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Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas Konvencijas par personu ar invaliditāti tiesībām (turpmāk – ANO Konvencija) stāšanās spēkā 2010. gada 31. martā kļuva par pagrieziena punktu vairāku Latvijas tiesību sistēmas speciālo likumu normu grozījumiem un deinstitucionalizācijas procesa virzības sekmēšanai. ANO Konvencija vairākkārt dublē jau iepriekš pozitivētus vispārējos cilvēktiesību principus un tos, kas zināmi no paražu tiesībām, bet šis cilvēktiesību instruments ir būtisks, jo ietver arī personu ar invaliditāti tiesiskajai situācijai unikālus tiesību principus. Tādi kā tiesības uz patstāvīgu dzīvi sabiedrībā, kas šī pētījuma kontekstā pārdēvētas par neatkarīgas dzīves principu ir pašsaprotama katras personas dzīves sastāvdaļa, kas ir nesaraujami saistīts ar cilvēka cieņas un integritātes principiem. Pērn īpaši aktuāls ir kļuvis personu ar invaliditāti cilvēka cienīgas dzīves materiālā nodrošinājuma aspekts. Līdz ar to valsts normatīvais regulējums sociālā nodrošinājuma pabalsta mērķis un apmērs valsts sociālās sistēmas ietvaros apstrīdēts Latvijas Republikas Satversmes tiesā. Izskatītajā lietā Tiesa nosprieda par valsts sociāaā nodrošinājuma pabalstu regulējošo tiesību normu neatbilstību Satversmes 1., 91. un 109. pantam. Spriedums iniciēja aktīvas debates publiskajā telpā. Satversmes tiesas tiesneša Jāņa Neimaņa atsevšķajās domās izteiktā kritika par tiesas secinājumiem pauž, ka, viņaprāt, šī pabalsta mērķis nav pamatvajdzību apmierināšana un personu ar invaliditāti pabalsta apmēra atkarība no nodarbinātības nav neīsteno pabalsta patieso jēgu. Tādēļ kļūst ļoti aktuāls jautājums: “Kāds ir sociālā nodrošinājuma pabalsta mērķis personai, kura objektīvu iemeslu dēļ nespēj un arī nespēs strādāt līdzvērtīgi ar citiem?” Bet materiālais nodrošinājums ir tikai viens no sociālās sistēmas elementiem. Personu ar invaliditāti neatkarības nodrošināšanai nepieciešams pievērsties arī vides un informācijas pieejamībai, kā arī sociālās iekļaušanas politikai un citiem pasākumiem, kas nodrošina personu ar invaliditāti pieeju tāda ikdienai, kura pārējai sabiedrībai šķiet pašsaprotama. Pētījuma koherencei ir būtiski apskatīt tiesību normas neatraujot tās no Eiropas un Latvijas vēsturiskās socioekonomikās un kultūras perspektīvas, tādējādi garantējot multidisciplināru pētniecības pieeju. Šajā pētījumā personu ar invaliditāti neatkarīgas dzīves princips tiks apskatīts vairākos kontekstos, kuru nesaraujama saikne veido cilvēka cienīgu neatkarīgu dzīvi. The entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter - the UN Convention) on March 31st, 2010 marked a turning point in the history of Latvian law. UN Convention acted as a pulling mechanism for the amendment of several special laws in the Latvian legal system to facilitate the deinstitutionalisation process. The UN Convention recites some of the general human rights principles positivised in treaties signed before and those known from customary law. This human rights instrument is crucial because it also includes principles that are unique to the legal situation of persons with disabilities. Such as the right to live independently, which is the basis for in the context of this study is observed from different perspectives. All of the aforementioned principles are an inherent part of every person's life and are inextricably linked to the principles of human dignity and integrity. Recently, the material aspect of a dignified life of persons with disabilities became tangible within the scope of social security. Consequently, the legal framework for the purpose and amount of the state financial aid within the state social security system has been challenged in the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia. In the case under review, the Court ruled on the non-compliance of the legal norms regulating the state social security benefit with Articles 1, 91 and 109 of the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia “Satversme”. The ruling sparked an active debate in society. The critique expressed in the opinions of the Constitutional Court Judge Jānis Neimanis about the conclusions of the court expresses that, in his opinion, the purpose of this benefit is not to satisfy basic needs. Also, he states, that calculating the amount of the disability benefit based on employment does not fulfill its purpose. Therefore, the question arises: "What is the purpose of a social security benefit for a person who, for objective reasons, is unable and will not be able to work equally with others?" But financial security is not the sole element of the social system. In order to ensure the independence of persons with disabilities, it is necessary to focus on accessibility and access to information, as well as social inclusion policies and other measures that ensure persons with disabilities access to the daily activities in society. For the overal coherence of the research, it is important to outline the viewed legal norms from a historical, socioeconomic and cultural perspective of Europe and Latvia, thus implementing a multidisciplinary approach. In this study, the principle on the independent living of persons with disabilities will be viewed in a number of contexts, the intertwined connection of which forms a dignified independent life.

Unemployment of persons with disabilities is a widely recognised problem, also present in the Republic of Croatia. Therefore, it is important to make efforts to improve the position of persons who are particularly "sensitive" and "vulnerable" in the labour market, which is certainly the case for persons with disabilities. Their employment is influenced by a number of factors, such as the potential of a country's economy, aggravating factors such as prejudice, spatial and psychological barriers, etc. As compared to the rest of the population, there are differences with respect to persons with disabilities, not only in employment but also in personal income and other activities. Despite the stimulating measures, in the Republic of Croatia it is difficult to recruit persons with disabilities who often fall under the burden of family and social welfare. Such persons are last to get a job and first to lose it. For this reason, vocational training and employment of disabled persons is a basic measure of their protection. In this paper, an overview of the research results on the employment of persons with disabilities in the city of Split, conducted in August 2016, is presented. The research deals with the implementation of the Act on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities. To this end, opinions and attitudes of persons with disabilities have been explored regarding their employment problems and shortcomings of the aforementioned Act. A survey was used as a research method. The research sample included an age group of 20 to 61, planned in accordance with the Report of the Croatian Institute of Public Health (2015). A sample of 49 respondents was realised in cooperation with NGOs dealing with persons with disabilities in the City of Split. According to the research results, most respondents believe that employers are not familiar with the difficulties that persons with disabilities face. The most common problems with their employment are the lack of employers' understanding, stereotypes about work efficiency, architectural barriers, few jobs available, and a lack of qualifications.

This assessment originated from the dialogue on reforming the Cash Transfer Program (CTP) managed by the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) to increase monetary support for people with disabilities (PWD). According to the beneficiaries, the current benefit payment is not sufficient to address the special needs of a household with a member with disability. In response to the demand of the beneficiaries, the MOSA considered additional compensation for vulnerable households including PWD; an analysis was conducted to weight the costs and benefits of modifying the targeting formula to accommodate additional compensation for PWD. The results did not support increasing the monetary compensation because the costs of adjustment were expected to outweigh the benefits and do so at the expense of larger number of poor beneficiaries. Furthermore, global evidence suggests that cash transfers are not necessarily the sole or right instrument to address the needs of PWD in an adequate manner. Rather, meeting the needs requires a holistic approach with greater focus on providing services complemented by temporary cash benefits. Also, compensating only by cash is not sustainable.

This report presents an analysis of the early childhood development (ECD) programs and policies that affect young children in Mali and recommendations to move forward. This report is part of a series of reports prepared by the World Bank using the systems approach for better education results (SABER) - ECD framework and includes analysis of early learning, health, nutrition, and social and child protection policies, and interventions in Mali, along with regional and international comparisons.

The EU regards the issue of persons with disabilities as a human rights issue. It also follows from this that the alleviation of the disadvantages deriving from disabilities is a legal issue the handling of which cannot be exclusively left to the discretion of the Member States. The domestic regulations of the Member States pertaining to persons with disabilities must also comply with the requirements of international and supranational regulation. The disability law should be interpreted in the framework of a multi-pillar system. The study examines the rules of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU pertaining to the disability and analyses the effect of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In this context the following aspects are particularly important: the making the Charter the part of primary EU legislation, EU accession to the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the fundamental pillars of EU regulations concerning persons with disabilities., Pitanje prava osoba s invaliditetom EU smatra pitanjima ljudskih prava. Ublažavanje nedostataka koji proizlaze iz invaliditeta je pravno pitanje i ono ne može biti isključivo prepušteno slobodi odlučivanja država članica. Nacionalni propisi država članica koji se odnose na osobe s invaliditetom moraju biti u skladu sa zahtjevima međunarodnih i nadnacionalnih propisa. Zakon o invalidnosti bi se trebao tumačiti u okviru sustava višestrukih stupova. Rad istražuje odredbe Povelje o temeljnim pravima Europske unije koje se odnose na invalidnost i analizira učinke (značenje,sadržaj) Konvencije o pravima osoba s invaliditetom. U tom kontekstu su posebno važni sljedeći aspekti: nastojanje da Povelja postane dijelom primarnog zakonodavstva EU, pristupanje EU Zaštiti ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, temeljni stupovi EU uredbi koje se odnose na osobe s invaliditetom., Die Europäische Union betrachtet die Frage der behinderten Personen als die Menschenrechtsfrage. Darausfolgt,dassdieLinderungderausdenBehinderungenhervorgehenden Nachteile eine Rechtsfrage darstellt, die nicht ausschließlich dem Zuständigkeitsbereich der Mitgliedstaaten überlassen werden kann. Die einheimischen Regelungen in den Mitgliedstaaten bezüglich der behinderten Personen müssen auch mit den Voraussetzungen der internationalen und supranationelen Regelungen in Einklang stehen. Das Gesetz über die Rechte von Menschen mit Behinderungen sollte im Rahmen eines Mehrsäulensystems ausgelegt werden. Diese Arbeit erforscht die Bestimmungen der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, die sich auf die Behinderten beziehen und analysiert die Einwirkung der Konvention auf die Rechte der Menschen mit Behinderungen. In diesem Zusammenhang sind folgende Aspekte besonders wichtig: die Menschenrechtskonvention als Teil der primären EUGesetzgebung, der Ansatz der EU zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten sowie die grundlegenden Säulen der EU-Regulative in Bezug auf die behinderten Personen.

Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs The purpose of this review is to canvas policies and, to the extent possible, practices of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, aimed at including disability in development. Development that includes disability, as referenced in this review, is understood as development in which persons with disabilities participate as both actors and beneficiaries. It can be achieved by disability specific initiatives, by adding disability-specific components to development programs, by fully inclusive programming, designed to include disability concerns into all development processes, or by a combination of these approaches. While this review does not claim to be exhaustive, it does attempt to provide as comprehensive as possible an overview of policies and practices on disability and development (D&D), both within and among the United Nations (UN) system, and among major bilateral development agencies. It should be noted that this is a dynamic issue and thus many development agencies are either in the process of crafting new disability policies or strategies or are currently reviewing their existing approaches with a view to modifying or amending them. Section two of this report reviews the international legal and policy framework pertinent to the consideration of D&D with particular attention to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Section three reviews multilateral agencies and structures, particularly those within the UN system, and reviews their existing policies and/or practices related to D&D. Section four includes coverage of regional structures supporting the inclusion of disability in development. Section five identifies bilateral development agencies that, either as matter of written policy or as evidenced through practice, have taken steps to design and implement programs and practices that are inclusive of disability. Section six provides conclusions.