In the 12 validation experiments with PSCs, the average absolute error between the observed and predicted PCE values is only 1.6%. Leveraging the recommended improvement solutions from the ML model, the device's PCE to 25.01% in experimental PSCs is successfully enhanced, thus truly realizing the objective of machine learning‐guided experiments. In addition, by improving the PCE of specific devices, the predicted value can reach 28.19%. The ML model has provided feasible strategies for experimentally improving the PCE of PSCs, which play a crucial role in achieving PCE breakthroughs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been rapidly developed in recent years due to their excellent photovoltaic performance, which has been actively promoted by many researchers. However, interfacial non-radiative compounding hinders further improvement of their device performance. Buried interface modification strategies can minimize the non-radiative compounding within the interface, resulting in highly efficient and stable PSCs. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the development of multiple classes of materials applied to buried interface engineering for the preparation of highly efficient and stable PSCs, including the development of organic, inorganic, and polymeric materials. The important role of buried interfaces in regulating energy alignment, passivating surface defects, modulating morphology, etc. have been discussed. Furthermore, we propose strategies to reduce nonradiative composites at interfaces. Finally, potential developments and challenges of buried interfaces for high performance stabilized PSCs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical challenge for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is their operational stability. PSCs’ outdoor operation exposes the cells to a combination of stress factors that are difficult to reproduce by indoor testing due to diurnal and seasonal variations. This highlights the need for outdoor testing under operational conditions. The effect of climate conditions on outdoor operational lifetime/ degradation of n‐i‐p PSCs is systematically studied herein. Their lifetime indicators are determined in different seasons, and correlated with the outdoor irradiance and temperatures measured simultaneously. Based on this outdoor measurement analysis and indoor light cycling stability tests, it is suggested that ambient temperatures induce a more significant effect than the irradiance on the PSC's lifetime/ degradation. The study also suggests different roles played by the temperatures during the diurnal light versus dark periods: the day/ light time maximum temperatures have a more significant effect on the long‐term degradation. In contrast, minimum temperatures during the night/ dark cycles significantly affected the diurnal reversible degradation and the initial fast degradation. The results show that the commonly used lifetime indicators T80 and T50 are climate‐dependent, and their use for comparative purposes is valid only if measured in similar climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor operational stability is a crucial factor limiting the further application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Organic semiconductor layers can be a powerful means for reinforcing interfaces and inhibiting ion migration. Herein, two hole‐transporting molecules, pDPA‐SFX and mDPA‐SFX, are synthesized with tuned substituent connection sites. The meta‐substituted mDPA‐SFX results in a larger dipole moment, more ordered packing, and better charge mobility than pDPA‐SFX, accompanying with strong interface bonding on perovskite surfaces and suppressed ion motion as well. Importantly, mDPA‐SFX‐based PSCs exhibit an efficiency that has significantly increased from 22.5 % to 24.8 % and a module‐based efficiency of 19.26 % with an active area of 12.95 cm2. The corresponding cell retain 94.8 % of its initial efficiency at maximum power point tracking (MPPT) after 1,000 h (T95=1,000 h). The MPPT T80 lifetime is as long as 2,238 h. This work illustrates that a small degree of structural variation in organic compounds leaves considerable room for developing new HTMs for light stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made significant progress in attaining high PCE, while challenges remain regarding stability and low cost. Conventional PSCs using noble metals (e. g., Au and Ag) as back electrodes and transparent conducting oxides as front electrodes contribute significantly to their high costs. PSCs comprising biomass‐derived materials, such as biocarbon as back electrodes and flexible and transparent cellulosic substrates as front electrodes, offer a promising solution to address these issues. These approaches have the potential to simultaneously improve stability and decrease manufacturing costs, making PSCs closer to commercialization. This review article furnishes a comprehensive overview of recent developments in biocarbon‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs), focusing on various biomass‐derived biocarbon materials utilized as back electrodes in different C‐PSCs device structures. This article also compiles the advancement of flexible and transparent cellulosic substrate‐based PSCs by highlighting the fundamentals of PSC and C‐PSC architectures, the basics of biomass, and the synthesis of biocarbon. Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future research directions for optimizing biocarbon materials and cellulosic substrates in PSC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have captured significant interest due to their outstanding stability, cost‐effective fabrication process, and good compatibility with flexible and tandem devices. The presence of bulk and surface defects is key factor in PSCs that cause non‐radiative recombination and degradation. To improve the efficiency and stability of inverted PSCs, a bulk‐to‐surface dual‐passivation strategy is employed by utilizing Oleylamine Iodide (OAmI) as additives and 4‐Fluorobenzylamine Hydroiodide (4‐F‐PMAI) as surface passivating agents. Utilizing OAmI as bulk passivation can enhance the crystallinity of perovskite films and reduce lattice defects. Meanwhile, 4‐F‐PMAI further suppresses non‐radiative recombination and reduces open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss through bidentate anchoring. Consequently, the dual‐passivation strategy significantly enhances device performance, boosting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs to 24.26%, with a VOC of 1.15V. Moreover, the unencapsulated PSCs show excellent long‐term stability maintaining over 85% and 90% of the initial efficiency under 85 °C thermal annealing in N2 for 1000 hours and after storage in ambient conditions (RH: 30 ± 5%) for 1000 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the methylammonium‐free (MA‐free) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are constantly lagging behind those of the most extensively researched triple cation mixed PSCs due to their subpar perovskite films. Here, two guanidine‐based passivation agents are proposed, that are, sulfaguanidine (S‐Gua) and 1‐acetylguanidine (A‐Gua) that can be applied to optimize the film quality of MA‐free perovskite for minimizing the efficiency discrepancy between the two types of PSCs. Through strong coordination with Pb2+ and hydrogen bonding with formamidinium (FA+), the two passivation additives can reduce bulk defects and suppress non‐radiative recombination, which in turn enhance the charge extraction and transfer efficiency. Consequently, the S‐Gua‐ and A‐Gua‐treated devices achieve PCEs of 24.34% and 23.77%, respectively. Both PCEs are greater than that of the control device (23.03%), and the 24.34% PCE is comparable with that of the best MA‐free inverted PSCs with narrower bandgaps. Moreover, the S‐Gua‐treated devices maintain 89.3% and 82.0% of their initial PCEs after aging for 800 h and heating (85 °C) for 340 h in ambient air without any encapsulation, respectively. This work offers comprehensive insights into the use of guanidine‐based additives to achieve high‐quality perovskite films and subsequently state‐of‐the‐art MA‐free PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐term operational stability remains a big challenge for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), especially under ISOS protocol with high temperature. One key reason lies in the iodine loss issue during PSCs aging. Motived by the reversible iodine‐alkenes reaction, 3‐butenylamine (BEA) based 2D perovskite (BEA)2[PbBr4] is used to construct a functionalized 2D/3D heterojunction in PSCs. (BEA)2[PbBr4] can chemically adsorb photo‐generated iodine species during perovskite degradation through a typical reaction between neutral iodine and terminal alkenes, thus inhibiting iodine loss or diffusion in PSCs. Besides, owing to the reversible reaction nature, these adsorbed iodine species can be partially released slowly under heat conditions, further reacting with and eliminating potential metallic Pb0 defects. The resulting PSCs exhibit a high efficiency of 24.5% with good operational stability even without encapsulation, retaining ≈94% of initial efficiency after MPP tracking for 2000 h at 65 °C with ISOS‐L‐2 protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) is now widely applied at the hole‐selective interface of efficient inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, voids are unavoidable in SAMs due to the rough substrate and the deposition conditions, which lead to direct contact between the active layer and electrode, undermining the efficiency and stability of PSCs. Here, alkylphosphonic acids with different alkyl chain length are post‐assembled to fill the voids, thereby forming a compact po‐SAM layer. By further modifying the head group of alkylphosphonic acids, the efficiency and stability of PSCs are improved due to wetting and passivation. Finally, the po‐SAM layer formed by (2‐Bromoethyl) phosphonic acid and [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl] phosphonic acid contributes to a champion device with the power conversion efficiency of 25.16% (certified 24.67%) and improved stability under operation or storage. This work demonstrates the advantages of po‐SAM layer in improving the performance of PSCs, offering ideas for SAM modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐inorganic triiodide cesium lead (CsPbI3) exhibits huge potential in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the high‐temperature crystallization process (≈340 or 180 °C) limits their further development, especially in flexible PSCs. Here, a Cs─I bond weakening approach is proposed to realize the low‐temperature crystallization of CsPbI3 by introducing organic sulfonate of 1‐propylsulfonate‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (SMCl). SMCl can strongly interact with CsI and weaken the Cs─I bond to dissociate free I− ions for the effective transition of initial PbI2 to [PbI6]4−, which greatly decreases the crystallization temperature of black CsPbI3 to 90 °C. As a result, flexible PSCs are realized with efficiency of 13.86%, which is the highest efficiency of flexible CsPbI3 devices. Besides, SMCl will also help to release the tensile strain and stabilize CsPbI3 phase, leading to good thermal and mechanical stability. Almost no efficiency loss is observed in flexible PSCs after 36000 bending cycles with a curvature radius of 5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a leading low‐cost photovoltaic technology, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 26.1%. However, their commercialization is hindered by stability issues and the need for controlled processing environments. Carbon‐electrode‐based PSCs (C‐PSCs) offer enhanced stability and cost‐effectiveness compared to traditional metal‐electrode PSCs, i.e., Au and Ag. However, processing challenges persist, particularly in air conditions where moisture sensitivity poses a significant hurdle. Herein, a novel air processing technique is presented for planar C‐PSCs that incorporates antisolvent vapors, such as chlorobenzene, into a controlled air‐quenching process. This method effectively mitigates moisture‐induced instability, resulting in champion PCEs exceeding 20% and robust stability under ambient conditions. The approach retains 80% of initial efficiency after 30 h of operation at maximum power point without encapsulation. This antisolvent‐mediated air‐quenching technique represents a significant advancement in the scalable production of C‐PSCs, paving the way for future large‐scale deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are usually modified and passivated to improve their performance and stability. The interface modification and bulk doping are the two basic strategies. Fluorine (F)‐containing materials are highly favored because of their unique hydrophobicity and coordination ability. This review discusses the basic characteristics of F, and the basic principles of improving the photovoltaic performance and stability of PSC devices using F‐containing materials. We systematically summarized the latest progress in the application of F‐containing materials to achieve efficient and stable PSCs on several key interface layers. It is believed that this work will afford significant understanding and inspirations toward the future application directions of F‐containing materials in PSCs, and provide profound insights for the development of efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While operational stability has evolved to be the primary issue for the practical applications of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the understanding of the origins of device degradation is still limited. Hysteresis is known as a unique and significant feature of PSCs. The hysteresis behavior of the current density-voltage (J–V) curves, governed by the interaction between the evolving ion-induced electric field and the carrier transport/recombination, offers rich and important information about the physical properties of the device. Herein, we propose to establish hysteresis as a diagnostic key to unveil and remedy degradation issues with device physics. With a custom-made ion-incorporated drift-diffusion simulator, we comprehensively investigate the relations between characteristic J–V hysteresis features and critical device issues such as bulk and surface defects, and low mobility of each layer in the PSCs. Ultimately, we derive a fundamental understanding and unveil the origins of the device degradation during the continuous operation of PSCs. This work therefore offers a new way to address and optimize PSC operational stability. The understanding of the origins of device degradation of perovskite solar cells remains limited. Here, the authors establish hysteresis as a diagnostic key to unveil and remedy degradation issues and investigate the relations between characteristic J-V hysteresis features and device deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bifacial perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess a dual light‐absorbing structure, which enables higher power output at lower additional costs. However, the replacement of metal electrodes with transparent ones leads to serious light loss, necessitating a thicker perovskite layer to compensate for this drawback. In this study, the impact of different rubidium halide (RbCl, RbBr, and RbI) additives is systematically investigated on precursor solubility and the quality of micron‐sized perovskite thick films prepared using a two‐step method. It is observed that RbCl exhibited the strongest interactions with PbI2, enhancing its solubility and leading to the formation of multihole PbI2 films that promote subsequent crystallization of thick perovskite film. Additionally, the RbCl‐based perovskite film demonstrates a narrowed bandgap attributed to the formation of a‐FAPbI3. Consequently, the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) in the RbCl‐based bifacial PSCs are simultaneously enhanced, and a record efficiency of 20.86% (21.04% certified) is also obtained among n‐i‐p bifacial PSCs, exhibiting an ≈80% bifaciality and a power generation density (PGD) exceeding 24 mW cm−2 with a reflectivity value of 0.2. More importantly, the optimized device does not show any performance degradation after continuous illumination under 1sun for 1000 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a highly crystalline self‐assembled multilayer (SAMUL) that is fundamentally different from the conventional monolayer or disordered bilayer used for hole‐extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The SAMUL can be easily formed on ITO substrate to establish better surface coverage to enhance the performance and stability of PSCs. A detailed structure‐property‐performance relationship of molecules used for SAMUL is established through a systematic study of their crystallinity, molecular packing, and hole‐transporting properties. These SAMULs are rationally optimized by varying their molecular structures and deposition methods through thermal evaporation or spin‐coating for fabricating PSCs. The CbzNaphPPA‐based SAMUL was chosen for fabricating inverted PSCs due to it exhibiting the highest crystallinity and hole mobility which is derived from the ordered H‐aggregation. This resulted in a remarkably high fill factor of 86.45 %, which enables a very impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.07 % to be achieved along with excellent device stability (94 % of its initial PCE retained after continuous operation for 1200 h under 1‐sun irradiation at maximum power point at 65 °C). Additionally, a record‐high PCE of 23.50 % could be achieved by adopting a thermally evaporated SAMUL. This greatly simplifies and broadens the scope for SAM to be used for large‐area devices on diverse substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial issues between the perovskite film and electron transport layer greatly limit the efficiency and stability of inverted (p‐i‐n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Despite organic ammonium passivants have been widely established as interfacial layers, they failed to improve electron extraction. Here, we reported that the heavy n‐type characteristics in a low band gap perovskite film could be modulated by incorporating non‐conjugated ammonium passivants with strong electron‐withdrawing abilities. This resulted in a significant enhancement of electron extraction in the heavily n‐type doped perovskite. The passivant‐treated PSCs exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 25.74 % with an excellent fill factor of 85.4 % and a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.166 V, which are significantly higher than that of the control device. The unencapsulated devices maintained 88 % of their initial PCEs after 1,200 hours at 85 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last ten years, there has been a remarkable enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiohene):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) emerging as a prevalent choice for the hole transport layer (HTL). Nevertheless, the evolution of the widely utilized PEDOT:PSS HTL has not kept pace with the swift advancements in PSC technology, attributed to its suboptimal electrical conductivity, acidic nature, and inadequate electron-blocking performance. This study presents a novel approach to enhance the HTL by introducing molybdenum oxide (MoO3) into the PEDOT:PSS, leveraging the conductivity and solution processing compatibility of MoO3. Two methods for MoO3 integration were explored: an ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (AMT) precursor and the direct addition of MoO3 nanoparticles. The carrier dynamics of PSCs modified by MoO3 are significantly optimized. Therefore, the PCE of the device modified by AMT and molybdenum oxide is increased to 18.23 and 19.64%, respectively, and the stability of the device is also improved. This study emphasizes the potential of MoO3 in contributing to the development of more efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs) play crucial roles in determining the overall efficiencies of all‐perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs). Tailoring the grain growth process is a key route to improve the film quality and device performance. Herein, a facile passivator‐assisted close space annealing (PA‐CSA) strategy to simultaneously enlarge the crystal size and passivate the defects is demonstrated. Filter paper is used as the solvent permeable membrane to slow down the fast crystallization and enlarge the grain size. At the same time, a precisely selected volatile material (fluorizated‐phenethylammonium chloride) embedded in the filter paper is employed as the passivator to eliminate defects in wide‐Eg perovskite film during annealing. The PA‐CSA‐processed wide‐Eg PSCs obtain the champion efficiencies of 21.28% (1.68 eV) and 20.24% (1.73 eV), enabling high‐performance all‐perovskite TSCs with efficiencies reaching 27% in both four‐terminal and monolithic two‐terminal tandem configurations, respectively. This PA‐CSA strategy provides an in situ passivating process for high‐performance PSCs and TSCs upon further industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inferior morphology of perovskite films and suppressed hole extraction restricts the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a PEDOT:PSS hole transporting layer (HTL). In this work, poly-TPD is used to modify the surface of PEDOT:PSS films in PSC. The presence of hydrophobic poly-TPD decreases the nucleation sites, and as a result, perovskite films with larger grains are obtained. Improved energy level alignment in the presence of poly-TPD results in enhanced hole extraction from the perovskite layer to the HTL. The improved morphology and charge extraction resulted in improved photovoltaic performance. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs was increased from 13.6% to 16.1% with the incorporation of poly-TPD. Also, the shelf life of the PSCs has exhibited considerable improvement due to the presence of hydrophobic poly-TPD and fewer number of grain boundaries. After 66 days, the PSC with poly-TPD maintained 96% of its initial PCE, whereas the PCE of the control device degraded to 72% of its initial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel asymmetric phthalocyanine derivatives, ZnPc-1 and ZnPc-2, are synthesized to enhance charge transfer properties and mitigate deep-level traps on the perovskite surface using electron-rich nitrogen atoms. PSCs with ZnPc-1 and ZnPc-2 as hole-transporting materials (HTMs) achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 12.11% and 8.98%, respectively. Incorporating a small amount of PMMA into the HTM solution significantly improved performance, resulting in PCEs of 16.2% and 12.5% for ZnPc-1 and ZnPc-2, respectively. The addition of PMMA enhances conductivity and prevents moisture intrusion, boosting both the efficiency and stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the fastest-growing photovoltaic (PV) technology and hold great promise for the photovoltaic industry due to their low-cost fabrication and excellent efficiency. To achieve commercial readiness level, the most important factor would be yield beyond 95% at the PSC module levels. The current essential requirements for PSCs are reproducibility of high efficiency devices, scalability, and stability. The reported certified high efficiency (24–26%) results are based on the use of FAPbI3 perovskites with a bandgap of E g ≈ 1.5 eV, and the typical device's active area ranges from ≈ 0.1 cm2 to a maximum of 1 cm2. However, relatively higher bandgap PSCs are essential, especially in tandem solar cell applications. Hence, optimization of higher bandgap PSCs is a necessity. As the bandgap of the perovskites increases, the efficiency goes down due to reduced J S C and increased V O C loss. Therefore, understanding the loss mechanism and corresponding solutions need to be developed. Scaling up the device's active area without compromising the fill factor and, hence, efficiency is non-trivial. So, understanding the loss mechanism in large area devices is crucial. The stability analysis reported in the literature is inconsistent, preventing data comparison and identifying various degradation factors or failure mechanisms. Moreover, how the accelerated tests would be useful in predicting the real lifetime of the solar cells is yet to be developed. So, understanding the knowledge and the technological gaps between laboratory and industry-scale production is crucial for further development. Therefore, in this review article, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for scalable and stable high efficiency PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), as the forefront of third‐generation solar technology, are distinguished by their cost‐effectiveness, high photovoltaic efficiency, and the flexibility of their bandgap tunability, positioning them as formidable contenders in the photovoltaic market. However, the stability of PSCs remains a significant barrier to their widespread commercialization. Lamination encapsulation is identified as a pivotal intervention to enhance the durability of PSCs under external environmental stress. This review initiates with an in‐depth exploration of the degradation phenomena in PSCs, triggered by environmental stressors such as water, oxygen, light, and heat. This analysis lays bare the degradation mechanisms, thereby highlighting the specific demands for effective encapsulation materials. Subsequently, the review presents a systematic discourse on the latest developments in encapsulation materials, dissecting their molecular structures and linking these to their physical properties and performance in encapsulation applications. The narrative concludes by charting potential future research pathways intended to refine and enhance the encapsulation performance of PSCs, offering several routes for overcoming current limitations and propelling PSCs toward their full commercial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrialization of perovskite (PVK) solar cells (PSCs) necessitates simple manufacturing, cheapness, nontoxicity, high efficiency, and stability. We report an air-processed lead halide PSCs with cheap, nontoxic, stable NiOx and SnO2 as the hole and electron transport layers separately, to meet all the above commercial requests. By preparing the NiOx (water-dispersible) and SnO2 (oil-dispersible) quantum dots (QDs) with good conductivity and energy band matched well with that of PVK, we fabricate inverted PSCs (ITO/NiOx/PVK/SnO2/Ag) with efficiency up to 20.1/14.6% for active areas of 0.0707/1 cm2, under 1 sun simulated illumination with enhanced UV light ratio. The UV-light resistant PSCs reported here will impel their application in the high altitude areas with strong UV light. Importantly, the monodisperse size and dominant (110) plane of SnO2 QDs achieved by controlling the solvothermal parameters, realize the conformal deposition and defect prevention of SnO2, respectively, thus improving the PSC efficiency and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are influenced by various factors, such as controlling the migration of iodide anion (I−) and lithium cation (Li+), oxidizing the hole‐transport material of 2,2′,7,7′‐tetras(N,N‐p‐methoxyaniline)‐9,9′‐spirodifluorene (Spiro), and passivating the perovskite film. Herein, three multifunctional crown‐ether‐iodine (crown‐ether‐I2) supra‐molecules are investigated as activities in the hole transport layers (HTLs). Results indicate that the crown‐ether‐I2 can slowly release I2 to gently oxidize Spiro, and significantly improve the efficiency of PSCs. Moreover, the crown‐ether can contribute to stabilizing Li+ in HTL and passivating the defect sites on the upper interface of the perovskite layer, which can enhance the long‐term stability of PSCs. Furthermore, crown‐ether‐I2 can absorb I− to produce crown‐ether‐I3−, which can discharge I− to promote the self‐healing of I− defects and inhibit the migration of I− in the perovskite film, thereby further enhancing PSC's long‐term stability. PSC based on Dbenzo‐24‐Crown‐8‐Ether‐Iodine (DB24C8‐I2) achieves an impressive efficiency of 24.29%, which is much higher than that of the control device (22.28%). Additionally, the stability of the un‐encapsulated PSC with DB24C8‐I2 is significantly enhanced, while maintaining 96.9% of its original efficiency after 2000 h. This work provides an effective strategy for improving the efficiency and long‐term stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient manipulation of crystallization and control over defects are crucial for optimizing the performance and durability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a novel organic multifunctional additive, 2‐(furan‐3‐yl)ethanamine hydrochloride (FFEACl), is introduced which plays a pivotal role in regulating the crystallization process of FAPbI3. Incorporating FFEACl into the perovskite precursor solution effectively suppresses the formation of undesirable non‐perovskite phase impurities while promoting the oriented crystallization of the α‐phase FAPbI3. Moreover, the addition of FFEACl leads to a more uniform surface potential and reduced defect density in the resulting FAPbI3 film. Consequently, the top‐performing PSC exhibits an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.41%, along with enhanced operational stability. Notably, the fabricated PSCs maintain over 80% of their initial PCE even after 1000 h of continuous operation under one‐sun illumination. The findings present a facile and effective strategy for fabricating perovskite photovoltaic devices with exceptional performance and long‐term reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed a meteoric rise in device performance. However, maintaining photostability, particularly under thermal stress, remains a challenge due to defect formation in the perovskite layer. This study introduces europium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate [Eu(OTF)3] as a multifunctional additive in two‐step processed perovskite films, significantly improving the performance and high‐temperature photostability of n‐i‐p PSCs. Density function theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the OTF− anion strongly coordinates with Pb2+, effectively inhibiting iodine vacancy defect formation. The addition of Eu(OTF)3 promotes perovskite grain growth to ≈2 µm and enhances film crystallinity. PSCs with a structure of ITO/SnO2/perovskite/PDCBT/NiOx/Au achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.8%. Under 85 ± 5 °C and 1 sun illumination at an open circuit in ambient air, the PSCs with Eu(OTF)3 retain 82% of their initial PCE after aging for 1500 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly advancing field of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit is primarily hindered by nonradiative recombination losses. In this study, the strategic incorporation of chiral graphene quantum dots (GQDs) at the PSC interface is pioneered, significantly mitigating these losses through this chiral interface engineering. Also in this study, by synthesizing and characterizing the chiroptic behavior and doping effects of both chiral and racemic GQDs, their pivotal role in enhancing charge extraction and transport is unveiled. In the findings of this study, it is shown that GQDs do not alter the crystallization of perovskite films but significantly boost light absorption owing to improved interfacial contact. Subsequent optical and electrical assessments reveal that the PSCs treated with chiral GQDs outperform those with racemic GQDs, primarily on account of the chiral specificity of chiral GQDs, which leads to reduced nonradiative recombination and enhanced charge transport efficiency. In this work, not only the potential of chiral GQDs is underscored in elevating PSC efficiency but also a compelling proof of concept for chiral interface engineering is established as a key to unlocking the full potential of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nontoxic Sn‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a promising alternative to Pb‐based PSCs, given their similar electronic properties and an ideal bandgap, accompanied by the highest theoretical efficiency (>33%). However, the performance of Sn‐based PSCs lags significantly behind their Pb‐based counterparts. This disparity arises from the susceptibility of Sn2+ to easy oxidation to Sn4+, an energy level mismatch, and fast crystilization. It is widely acknowledged that the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ results in severe P‐type doping, leading to increased recombination, which is a primary factor contributing to the lower device performance. In this perspective article, we summarized the utilization of metallic Sn in Sn‐based PSCs to facilitate the reduction of Sn4+ back to Sn2+. This approach is preferred due to its effectiveness, simplicity in process, and the absence of introducing additional impurities. Moreover, metallic Sn can serve as a source for synthesizing SnI2 and act as hole transport material through transformation from Sn to SnOx. We hope this article serve as a valuable reference for the ongoing development of Sn‐based materials in PSCs technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preoptimizing perovskite films may generally improve the performance of the final perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the research on whether the film optimization fully contributes to the enhancement of the final PSCs has been long neglected. We demonstrated that the preparation of metal electrodes by high-vacuum thermal evaporation, an unavoidable step in almost all device fabrication processes, will damage the surface of perovskite films, resulting in component escape, defect density rebound, carrier extraction barrier, and film stability deterioration. Therefore, the prepared perovskite film and the final film actually working in devices are not exactly the same, and the contribution of film optimization to the device improvement was weakened. We designed a bilayer structure composed of graphene oxide and graphite flakes to eliminate the unwanted film inconsistencies and thus save the film optimization loss. Therefore, the efficient PSCs with power conversion efficiency of 25.55% were obtained, which demonstrated negligible photovoltaic performance loss after operating for 2000 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface or interface engineering is one of the most effective strategies to improve the device performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), owing to the fact that the defects are mainly located at the surface. Organosilanes are among the most promising surface modifiers due to their unique cross‐linking ability, which makes a robust layer to further protect the underneath perovskites. However, the influence of tail functional groups of organosilanes on the device performance and stability has never been systematically investigated. Herein, a series of organosilanes with different chain lengths, fluorination, and different interactions toward perovskite are applied to modify the perovskite. Tail functional groups that show passivation ability toward perovskite are demonstrated to effectively reduce trap densities and thus improve the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), while the fluorinated functional groups are beneficial for high stability. Finally, PSCs based on 3,3,3‐trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (FPTMS) modification showed a high PCE of 23.0% with the best operational stability. The encapsulated device maintained 85% of the initial PCE after 1725 h under continuous 1 sun equivalent illumination in air. The work may provide important insights into designing modifiers for high‐performance PSCs with high stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their distinct advantages, including minimal hysteresis, cost‐effectiveness, and suitability for tandem applications. Nevertheless, the solution processing and the low formation energy of perovskites inevitably lead to numerous defects formed at both the bulk and interfaces of the perovskite layer. These defects can act as non‐radiative recombination centers, significantly impeding carrier transport and posing a substantial obstacle to stability and further enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE). This review delves into a detailed discussion of the nature and origin of defects and the characterization techniques employed for defect identification. Furthermore, it systematically summarizes methods for defect detection and approaches for passivating interface and bulk defects within the perovskite film in inverted PSCs. Finally, this review offers a perspective on employing upscaling defect passivation engineering for perovskite modules. It is hoped this review provides insights into defect passivation in inverted PSCs and solar modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which serve as bottom subcells in all‐perovskite tandem solar cells, are pivotal for developing highly efficient solar cells. However, the vulnerability of stannous (Sn2+) to spontaneous oxidation to harmful tetravalent tin (Sn4+) presents significant challenges. Here, a “mouse glue trap” strategy is proposed to mitigate this issue by introducing a multifunctional additive, oxamidic acid potassium salt (OAPS). This approach effectively traps undesired Sn4+ impurities through strong interactions between the oxaminic acid groups of OAPS and Sn4+ impurities. Additionally, OAPS, with its unique functional groups, can inhibit Sn2+ oxidation, passivate defects, alleviate stress, and improve crystalline quality in Sn‐Pb mixed perovskite films. As a result, the enhanced Sn‐Pb mixed narrow‐bandgap PSCs incorporating OAPS achieve a power conversion efficiency of 22.04% and exhibit improved storage stability, with 91% retention after 3072 h of storage in an N2‐filled glovebox. Moreover, all‐perovskite tandem cells using OAPS‐incorporated Sn‐Pb narrow‐bandgap PSCs as subcells demonstrate efficiencies of 27.17% and 28.31% for two‐terminal and four‐terminal tandems, respectively, presenting a straightforward approach to optimizing performance in Sn‐Pb mixed PSCs and their tandems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability issue of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has long been of concern to researchers. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is commonly used as a hole transport layer (HTL) in the inverted PSCs to achieve efficient and stable performance. However, PEDOT:PSS can corrode ITO, affecting device efficiency. Moreover, the hydrophilic nature of PEDOT:PSS compromises device stability. In this work, Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), known for its good hydrophobicity, was used to modify the surface of PEDOT:PSS, reducing its water absorption and thereby enhancing the efficiency and stability of PSCs. The results reveal that incorporating P3HT effectively enhances the hydrophobicity of PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, it fosters the development of large-grain perovskite film on the PEDOT:PSS/P3HT bilayer. This enhancement leads to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.78% for PSCs, with an increase by 16% than that of reference cells (17.04% of PCE). Following a duration of 1000 h, the PCE for the device modified with P3HT remains above 90%, while the PCE of the reference device is below 70%. These findings suggest that using P3HT in conjunction with PEDOT:PSS as a bilayer HTL can concurrently and proficiently improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and eco‐friendly dimethyl sulfoxide‐mediated solution aging (DMSA) treatment is presented to control the crystallization dynamics of methylammonium (MA)‐free wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskite films, enhancing film quality, and morphology for high‐performance tandem solar cells. The comprehensive structural, morphological, and characterization analyses reveal that the DMSA treatment significantly enhances composition and morphology homogeneity while suppressing halide segregation. Consequently, opaque, and semi‐transparent MA‐free WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 18.28% and 17.61%, respectively. Notably, the unencapsulated DMSA‐treated devices maintain 95% of the initial PCE after 900 h of continuous operation at 55 °C ± 5 °C. Furthermore, stacking semi‐transparent DMSA‐treated PSCs as top cells in a 4T tandem configuration, along with silicon heterojunction (SHJ), lead–tin (Pb–Sn) alloyed PSCs, and organic photovoltaics (OPV) as bottom cells, yields impressive PCEs of 28.09%, 26.09%, and 25.28%, respectively, for the fabricated tandem cells. This innovative approach opens new avenues for enhancing the photo‐stability and photovoltaic performance of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trap states at both the upper and bottom interfaces of perovskite layers significantly impact non‐radiative carrier recombination. The widely used solvent‐based passivation methods result in the disordered distribution of surface components, posing challenges for the commercial application of large‐area perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To address this issue, a novel NH3 gas‐assisted all‐inorganic dual‐interfaces passivation strategy is proposed. Through the gas treatment of the perovskite surface, NH3 molecules significantly enhanced the iodine vacancy formation energy (1.54 eV) and bonded with uncoordinated Pb2+ to achieve non‐destructive passivation. Meanwhile, the reduction of the film defect states is accompanied by a decrease in the work function, which promotes carrier transport between the interface. Further, a stable passivation layer is constructed to manage the bottom interfacial defects using inorganic potassium tripolyphosphate (PT), whose ─P═O group effectively mitigated the charged defects and lowered the carrier transport barriers and nucleation barriers of PVK, while the gradient distribution of K+ improved the crystalline quality of PVK film. Based on the dual‐interface synergistic effect, the optimal MA‐contained PSCs with an effective area of 0.1 cm2 achieved an efficiency of 24.51% and can maintain 90% of the initial value after aging (10−20% RH and 20 °C) for 2000 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are promising candidates in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its excellent stability. However, the large bandgap of PQDs and expensive materials of hole transport materials (HTMs) and noble metal proposed a major obstacle to promoting the further development of PSCs. Herein, a promising method introducing MA+ into the CsPbBr3 PQDs can well decrease the bandgap. Furthermore, the stacked structure assembled by a photoanode A and black electrode B shows a promising prospect for photovoltaic application, in which the black electrode B, a carbon quantum dots, extracted from molasses was used for simultaneous replacement of metals and HTMs, and each layer employed screen-printing method to deposition in the aspect of fabrication of device. Based on this systematic optimization, the assembled PSCs achieve an enhanced PCE of 1.57%, which demonstrated an obvious improvement in comparison to the pristine device. This study demonstrates a low-cost and facile strategy for the fabrication of efficient PSCs with stacked architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The buried interface in the perovskite solar cell (PSC) has been regarded as a breakthrough to boost the power conversion efficiency and stability. However, a comprehensive manipulation of the buried interface in terms of the transport layer, buried interlayer, and perovskite layer has been largely overlooked. Herein, we propose the use of a volatile heterocyclic compound called 2‐thiopheneacetic acid (TPA) as a pre‐buried additive in the buried interface to achieve cross‐layer all‐interface defect passivation through an in situ bottom‐up infiltration diffusion strategy. TPA not only suppresses the serious interfacial nonradiative recombination losses by precisely healing the interfacial and underlying defects but also effectively enhances the quality of perovskite film and releases the residual strain of perovskite film. Owing to this versatility, TPA‐tailored CsPbBr3 PSCs deliver a record efficiency of 11.23% with enhanced long‐term stability. This breakthrough in manipulating the buried interface using TPA opens new avenues for further improving the performance and reliability of PSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halide perovskites are promising as the light absorbers of solar cells with efficient solar power conversion. However, why the degradation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), especially at high temperatures, happens has not been completely understood to date. Herein, it is shown that evaporation of 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (4‐tBP) from the hole transport layer (HTL) of 2,2',7,7'‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamino)‐9,9'‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) is one of possible degradation mechanisms in PSCs at a high temperature of 85 °C. In fresh PSCs, the chemical doping of the spiro‐OMeTAD HTL with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is not so efficient because of the formation of a LiTFSI:4‐tBP complex in the HTL. When PSCs are placed at 85 °C, 4‐tBP gradually evaporates from the HTL, resulting in the dissociation of the LiTFSI:4‐tBP complex. This 4‐tBP evaporation enhances the chemical doping of spiro‐OMeTAD by LiTFSI and makes the hole transport level of the spiro‐OMeTAD HTL deeper, thereby impeding hole extraction at the perovskite/spiro‐OMeTAD/Au interfaces. Herein, the 4‐tBP evaporation by covering PSCs with a fluoro‐polymer CYTOP layer, significantly improving the high‐temperature durability of PSCs, is suppressed. The basic understanding obtained in this study would help promote the spread of more thermally durable PSC products in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To alleviate high costs and lengthy trial-and-error periods associated with traditional optimization methods for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), we developed a data-driven reverse design framework for high-efficiency PSCs. This framework integrates machine learning and Bayesian optimization (BO) to accelerate the optimization process of PSCs by intelligently recommending the most promising parameter configurations for PSCs, such as device structure and fabrication processes. To improve the robustness of the framework, we first designed a two-stage sampling strategy to alleviate the issue of imbalanced dataset classes. Subsequently, by integrating "experimental knowledge constraints" into the BO process, we achieved precise parameter configurations, thus avoiding discrepancies between predicted and actual results due to parameter mismatches. Finally, using SHapley Additive exPlanations, we unveiled key factors influencing the power conversion efficiency (PCE), such as the composition of perovskite solvents. Our framework not only precisely predicted the PCE of PSCs with an area under the curve of 0.861 but also identified the optimal parameter configurations, achieving a high probability of 0.981. This framework offers substantial support for minimizing redundant experiments and characterizations, effectively accelerating the optimization process of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In prevailing p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), solution-processible fullerene molecules are widely used as electron-transporting layers (ETLs) but they typically suffer from poor uniformity and undesirable stability issues. Additionally, a separate bathocuproine (BCP) layer is needed to block hole transfer, increasing fabrication complexity and cost. Here, we address these limitations by developing a novel polymeric ETL (named PFBCP) synthesized by polymerizing C60 with BCP. This innovative material achieves both efficient electron transport and hole blocking, while its excellent uniformity minimizes interface recombination and enhances stability. Consequently, our blade-coated PSCs utilizing PFBCP achieve a high power conversion efficiency exceeding 22% and retain 91% of initial efficiency after 1200 h of light exposure. This development not only paves the way for commercially viable PSCs but also opens avenues for future ETL design to realize even more efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suitable band gap with outstanding optoelectronic characteristics makes Sn‐based perovskites one of the promising candidates for the preparation of efficient lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, preparing Sn2+‐based PSCs is very difficult due to the ready oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ when exposed to air. In this work, by incorporating the trimethylamine borane complex (TMAB) as an antioxidant additive into the perovskite precursor solution along with excess SnF2, we report the fabrication of air‐stable FASnI3‐based solar cells. The complex formed by TMAB‐SNF2 (additive layer) enables in‐situ encapsulation of perovskite grains. This layer considerably improves the oxidation stability of the perovskite layer by eliminating oxygen vacancies from the NiO hole transport. The resulting PSCs can maintain more than 70% of the efficiency over 45 and 75 hours respectively in air and N2 exposure without encapsulation. This can be regarded as a genuinely enhanced attribute, particularly considering the use of carbon in one of the electrodes in FASnI3 perovskites. The findings suggest an alternative approach to provide effective and sustainable Sn‐based PSCs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passivation defects and reducing charge recombination are of great importance in enhancing 2D perovskite solar cells' (PSCs) performance. Herein, a novel additive (TEMPIC) is introduced into 2D PSCs to improve photovoltaic properties of the device, which are mainly attributed to passivated trap-states and reduced charge recombination in device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure‐phase α‐formamidinium lead iodide (α‐FAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess potential high efficiency because of suitable bandgap. However, achieving high‐quality α‐FAPbI3 films during the spin‐coating process is challenging without anti‐solvent extraction, due to the spontaneous formation of the more stable δ‐FAPbI3 phase and the complexity of multi‐component perovskite precursor solutions. Here a gel precursor with an amorphous structure to eliminate the need for anti‐solvent extraction in achieving the homogeneous and highly oriented pure‐phase α‐FAPbI3 is devised films. The incorporation of N,N′‐dimethylpropyleneurea, and alkylammonium chloride results in extended iodoplumbate clusters in the perovskite precursor solution. In situ, spectroscopic analysis reveals that the emergence of the stable amorphous gel precursor during the initial solidification stage ensures a uniform solute distribution. This effectively prevents preferentially oriented growth in the crystal phase precursor, leading to a significant enhancement in film homogeneity. As a result, power conversion efficiencies of 24.17% for the PSC, and 19.3% for the module are achieved, along with superior operational stability, retaining 96.1% of their initial efficiency after 850 h at the maximum power point tracking. These demonstrate the best performance for the reported pure‐phase α‐FAPbI3 PSCs without anti‐solvent extraction, showing great promise for scalable manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites in combination with the hole‐transport material (HTM) 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluoren (spiro‐OMeTAD) yield impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) in n–i–p perovskite solar cells (PSC). To ensure sufficient hole extraction from the perovskite absorber to the metal electrode, the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) doping is considered indispensable to promote spiro‐OMeTAD oxidization and obtain consequently enhanced conductivity. However, LiTFSI‐doped spiro‐OMeTAD usually leads to a reduced stability of PSCs because of the hygroscopic nature of LiTFSI, which further limits its potential commercialization. Herein, a hydrophobic material, namely perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs), is used as surface modifier of doped HTM to improve both efficiency and stability of PSCs. It is revealed that the introduction of PFPE increases the concentration of positive radicals, enhances charge‐carrier transport, and improves stability of PSCs under wetting stress. Moreover, the device based on PFPE achieves a champion PCE of 21.94%. In these findings, valuable insights are provided for the future commercialization of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial engineering, especially the modulation of the buried interface, has a strong impact on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, a natural chemical, riboflavin (VB2), was introduced to modify the TiO2/perovskite interface in planar PSCs. As a result, oxygen defects in TiO2 were passivated, and the quality of the perovskite film, together with the energy level arrangement, was optimized. Finally, PSCs modified with VB2 showed a significant increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 19.2% to 21.50%. Additionally, PSCs modified with VB2 exhibited better long-term stability by maintaining 75.8% of their original PCE after 700 hours of aging at a relative humidity (RH) of 30% ± 5% and at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although revolutionary power conversion efficiency progress has been realized for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the selection and optimization of the hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) are still crucial for fabricating high‐efficiency, stable, and low‐cost PSCs. Nickel oxide (NiOx) is widely used in the PSCs community for material design and modification. However, various NiOx synthesis processes lead to kinds of NiOx, and it is difficult to determine which NiOx is suitable for application in PSCs. Herein, two kinds of NiOx HTMs are synthesized using sol–gel processed and chemical‐calcination‐processed (CCP) routes for the preparation of PSCs. Based on the physical properties of two kinds of NiOx HTMs as well as the corresponding photovoltaic parameters of PSCs, it is demonstrated that superior NiOx HTMs is obtained by the CCP method with the following properties: high transmittance to ensure sufficient sunlight capture of perovskite, appropriate energy levels to promote hole extraction and transfer, high conductivity to support charge transfer, and a good wetting surface to boost perovskite spreading and film formation. Thus, in this study, the direction for the reasonable selection of HTMs is pointed out to prepare efficient PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halide perovskite nanocrystals (HP NCs) based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted serious attention along with relatively unstable bulk HP‐based thin‐film solar cells aiming to make more efficient and stable PSCs. HP NCs have still limited employment in PSCs despite their inherent unique properties such as strong absorption and photoluminescence, controlled transport and charge‐carrier mobility, low defect density, solution processability, and compatibility with large‐scale deposition techniques suitable for PSCs. Nanostructuring of the perovskites offers other unique characteristics such as confinement effects. These exciting characteristics together with the exceptional tunability in their shape, composition, and functionalities make HP NCs promising for PVs applications. In order to develop efficient HP NCs PSCs, major focus lies on discussing the various synthesis approaches, optoelectrical behaviors of HP NCs, and optimized device architectures. In this context, this review article deals with various approaches to HP NCs synthesis, properties, current challenges, and factors affecting the performance of the NC‐based PSCs. Based on these discussions, perspectives on promising directions for effective utilization of HP NCs toward the improvement and commercialization of the exciting promising material‐based stable and efficient PSCs in the near future are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface modification and bulk doping are two major strategies to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Dipolar molecules are highly favored due to their unique dipolarity. This review discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of dipoles. In addition, the role of dipoles in PSCs and the corresponding conventional characterization methods for dipoles are introduced. Then, we systematically summarize the latest progress in achieving efficient and stable PSCs in dipole materials at several key interfaces. Finally, we look forward to the future application directions of dipole molecules in PSCs, aiming at providing deep insight and inspiration for developing efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiOx is one of the promising inorganic hole transporting materials in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), however, its device efficiency and stability are still limited by the energy level mismatch, low intrinsic conductivity, high interface defect density, and complex active species. Herein, the use of an imide‐based donor–acceptor type semiconductor (BTF14) as the interlayer between perovskite and NiOx is proposed, which facilitates the hole extraction and transfer, reduces the defect density at interface and in perovskite film bulk, and further reduces the concentration of Ni>3+ species to stabilize the heterointerface. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of inverted PSCs can be significantly boosted from 22.11% of NiOx to 24.20% of NiOx/BTF14. Moreover, NiOx/BTF14 based devices also exhibit negligible hysteresis and excellent long‐term stability, with over 77% of their initial efficiency remaining after continuous operation at 60 °C for 1000 h under 1 sun illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) are indispensable for realizing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a novel dibenzo[g,p]chrysene‐based HTM, termed FTPE‐OSMe, is synthesized with peripheral methoxy‐ and methylthio‐groups, which contrasts with most other small molecule HTMs that feature only methoxy‐groups. The presence of methoxy‐ and methylthio‐groups endows FTPE‐OSMe with appropriate energy levels, high‐hole mobility and enhanced interfacial interactions. PSCs employing Li‐TFSI and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine‐doped FTPE‐OSMe demonstrate a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.94% (certified 24.89%). The larger‐scale PSC (1.0 cm2) and module (29.0 cm2) yield PCEs of 23.57 and 20.22%, respectively. In addition, the dopant‐free FTPE‐OSMe‐based PSCs exhibit a respectable PCE of 22.40% and excellent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]