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The presence of pesticide residues in fruit is a serious health concern. This paper for the first time demonstrated the Hazard Index (HI) method to carry out acute, chronic and cumulative health risk assessment to the 14 groups of insecticides for three subpopulations. The challenge of this study was to present results from a long period of research (years 2005-2014) with toxicological aspects, especially in multiresidue samples. Near 1000 fresh pome, stone, berries and small fruit were prepared by two accredited MSPD and QuEChERS methods followed by liquid and gas chromatography analyses with various systems of detection ECD/NPD/MS/MS. Twenty percent of the fruit samples contained 16 insecticide residues in the range of 0.01-0.81mg/kg and 3% over MRL. The class of pesticide with the highest contribution to the ADI was found to be OPPs: dimethoate and diazinon for adults 48% and 66% of the ADI whereas for infants 144% and 294% of the ADI. The highest contributions of the cHQ to common MoA pesticides were AChE inhibitors: 135% for adults and 528% for infants, sodium channel modulators 4.9% and 20%, nicotic acetylocholine receptor

Understanding the behavior of pesticides used during fruit cultivation is important for effectively and safety applying to minimize the risk exposure of consumer. The aim of this study was estimated the level of pesticide in 80 apple samples collected from the South Kazakhstan. Additionally, the peel and pulp was investigated. Around 50% samples contained 24 pesticides, ranging 0.006–0.62, 0.005–0.46 and 0.02–1.38 mg/kg in whole apples, pulp and peel, respectively. The penetration factor pesticide peel/pulp was calculated and ranged 1.7–10.9 for kresoxim methyl and triazophos, respectively. Acute (aHI) and cumulative (cHQ) exposure health risks associated with consuming these pesticides in whole fruit, pulp and skin were estimated. The triazophos, chlorpiryfos and cyhalothrin exceeded safety ARfD: 830, 136 and 112% for adults, whereas for infants 4514, 742 and 609%. The cHQ exposure were the highest in peel for AChE inhibitors: 999%, and sodium channel modulators 123% for adults.

Extensive use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to contamination of fruit harvests and an increased risk of toxic effects on humans. A total of 123 fruit samples harvested in 2012 in the north-eastern region of Poland were analysed for pesticide residues as part of the national monitoring programme, and as part of research commissioned by private customers. Pesticide residues were found in 64.2% of the samples. There were pesticide residues below the maximum residue level (MRL) in 63 (51.2%) of the samples, while 16 (13%) exceeded MRLs set by Regulation (EC) 396/2005. The gooseberry, currant, and strawberry samples showed the most contamination. The most frequently detected pesticides were dithiocarbamates (54) followed by difenoconazole (22), boscalid (17), and alpha-cypermethrin (15). More than half of analysed samples had multiple residues (up to 8 residues), with multiple residues most common in gooseberry and currant samples. This study shows cases of non-authorised pesticide use by farmers who are trying to protect certain fruit.