Search

Plasmodium vivax is co-endemic with Plasmodium falciparum in Peru, and optimum management requires distinguishing these two species in the blood of patients. For the differential identification of P. vivax and other Plasmodium spp., the LoopampTM Malaria Pan Detection Kit in combination with the Loopamp Malaria Pv Detection Kit (Eiken Chemical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to evaluate 559 whole blood samples collected in 2017 from febrile patients with suspected malaria attending different health facilities in the Loreto region. The Loopamp Malaria Pan Detection Kit showed a sensitivity of 87.7% (95% CI: 83.5-91.9) and a specificity of 94.4% (95% CI: 91.9-96.9) and good agreement with PCR (Cohen's kappa 0.8266, 95% CI: 0.7792-0.874). By comparison, the Loopamp Malaria Pv Detection Kit showed a similar sensitivity (84.4%, 95% CI: 79.0-89.7) and specificity (92.4%, 95% CI: 89.7-95.0) and substantial agreement with PCR (Cohen's kappa: 0.7661, 95% CI: 0.7088-0.8234).

The article deals with the actions carried out by local actors in the rural area of the Selva, in the Peruvian region of Loreto, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. From this, it is proposed to learn some lessons that will help improve the responses and/or actions in other rural areas of the country, to which the virus is gradually reaching., El artículo trata sobre las acciones realizadas por los actores locales en la zona rural de la Selva, en la región peruana de Loreto, frente a la pandemia COVID-19. De ello, se propone aprender algunas lecciones que ayuden a mejorar las respuestas y/o las acciones en otras zonas rurales del país, a las cuales el virus paulatinamente va llegando. &nbsp, L’articolo si occupa delle azioni realizzate dagli attori locali nell’area rurale della Selva, nella regione peruviana di Loreto, in occasione della pandemia COVID-19. A partire da questo, si propone di trarre alcune lezioni che contribuiranno a migliorare le risposte e/o le azioni in altre aree rurali del paese, che il virus sta gradualmente raggiungendo. &nbsp

There is a high international demand for timber from the genus Dipteryx, or “shihuahuaco” as it is known in Peru. Developing tools that allow the identification and discrimination of Dipteryx species is therefore important for supporting management of natural populations and to underpin legal trade of its timber. The objective of this study was the molecular characterization of Dipteryx species in the Peruvian Amazonia. Two plastid regions (cpDNA: trnH–psbA and matK) were sequenced and 11 microsatellite markers (nDNA) were genotyped for 32 individuals identified as Dipteryx charapilla, D. micrantha morphotype 1 and D. micrantha morphotype 2. Using the concatenated sequences of the plastid genes, we identified ten haplotypes that were not shared between the species or between the D. micrantha morphotypes. Haplotypic diversity was greater in D. micrantha morphotype 2 and D. charapilla than in D. micrantha morphotype 1, which presented only one haplotype with a wide distribution in Peru. The microsatellites allowed the discrimination of the same three clades and identified diagnostic alleles for each clade. These results allowed us to demonstrate that the two morphotypes of D. micrantha are different at both the plastid and nuclear markers, which supports the existence of three genetically distinct species in Peru. This study provides information for the genetic discrimination of Dipteryx species and emphasises the importance of conserving the genetic variability of this genus in the Peruvian Amazonia. Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad Innóvate-Perú (contrato 381-PNICP-PIAP-2014); German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL, Large Scale Project, Grant 28I-001-01) Revisión por pares.

En 2006, à l’issue d’un concours, le Gouvernement Régional de Loreto (Pérou), publia une sélection d’auteurs contemporains, nés ou vivant en Amazonie. Intégrée à une stratégie de développement régional, cette politique culturelle visait à faire connaître au plan national et international les écrivains amazoniens, et plus particulièrement, ceux du Département de Loreto. Après avoir rappelé les conditions d’émergence d’une littérature régionale, qui compte à peine plus d’un siècle, la réflexion portera sur l’auto-représentation à l’œuvre dans les dix-sept titres sélectionnés. En el 2006, el Gobierno Regional de Loreto (Perú), publicó una selección de autores amazónicos contemporáneos. Formando parte de una estrategia de desarrollo regional, esta política cultural se proponía difundir y dar a conocer a nivel nacional e internacional la literatura amazónica, y más particularmente la loretana. Después de evocar las condiciones en las que nació una literatura regional que cuenta con apenas un siglo de existencia, la reflexión se centrará en el proceso de autorrepresentación en los diecisiete volúmenes seleccionados. In 2006, at the end of a contest, Loreto’s Regional Government (Peru), published a selection of contemporary authors, who where born or lived in the Amazon basin. Integrated into a strategy of regional development, this cultural politics aimed to bring national and worldwide fame to the Amazonian writers, especially to those from the Loreto Department. After reminding the conditions which permitted the emergence of a regional literature, which is barely one hundred years old, this reflection concerns the self representation shown in the seventeen titles selected.

El objetivo de este artículo es visibilizar la situación en la que se encuentran las condiciones físicas de las escuelas rurales primarias multigrado visitadas en el año 2019 por equipos de l Proyecto CREER, en las regiones de Piura, Cajamarca y Loreto, cuya influencia en los actores de la escuela y en su comportamiento será materia de análisis de mayor profundidad en futuros estudios.

Sr Editor: En Brasil, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia (1) y GuayanaFrancesa (2) se han reportado brotes por transmisiónoral de la enfermedad de Chagas asociados epidemiológicamenteal consumo de bebidas como el jugo de açaí (fruto deuna palmera) y caña de azúcar (1). Entre el 2002 a 2012, se reportaron959 casos de enfermedad de Chagas aguda (ECA),de ellos, el 66,5% fueron por transmisión oral, con una tendenciaal incremento (1).

Ethnopharmacological relevance The plant species reported here are used in contemporary phytotherapies by native and neo-urban societies from the Iquitenian surroundings (district of Loreto, Peruvian Amazon) for ailments related to microbial infections. Inhabitants of various ethnic origins were interviewed and 81 selected extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against a panel of 36 sensitive and multi-resistant bacteria or yeast. Medicinal plant researches in the Peruvian Amazon are now significant, but none of them has focused on an exhaustive listing of identified species tested on so many microbes with standardized experiments (to obtain MIC value). Aim of the study The aim of the study was to inventory the plants used against infections in the Loreto, an Amazonian region of Peru. It led to the new identification of secondary metabolites in two plant species. Materials and methods Ethnographic survey was carried out using “participant-observation” methodology and focus on bioprospecting of antimicrobial remedies. Selected plant extracts and antimicrobial drugs were tested in vitro with agar dilution method on 35 bacteria strains and 1 yeast to evaluate their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Microdilution methods using 96-well microtiter plates were used for the determination of MIC from isolated compounds, and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells from some selected extracts were also evaluated. Activity-guided isolation and identification of compounds were performed by various chromatographic methods and structural elucidations were established using HRMS and NMR spectroscopy. Results This study outlined antimicrobial activities of 59 plant species from 33 families (72 single plant extracts and 2 fermented preparations), 7 mixtures, and one insect nest extract against 36 microorganisms. Of the 59 species analysed, 12 plants showed relevant antibacterial activity with MIC ≤0.15 mg/mL for one or several of the 36 micro-organisms (Aspidosperma excelsum, Brosimum acutifolium, Copaifera paupera, Erythrina amazonica, Hura crepitans, Myrciaria dubia, Ocotea aciphylla, Persea americana, Spondias mombin, Swartzia polyphylla, Virola pavonis, Vismia macrophylla). Examination by bioautography of E. amazonica, M. dubia and O. aciphylla extracts allowed the phytochemical characterization of antimicrobial fractions and compounds. Conclusion This study suggested an a posteriori correlation of the plant extract antimicrobial activity with the chemosensory cues of the drugs and attested that those chemosensory cues may be correlated with the presence of antimicrobial compounds (alkaloids, tannins, saponosids, essential oil, oleoresin …). It also led to the first isolation and identification of three secondary metabolites from E. amazonica and M. dubia

This study was supported through a joint project between the Carnegie Institution for Science and the International Center for Tropical Botany at Florida International University. GPA and FCD were supported by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation. Plot installations, fieldwork and botanical identification by the authors and colleagues has been supported by several grants including a NERC PhD studentship to FCD (NE/J50001X/1), an ‘Investissement d’avenir’ grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10- LABX-25-01), a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant to RAINFOR, the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme (283080, ‘GEOCARBON’) and NERC Grants to OLP (Grants NER/A/S/2000/0053, NE/B503384/1, NE/F005806/1, and a NERC Postdoctoral Fellowship), and a National Geographic Society for supporting forest dynamics research in Amazonian Peru (grant #5472-95). OLP is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant and is a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award holder. The forests of western Amazonia are among the most diverse tree communities on Earth, yet this exceptional diversity is distributed highly unevenly within- and among communities. In particular, a small number of dominant species account for the majority of individuals while the large majority of species are locally and regionally extremely scarce. By definition, dominant species contribute little to local species richness (alpha diversity), yet the importance of dominant species in structuring patterns of spatial floristic turnover (beta diversity) has not been investigated. Here, using a network of 207 forest inventory plots, we explore the role of dominant species in determining regional patterns of beta diversity (community-level floristic turnover and distance-decay relationships) across a range of habitat types in northern lowland Peru. Of the 2031 recorded species in our dataset, only 99 of them accounted for 50% of individuals. Using these 99 species it was possible to reconstruct the overall features of regional beta diversity patterns, including the location and dispersion of habitat types in multivariate space, and distance-decay relationships. In fact, our analysis demonstrated that regional patterns of beta diversity were better maintained by the 99 dominant species than by the 1932 others, whether quantified using species abundance data or species presence/absence data. Our results reveal that dominant species are normally common only in a single forest type. Therefore, dominant species play a key role in structuring Western Amazonian tree communities, which in turn has important implications, both practically for designing effective protected areas, and more generally for understanding the determinants of beta diversity patterns. Postprint

The paper’s objective is to understand the conceptual and explanatory scope of subnational authoritarianism literature - generated in federal cases - for unitary-system countries. In this way, we analyze the cases of Áncash and Loreto (2006-2014). In these cases, governors were involved on corruption and authoritarianism scandals before being removed from office without completing their term. We propose that the way this phenomenon appears in unitary countries demands greater attention on its systemic character rather than just observing the formation of differentiated regimes. In that way, we complement previous perspectives focusing our analysis in both electoral competition (access to power) and government dynamics (exercise of power). We argue that, in a context of weak political parties, the divergence between the subnational social fabric and the dominant types of actors in these scenarios constitute different political systems, conditioning government strategies and their relations with other actors. El objetivo del artículo es comprender los alcances conceptuales y explicativos de la literatura sobre autoritarismos subnacionales —generada en casos federales— para países con configuraciones unitarias. De esta manera, se analizan los casos de Áncash y Loreto (2006-2014); cuyos gobernadores regionales estuvieron involucrados en escándalos de corrupción y autoritarismo, y, posteriormente, fueron removidos de sus cargos antes de culminar su mandato. Proponemos que la forma como aparecen estos fenómenos en países unitarios demanda mayor atención sobre su carácter sistémico antes que observar la formación de regímenes diferenciados. Para ello, complementamos la literatura previa centrando el análisis tanto en la competencia electoral (acceso al poder) como en las dinámicas de gobierno (ejercicio del poder). Argumentamos que, en un contexto de debilidad partidaria, la divergencia entre el tejido social subnacional y los tipos de actores dominantes en este escenario constituyen sistemas políticos diferentes, condicionando las estrategias de gobierno y sus relaciones con otros actores.

La estrecha correlacion evolutiva entre las flores y los colibries es evidente por las estructuras morfologicas del pico y las formas de corola que visitan. Se analizaron algunas medidas morfologicas de los craneos de cinco especies de colibries ( Phaethornis superciliosus , P. bourcieri , Glaucis hirsuta , Threnetes leucurus y Thalurania furcata ), procedentes de la Amazonia de Loreto, Peru, depositados en el Museo de Historia Natural de la URP. Se hizo el analisis de componente principal (ACP) para las medidas morfometricas de los craneos y observar las correlaciones del craneo y los habitos ecologicos de las especies. Los picos de las especies Thalurania furcata , Threnetes leucurus , Glaucis hirsuta y Phaethornis bourcieri estan fuertemente asociados a la Insercion del atlas (IA) y los picos de Phaethornis superciliosus por la distancia entre las Narinas (Nr) y el angulo de insercion del pico con respecto a la columna (AP)

The paper’s objective is to understand the conceptual and explanatory scope of subnational authoritarianism literature - generated in federal cases - for unitary-system countries. In this way, we analyze the cases of Áncash and Loreto (2006-2014). In these cases, governors were involved on corruption and authoritarianism scandals before being removed from office without completing their term. We propose that the way this phenomenon appears in unitary countries demands greater attention on its systemic character rather than just observing the formation of differentiated regimes. In that way, we complement previous perspectives focusing our analysis in both electoral competition (access to power) and government dynamics (exercise of power). We argue that, in a context of weak political parties, the divergence between the subnational social fabric and the dominant types of actors in these scenarios constitute different political systems, conditioning government strategies and their relations with other actors. El objetivo del artículo es comprender los alcances conceptuales y explicativos de la literatura sobre autoritarismos subnacionales —generada en casos federales— para países con configuraciones unitarias. De esta manera, se analizan los casos de Áncash y Loreto (2006-2014); cuyos gobernadores regionales estuvieron involucrados en escándalos de corrupción y autoritarismo, y, posteriormente, fueron removidos de sus cargos antes de culminar su mandato. Proponemos que la forma como aparecen estos fenómenos en países unitarios demanda mayor atención sobre su carácter sistémico antes que observar la formación de regímenes diferenciados. Para ello, complementamos la literatura previa centrando el análisis tanto en la competencia electoral (acceso al poder) como en las dinámicas de gobierno (ejercicio del poder). Argumentamos que, en un contexto de debilidad partidaria, la divergencia entre el tejido social subnacional y los tipos de actores dominantes en este escenario constituyen sistemas políticos diferentes, condicionando las estrategias de gobierno y sus relaciones con otros actores.

© 2016 by the Ecological Society of America. Wind disturbance can create large forest blowdowns, which greatly reduces live biomass and adds uncertainty to the strength of the Amazon carbon sink. Observational studies from within the central Amazon have quantified blowdown size and estimated total mortality but have not determined which trees are most likely to die from a catastrophic wind disturbance. Also, the impact of spatial dependence upon tree mortality from wind disturbance has seldom been quantified, which is important because wind disturbance often kills clusters of trees due to large treefalls killing surrounding neighbors. We examine (1) the causes of differential mortality between adult trees from a 300-ha blowdown event in the Peruvian region of the northwestern Amazon, (2) how accounting for spatial dependence affects mortality predictions, and (3) how incorporating both differential mortality and spatial dependence affect the landscape level estimation of necromass produced from the blowdown. Standard regression and spatial regression models were used to estimate how stem diameter, wood density, elevation, and a satellite-derived disturbance metric influenced the probability of tree death from the blowdown event. The model parameters regarding tree characteristics, topography, and spatial autocorrelation of the field data were then used to determine the consequences of non-random mortality for landscape production of necromass through a simulation model. Tree mortality was highly non-random within the blowdown, where tree mortality rates were highest for trees that were large, had low wood density, and were located at high elevation. Of the differential mortality models, the non-spatial models overpredicted necromass, whereas the spatial model slightly underpredicted necromass. When parameterized from the same field data, the spatial regression model with differential mortality estimated only 7.5% more dead trees across the entire blowdown than the random mortality model, yet it estimated 51% greater necromass. We suggest that predictions of forest carbon loss from wind disturbance are sensitive to not only the underlying spatial dependence of observations, but also the biological differences between individuals that promote differential levels of mortality.

In order to study the impact of hydrological changes of the Amazon River on sedimentation process and organic matter (OM) accumulation, in an Amazonian floodplain lake during the Holocene, three sediment cores were collected from Quistococha Lake, Peru. The cores were dated with C-14 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), radiographed, and described. Bulk density, granulometry, loss on ignition (LOI), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents were measured, and stable isotopic composition of TOC (delta C-13) and TN (delta N-15) and carbon accumulation rates were determined. Two distinctive sedimentary depositional phases were identified based on the lithology, granulometry and the geochemical characteristics of sedimentary OM. Between about 6100 and 4900 cal years BP, the lake was under strong influence of the Amazon River. The river induced highest sedimentation rates (mean 0.5 cm yr(-1)), a predominant deposition of relatively coarse particles (coarse silt), low LOI (1%), low contents of organic carbon (0.5%), low C/N ratios (similar to 10), relatively low delta C-13 values (-26.0 parts per thousand), very laminated sediments and high carbon accumulation rates between 14 and 29 g C m(-2) yr(-1). A gap in the record between about 4900 and 2600 cal years BP corresponds to a sedimentation hiatus during the dry mid Holocene. This gap is probably due to an avulsion of the main stem that induced significant changes in the lacustrine sedimentation. After 2600 cal years BP, sedimentation resumed but now the lake was isolated far from the Amazon influence. The resumption of sedimentation corresponds to wetter conditions during the late Holocene and an increase in water levels. The lake was now characterized by very low sedimentation rates (0.02 cm yr(-1)), fine organic-rich sediments with high LOI (between 20 and 80%), TOC (between 10 and 40% of TOC), high C/N ratio (20), and lower delta C-13 and delta N-15 indicating a predominant deposition of C-3-plant derived OM. Carbon accumulation in this sedimentary depositional phase was about 8 g C m(-2) yr(-1). These results, combined with those of studies from other isolated lakes (Cordeiro et al., 1997,2008; Turcq et al., 2002) and from other floodplain lakes (Moreira et al., 2012; Moreira et al., 2013), point out that floodplain lakes with strong influences from the Amazon River act as important carbon sinks in the Amazon Basin despite their low carbon concentrations.

En los países en desarrollo, la distribución desigual de la calidad de los docentes es un problema que subyace a la distribución desigual de los logros educativos. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre cómo el mercado laboral genera este tipo de distribución. Para contribuir a este tipo de conocimiento, este estudio investiga si existe un mercado nacional de docentes en el Perú o, más bien, mercados regionales de menor alcance. En base a modelos multinomiales de elección discreta —estimados con datos de encuestas en las regiones de Loreto y Lambayeque—, se identifican las variables asociadas a la ubicación del primer empleo de los docentes, que incluyen factores geográficos y características de los maestros y del marco institucional. Los resultados revelan que los mercados de docentes son de alcance regional: haber nacido en una provincia determinada aumenta significativamente la probabilidad de conseguir el primer empleo como docente en esa misma provincia. También se encuentra evidencia de que la movilidad geográfica de los docentes es bastante limitada. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las políticas para fortalecer los sistemas de formación docente y reducir las inequidades deben centrarse en el nivel regional.

This analysis presents a comprehensive description of malaria burden and risk factors in Peruvian Amazon villages where malaria transmission is hypoendemic. More than 9,000 subjects were studied in contrasting village settings within the Department of Loreto, Peru, where most malaria occurs in the country. Plasmodium vivax is responsible for more than 75% of malaria cases; severe disease from any form of malaria is uncommon and death rare. The association between lifetime malaria episodes and individual and household covariates was studied using polychotomous logistic regression analysis, assessing effects on odds of some vs. no lifetime malaria episodes. Malaria morbidity during lifetime was strongly associated with age, logging, farming, travel history, and living with a logger or agriculturist. Select groups of adults, particularly loggers and agriculturists acquire multiple malaria infections in transmission settings outside of the main domicile, and may be mobile human reservoirs by which malaria parasites move within and between micro-regions within malaria endemic settings. For example, such individuals might well be reservoirs of transmission by introducing or reintroducing malaria into their home villages and their own households, depending on vector ecology and the local village setting. Therefore, socio-demographic studies can identify people with the epidemiological characteristic of transmission risk, and these individuals would be prime targets against which to deploy transmission blocking strategies along with insecticide treated bednets and chemoprophylaxis.

Aim of the study In order to evaluate the antimalarial potential of traditional remedies used in Peru, Indigenous and Mestizo populations from the river Nanay in Loreto were interviewed about traditional medication for the treatment of malaria. Materials and methods The survey took place on six villages and led to the collection of 59 plants. 35 hydro-alcoholic extractions were performed on the 21 most cited plants. The extracts were then tested for antiplasmodial activity in vitro on Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant strain (FCR-3), and ferriprotoporphyrin inhibition test was also performed in order to assume pharmacological properties. Results Extracts from 9 plants on twenty-one tested (Abuta rufescens, Ayapana lanceolata, Capsiandra angustifolia, Citrus limon, Citrus paradise, Minquartia guianensis, Potalia resinifera, Scoparia dulcis, and Physalis angulata) displayed an interesting antiplasmodial activity (IC50

En este trabajo, informamos los resultados del análisis parasitológico realizado a 40 individuos marsupiales de las especies Caluromys lanatus, Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosops noctivagus, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Marmosa (Micoureus) regina, Monodelphis adusta, Philander andersoni y Philander opossum procedentes del departamento de Loreto, Perú. Se determinaron en total 11 especies de helmintos parásitos: Nematoda: Aspidodera sp., Cruzia tentaculata, Physaloptera mirandai, Physaloptera sp., Pterygodermatites sp., Trichuris sp., Turgida turgida, y Viannaia sp.; Trematoda: Podospathalium pedatum; Acanthocephala: Giganthorhynchus ortizi; y Pentastomida: ninfa. Los parásitos Trichuris sp., Pterygodematities sp., Turgida turgida, Viannaia sp. y Podospathalium pedatum son nuevos registros para el Perú. De igual manera, se registran por primera vez las siguientes asociaciones parásitos-huéspedes: Pterygodermatites sp.-Marmosa regina, Viannaia sp.-Marmosops noctivagus, Trichuris sp.-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, Podospathalium pedatum-Monodelphis adusta, Giganthorhynchus ortizi-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, y ninfas de pentastómidos-Marmosa regina y Metachirus nudicaudatus. In this paper, we report the results of parasitological examination performed on 40 specimens of marsupials species: Caluromys lanatus, Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosops noctivagus, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Marmosa (Micoureus)regina, Monodelphis adusta, Philander andersoni and Philander opossum from department of Loreto, Peru. The endoparasites were: Nematoda: Aspidodera sp., Cruzia tentaculata, Physaloptera mirandai, Physaloptera sp., Pterygodermatites sp., Trichuris sp., Turgida turgida, and Viannaia sp.; Trematoda: Podospathalium pedatum; Acanthocephala: Giganthorhynchus ortizi and Pentastomida: nymph. For the first time Trichuris sp., Pterygodematities sp., Turgida turgida, Viannaia sp. and Podospathalium pedatum are reported from marsupials in Peru. Also, for the first time the following parasite-hosts associations are recorded: Pterygodermatites sp.-Marmosa regina, Viannaia sp.-Marmosops noctivagus, Trichuris sp.-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, Podospathalium pedatum-Monodelphis adusta, Giganthorhynchus ortizi-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, and nymphs of pentastomida-Marmosa regina and Metachirus nudicaudatus. Fil: TantaleÁn, Manuel. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Perú Fil: Díaz, María Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Programa de Investigación de Biodiversidad Argentina; Argentina Fil: Sánchez, Nofre. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Perú Fil: Portocarrero, Harold. Instituto de investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana; Perú. Asociación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad Amazónica. Fundación Iquitos Centro de Rescate Amazónico; Perú

En este trabajo, informamos los resultados del análisis parasitológico realizado a 40 individuos marsupiales de las especies Caluromys lanatus, Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosops noctivagus, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Marmosa (Micoureus) regina, Monodelphis adusta, Philander andersoni y Philander opossum procedentes del departamento de Loreto, Perú. Se determinaron en total 11 especies de helmintos parásitos: Nematoda: Aspidodera sp., Cruzia tentaculata, Physaloptera mirandai, Physaloptera sp., Pterygodermatites sp., Trichuris sp., Turgida turgida, y Viannaia sp.; Trematoda: Podospathalium pedatum; Acanthocephala: Giganthorhynchus ortizi; y Pentastomida: ninfa. Los parásitos Trichuris sp., Pterygodematities sp., Turgida turgida, Viannaia sp. y Podospathalium pedatum son nuevos registros para el Perú. De igual manera, se registran por primera vez las siguientes asociaciones parásitos-huéspedes: Pterygodermatites sp.-Marmosa regina, Viannaia sp.- Marmosops noctivagus, Trichuris sp.-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, Podospathalium pedatum-Monodelphis adusta, Giganthorhynchus ortizi-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, y ninfas de pentastómidos-Marmosa regina y Metachirus nudicaudatus., In this paper, we report the results of parasitological examination performed on 40 specimens of marsupials species: Caluromys lanatus, Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosops noctivagus, Metachirus nudicaudatus, Marmosa (Micoureus)regina, Monodelphis adusta, Philander andersoni and Philander opossum from department of Loreto, Peru. The endoparasites were: Nematoda: Aspidodera sp., Cruzia tentaculata, Physaloptera mirandai, Physaloptera sp., Pterygodermatites sp., Trichuris sp., Turgida turgida, and Viannaia sp.; Trematoda: Podo- spathalium pedatum; Acanthocephala: Giganthorhynchus ortizi and Pentastomida: nymph. For the first time Trichuris sp., Pterygodematities sp., Turgida turgida, Viannaia sp. and Podospathalium pedatum are reported from marsupials in Peru. Also, for the first time the following parasite-hosts associations are recorded: Pterygo- dermatites sp.-Marmosa regina, Viannaia sp.-Marmosops noctivagus, Trichuris sp.-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, Podospathalium pedatum-Monodelphis adusta, Giganthorhynchus ortizi-Marmosops cf. noctivagus, and nymphs of pentastomida-Marmosa regina and Metachirus nudicaudatus.

This paper describes the uses of 64 species of palms in 28 villages in Departamento de Loreto, Peru. There, the palms are of great use as food (Bactris gasipaes, Mauritia flexuosa, Euterpe precatoria, Oenocarpus bataua), for fiber production (Astrocaryum chambira, Aphandra natalia), for construction of houses (Euterpe precatoria, Iriartea deltoidea,Socratea exorrhiza), thatching (many species of Attalea, Lepidocaryum tenue) and for many medicinal purposes (Euterpe precatoria, Oenocarpus bataua)., Se presenta información etnobotánica sobre usos de 64 especies de palmas encontradas en 28 comunidades en el Departamento de Loreto, Perú. Las palmas tienen gran importancia como fuente de alimento (Bactris gasipaes, Mauritia flexuosa, Euterpe precatoria, Oenocarpus bataua), para la obtención de fibras (Astrocaryum chambira, Aphandra natalia), en la construcción de viviendas (Euterpe precatoria, Iriartea deltoidea,Socratea exorrhiza), para su techado (muchas especies de Attalea, Lepidocaryum tenue) y para usos medicinales (Euterpe precatoria, Oenocarpus bataua).

El presente trabajo, es la Evaluación de los Sistemas Agroecológicos desarrollados en la localidad de Saramiriza, con el fin de señalar la factibilidad de estas actividades. Los Sistemas Agroecológicos son las diferentes actividades relacionada con la producción agropecuaria, con la capacidad de uso y manejo de los suelos, con el comportamiento del medio ambiente y también con la producción de alimentos para la población. Además realiza la Evaluación Económica de los Sistemas Agroecológicos desarrollados en Saramiriza; determina el Impacto Social que ocasionó su aplicación y también ejecuta la Evaluación Ambiental de estos Sistemas. Para recoger la información del presente trabajo se usaron, fichas de campo de los proyectos así como informaciones complementarias. El valor Actual Neto (V. A. N) fue de S/ 270.162.00 Nuevo Soles; que se traduce que a partir de una inversión de S/ 180.198.00 Nuevo Soles se esta generando una ganancia de S/ 89.964.00 Nuevo Soles que hace rentable económicamente el proyecto. La Tasa Interna de Retorno (T. I. R) es de 26.6 % que es un porcentaje que demuestra la rentabilidad del proyecto pues el TIR es mayor al porcentaje de interés que cobran la fuentes financieras (15/20 %). La relación Beneficio/Costo, es otro de los indicadores de rentabilidad, que señala en que medida los beneficios futuros superan a la inversión inicial la relación B/C = 1.45 La Evaluación Social demuestra que las Organizaciones Civiles están mejor cohesionadas (Club de Madres, Vaso de Leche, APAFA, etc.). El proyecto se desarrolló para 150 familias directas que se beneficiaron con un importe de inversión de S/ 1,201.2 Nuevo Soles por cada familia, que se dio en semillas, herramientas, insumos, etc. También se beneficiaron con la introducción de nuevas técnicas como la crianza de aves de postura. El proyecto mejoró los rendimientos de cultivos sustancialmente, como en el cultivo de maíz la producción se incrementó en 113%. Los rendimientos de cultivo de arroz se incrementaron en un 30% y de igual forma las hortalizas. Todo esto repercutió favorablemente en la población. Sobre la Evaluación Ambiental, la relación de los impactos potenciales negativos que tuvieron mayor incidencia fueron: La contaminación del agua, contaminación del suelo, reducción del área de cobertura vegetal y perturbación del hábitat, tuvieron 03 ocurrencias. Luego en orden decreciente, pérdida de suelo y arrastre de materiales reducción de fuentes de alimento, que tuvieron 02 ocurrencias. El resto de los impactos potenciales negativos, fueron 01 y cero de ocurrencias. La categorización del proyecto según la Guía de Aplicación de la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental del FONCODES (1,996) es de N-3 que quiere decir, impactos no significativos tendientes a mejorar las condiciones del medio Ambiente. Según la Matriz de Leopold (1,994) Métodos para la Evaluación de Impactos Ambientales el proyecto ocasiona solamente 5 impactos negativos y 31 impactos positivos siendo el proyecto factible para su desarrollo en la zona. La discusión de estos resultados, nos demuestra que el trabajo es coherente, con relación a los diferentes parámetros de Evaluación; como que es rentable económicamente, las actividades generan trabajo permanente en la población y todo esto se puede replicar en las comunidades circundantes. Los ingresos de las familias beneficiarias elevaron su nivel adquisitivo, por que se disponía de mayores rentas al no comprar los productos más caros que provenían de otros lugares. Es posible proseguir con la formulación de más actividades productivas en los lugares más pauperizados de la región. The present work, is the Evaluation of Agroecological Systems developed in the locality of Saramiriza, in order to indicate the feasibility of these activities. The Agroecological Systems are the different activities related to agricultural production, with the capacity of use and management of the soils, with the behavior of the environment and also with the production of food for the population. In addition it realizes the Economic Evaluation of the Agroecological Systems developed in Saramiriza; Determines the Social Impact that caused its application and also executes the Environmental Assessment of these Systems. To collect the information of the present work were used, field fiches of the projects as well as complementary information. The Net Present Value (V.A. N) was S / 270,162.00 Nuevos Soles; Which translates that from an investment of S / 180,198.00 Nuevos Soles is generating a profit of S / 89,964.00 Nuevos Soles that makes the project economically profitable. The Internal Rate of Return (T. I. R) is 26.6%, which is a percentage that demonstrates the project's profitability because the IRR is higher than the interest rate charged by financial sources (15/20%). The Benefit / Cost ratio is another of the profitability indicators, which indicates the extent to which future profits exceed the initial investment ratio B / C = 1.45 The Social Assessment shows that the Civil Organizations are better cohesive (Club of Mothers, Glass of Milk, APAFA, etc.). The project was developed for 150 direct families who benefited with an investment amount of S / 1,201.2 Nuevos Soles for each family, which was given in seeds, tools, supplies, etc. They also benefited from the introduction of new techniques such as breeding laying birds. The project improved crop yields substantially, as in maize crop production increased by 113%. Yields of rice cultivation were increased by 30% and so were vegetables. All this had a positive effect on the population. Regarding the Environmental Assessment, the relation of the negative potential impacts that had the greatest incidence were: Water pollution, soil contamination, reduction of the area of ​​vegetation cover and disturbance of the habitat, had 03 occurrences. Then in decreasing order, soil loss and trawling of materials reduced food sources, which had 02 occurrences. The rest of the potential negative impacts were 01 and zero occurrences. The categorization of the project according to the Application Guide of the Environmental Impact Assessment of FONCODES (1.996) is of N-3 that means, non-significant impacts tending to improve the environmental conditions. According to the Leopold Matrix (1,994) Methods for the Evaluation of Environmental Impacts the project causes only 5 negative impacts and 31 positive impacts being the feasible project for its development in the area. The discussion of these results, shows us that the work is coherent, in relation to the different parameters of Evaluation; As it is economically profitable, the activities generate permanent work in the population and all this can be replicated in the surrounding communities. The income of the beneficiary families increased their purchasing power, because there was more income by not buying the more expensive products that came from other places. It is possible to continue with the formulation of more productive activities in the most impoverished places in the region. Tesis

En el presente trabajo se reporta, por primera vez en el Perú, la presencia del nemátode Trichostrongylidae Mecistocirrus digitatus (Linstow, 1906) Railliet and Henry, 1912, encontrado en vacunos de Loreto, Perú. In this paper, Mecistocirrus digitatus (Linstow, 1906) Railliet and Henry, 1012 a nematode Trichostrongylidae is reported in the first time from Loreto, Peru.

Vincent Roumy, Gaston Garcia-Pizango, Andrea-Luz Gutierrez-Choquevilca, L. Ruiz, Valérie Jullian, et al.. Amazonian plants from Peru used by Quechua and Mestizo to treat malaria with evaluation of their activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007, 112, pp.482-489. ⟨10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.009⟩. ⟨hal-00384336⟩; International audience; Indigenous Quechua and Mestizo populations from distinct areas in Loreto, Peru, were interviewed about traditional medication for the treatment of malaria. An ethnographic survey concerning the native theory of illness aetiology in the specific case of malaria permitted the elaboration of an efficient ethnopharmacological enquiry. The survey took place on three main zones corresponding to villages on the Napo and the Pastaza rivers (for the Quechua), and in the surroundings of Iquitos (for the Mestizos) and led to the collection of 14 plants. Serial extractions in hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol were performed on the different parts of the plants collected. The extracts were then tested for antiplasmodial activity in vitro. Seven plants displayed antiplasmodial activity (IC50 from 2 to 25 µg/mL) and usually low cytotoxicity, indicating their antiplasmodial specificity. The results give scientific validation to the traditional medical knowledge of Quechua and Mestizo populations from Loreto and confirm a source of potentially active plants.

En el presente trabajo se reporta, por primera vez en el Perú, la presencia del nemátode Trichostrongylidae Mecistocirrus digitatus (Linstow, 1906) Railliet and Henry, 1912, encontrado en vacunos de Loreto, Perú., In this paper, Mecistocirrus digitatus (Linstow, 1906) Railliet and Henry, 1012 a nematode Trichostrongylidae is reported in the fi rst time from Loreto, Peru.