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Urticaria affects all age groups of a population. It is triggered by allergens in foods, insect bites, medications, and environmental conditions. Urticaria is characterized by itching, a burning sensation, wheals and flares, erythema, and localized edema. The aim of this study was to develop a polymeric dosage form of ebastine using Carbopol 940 and mixture of span and tween. The emulsion was prepared, the gelling agent was added and the desired emulgel loaded with active drug was formulated. The formulations were subjected to physical stability, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content analysis, thermal analysis, in vitro drug release, and in vivo anti-allergic activity in animal model. The formulated emulgel exhibited good physical stability. The pH of the formulation was in the range of 5.2 ± 0.17 to 5.5 ± 0.20 which is suitable for topical application. Insignificant changes (p > .05) were observed in viscosity and spreadability of stored emulgels. The drug content was in the official limit of Pharmacopeia (i.e. 100 ± 10%). DSC measurements predicted that there is no interaction between the active moiety and excipients in emulgel formulation. The optimized formulation (ES3) released 74.25 ± 1.8% of ebastine after 12 h. The ebastine emulgel showed significant (p

Khan MK, Khan BA, Uzair B, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;16:8203–8219. The Editor and Publisher of International Journal of Nanomedicine are retracting the published article. An investigation by the Publisher found duplication in images from another article from a different author group. Specifically, From the published article above, Figure 4, F2 and F3, have been duplicated with the same images for Figure 4D from Yujuan Mao, Xiaolan Chen, Bohui Xu, Yan Shen, Zixuan Ye, Birendra Chaurasiya, Li Liu, Yi Li, Xiaoling Xing & Daquan Chen. Eprinomectin nanoemulgel for transdermal delivery against endoparasites and ectoparasites: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Delivery. 2019;26(1):1104–1114. DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1682720. The authors cooperated with the investigation and provided data associated with the reported study. However, despite the authors’ assistance, a satisfactory explanation for how the images came to be duplicated could not be provided, and the validity of the published work could not be verified. Therefore, the Editor and Publisher are retracting the article and the authors do not agree with this decision. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.

Muhammad Khalid Khan,1 Barkat Ali Khan,1 Bushra Uzair,2 Shah Iram Niaz,3 Haroon Khan,4 Khaled Mohamed Hosny,5 Farid Menaa6 1Drug Delivery and Cosmetics Laboratory (DDCL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan; 2Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 40000, Pakistan; 3Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan; 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Nanomedicine, California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, 92037, USACorrespondence: Muhammad Khalid Khan Email khalid.gomalian@gmail.comPurpose: Microbial resistance to antibiotics is one of the most important public health concerns of the 21st century. We isolated, purified, and structurally elucidated antifungal secondary metabolites from red soil microbes and encapsulated them into chitosan (CS)-based nanoemulsion (NE) gel (NEG).Methods: Three compounds were isolated and purified of which only one compound (Pure 2) showed potent antifungal activity (MFC: 8– 132 μg/mL), which was also significantly (P< 0.05) more efficient than fluconazole (MFC: 32– 132 μg/mL). Pure 2 was structurally elucidated using 1D- and 2D-NMR before its incorporation into NEG. The formulations were prepared by high-speed homogenization technique. Physicochemical and pharmacological characterizations of formulations (ie, droplet size, PDI, zeta potential, drug content, viscosity, SEM, FTIR, spreadability, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation, in vitro antifungal and in vivo antifungal activities) were assessed.Results: NMR analyses identified the compound as a derivative of phthalic acid ester (PAE). The optimized formulations displayed a droplet size < 100 nm, -ve zeta potential, and PDI < 0.45. The drug content was within the official limit of pharmacopeia (ie, 100± 10%). Insignificant changes (P> 0.05) in the viscosity of the formulations stored were observed. The morphology of the formulations indicated mesh-like structure. The FTIR study indicated that there were no interactions between the drug and other ingredients of the formulations. Optimum spreadability was observed in all formulations. NEG released 75.3± 1.12% of Pure 2 after 12 hrs while NE released 85.33± 1.88% of the compound. The skin permeation of F2 (71.15± 1.28%) was significantly different (P< 0.05) from F3 (81.80± 1.91%) in rabbits. Complete and apparently safe recovery from the fungal infection was achieved in rabbits treated topically with Pure 2-loaded NEGs.Conclusion: Hence, the NEG-loaded PAE isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens represents a possible alternative for the treatment of fungal infections as compared to available therapies.Keywords: fungal resistance, red soil, Pseudomonas fluorescens, microbial secondary metabolites, phthalic acid ester derivative, nanoemulsion gel

It is important to create new generations of materials that can destroy multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, which are a serious public health concern. This study focused on the biosynthesis of an essential oil entrapped in titanium dioxide (TiO2) calcium alginate-based microspheres. In this research, calcium alginate-based microspheres with entrapped TiO2 nanoparticles and cinnamon essential oil (CI-TiO2-MSs) were synthesized, using an aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds for TiO2 nanoparticle preparation, and the ionotropic gelation method for microsphere preparation. The microspheres obtained were spherical, uniformly sized, microporous, and rough surfaced, and they were fully loaded with cinnamon essential oil and TiO2 nanoparticles. The synthesized microspheres were analyzed for antibacterial activity against the clinical multidrug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Disc diffusion and flow cytometry analysis revealed strong antibacterial activity by CI-TiO2-MSs. The synthesized CI-TiO2-MSs were characterized by the SEM/EDX, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR techniques. Results showed that the TiO2 nanoparticles were spherical and 99 to 150 nm in size, whereas the CI-TiO2-MSs were spherical and rough surfaced. Apoptosis analysis and SEM micrography revealed that the CI-TiO2-MSs had strong bactericidal activity against S. aureus. The in vitro antibacterial experiments proved that the encapsulated CI-TiO2-MSs had strong potential for use as a prolonged controlled release system against multidrug-resistant clinical S. aureus.

Current research aimed to develop nanocubosomes co-loaded with dual anticancer drugs curcumin and temozolomide for effective colon cancer therapy. Drugs co-loaded nanocubosomal dispersion was prepared by modified emulsification method using glyceryl monooleate (GMO), pluronic F127 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a lipid phase, surfactant, and stabilizer, respectively. The resulting nanocubosomes were characterized by measuring hydrodynamic particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), drug loading capacity (DL), encapsulation efficiency (EE), colloidal stability and drug release profile. We also physiochemically characterized the nanocubosomes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and x-rays diffraction (XRD) for their morphology, polymer drug interaction and its nature, respectively. Further, the

Objective: This study aimed to describe the synthesis and biological/pharmacokinetic potential of the 1,3-diisobutoxypropan-2-yl nitrate (NDIBP) using in silico and ex vivo approaches. Methods: The compound was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. NDIBP biological activity spectrum was obtained by Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS). The pharmacological effect was validated in ex vivo studies using mesenteric artery. Drug-like properties and Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) studies were carried out by pkCSM (Predicting Small-Molecule Pharmacokinetic Properties Using Graph-Based Signatures) software. Results: PASS prediction indicated NDIBP as nitric oxide (NO) donor with vasodilator effect. Ex vivo studies validated PASS analysis and showed the NDIBP vasorelaxant activity in mesenteric arteries. Physicochemical parameters and ADMET prediction suggested that NDIBP is a drug-like molecule with a good theoretical oral bioavailability, good absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and a low distribution in the tissues. Conclusion: All the data indicated that NDIBP possesses biological activities and drug-like properties to be considered as a vasorelaxant agent and a good candidate for further investigation in the treatment of arterial hypertension and drug development studies.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of topical nanoemulsion of linezolid in attenuating diabetic wound by delivering the drug to the target tissue. The nanoemulsions (NEs) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization and subjected to thermodynamic stability, pH, droplet size, viscosity, surface charge, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency, drug content, and in vitro drug release. All formulations were thermodynamically stable. The pH was in the range of 5 to 6. The viscosities of LZD-0, LZD-1, LZD-2, and LZD-3 were recorded as 68.75 ± 2.23 mPas, 69.56 ± 2.11 mPas, 96.45 ± 3.39 mPas, and 45.5 ± 1.12 mPas respectively. LZD-1 exhibited droplet size of 376.5 nm ± 0.98, surface charge - 22.5mV, and PDI 0.387. Drug content and entrapment efficiency of LZD-1 were found to be 93 ± 3.31 % and 72 ± 1.67 %, respectively. LZD-1 released 80 ± 2.87% of drug. Due to significant (P0.05) in vitro results, LZD-1 formulation was selected for in vivo evaluation. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection at dose of 50 mg/kg. Open-incision wounds were inflicted among all diabetic rats at dorsal shaved area. Randomly, all rats were divided into positive control (blank formulation), negative control (no formulation), and test group (LZD-1). Wound healing occurred in order of test grouppositive controlnegative control. Skin histology and tensile strength also revealed significant results. The study concluded that topical nanoemulsion of linezolid may open new horizon in treating diabetic wounds.

The pace at which nanotheranostic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Nanotechnology is committed to utilizing the intrinsic properties of materials and structures at submicroscopic-scale measures. Indeed, there is generally a profound influence of reducing physical dimensions of particulates and devices on their physico-chemical characteristics, biological properties, and performance. The exploration of nature’s components to work effectively as nanoscaffolds or nanodevices represents a tremendous and growing interest in medicine for various applications (e.g., biosensing, tunable control and targeted drug release, tissue engineering). Several nanotheranostic approaches (i.e., diagnostic plus therapeutic using nanoscale) conferring unique features are constantly progressing and overcoming all the limitations of conventional medicines including specificity, efficacy, solubility, sensitivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability, interactions at subcellular levels. : This review introduces two major aspects of nanotechnology as an innovative and challenging theranostic strategy or solution: (i) the most intriguing (bare and functionalized) nanomaterials with their respective advantages and drawbacks; (ii) the current and promising multifunctional “smart” nanodevices.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of curcumin (CMN) soluble complex (SC) prepared by melt casting (HM) and hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology. Phase solubility (PS) study, in silico molecular modeling, aqueous solubility, drug release, and physicochemical investigation including a novel dyeing test was performed to obtain an optimized complex by a central composite design (CCD). The results show that the HME-SC produces better improvements towards solubility (0.852 ± 0.02), dissolution (91.87 ± 0.21% at 30 min), with an ideal stability constant (309 and 377 M−1 at 25 and 37 °C, respectively) and exhibits AL type of isotherm indicating 1:1 stoichiometry. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding involves the formation of SC, which does not undergo any chemical modification, followed by the complete conversion of the amorphous form which was identified by XRD. The in vitro cytotoxicity showed that IC50 was achieved in the SW480 (72 µM.mL−1) and Caco-2 (40 µM.mL−1) cells while that of pure CMN ranged from 146 to 116 µM/mL−1. Apoptosis studies showed that cell death is primarily due to apoptosis, with a low rate of necrosis. In vivo toxicity, confirmed by the zebrafish model, exhibited the safety of the HME-SC. In conclusion, the HME-SC potentially enhances the solubility and cytotoxicity to the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC).

Marine algae are rich in bioactive nutraceuticals (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, antioxidants, and pigments). Biotic (e.g., plants, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity, light intensity) contribute to the production of primary and secondary metabolites by algae. Easy, profitable, and sustainable recovery methods include novel solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques (e.g., supercritical, high pressure, microwave, ultrasound, enzymatic). The spectacular findings of algal-mediated synthesis of nanotheranostics has attracted further interest because of the availability of microalgae-based natural bioactive therapeutic compounds and the cost-effective commercialization of stable microalgal drugs. Algal extracts can serve as stabilizing/capping and reducing agents for the synthesis of thermodynamically stable nanoparticles (NPs). Different types of nanotherapeutics have been synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods. Marine algae are a fascinating source of lead theranostics compounds, and the development of nanotheranostics has been linked to enhanced drug efficacy and safety. Indeed, algae are remarkable nanobiofactories, and their pragmatic properties reside in their (i) ease of handling; (ii) capacity to absorb/accumulate inorganic metallic ions; (iii) cost-effectiveness; and (iv) capacity of eco-friendly, rapid, and healthier synthesis of NPs. Preclinical and clinical trials shall enable to really define effective algal-based nanotherapies. This review aims to provide an overview of the main algal compounds that are nutraceuticals and that can be extracted and purified for nanotheranostic purposes.

Nano-crystallization is a new emerging strategy to promote the saturation solubility, dissolution rate and subsequent bioavailability of Biopharmaceutical Class II drugs. Capsaicin belongs to BCS class-II drugs having low water solubility and dissolution rate. Nano-crystals (NC) of pure Capsaicin was developed and optimized in order to increase its water solubility, dissolution and further to promote its adhesiveness to skin epidermis layer. NC formulations were subjected to stability studies, droplet size, surface charge, poly-dispensability index, drug content, entrapment efficiency, thermal analysis, surface morphology, crystalline studies, solubility profile, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. In vivo anti-inflammatory assay (Carrageenan-induced paw edema) was performed in Sprague Dawley rats. Nanocrystals loaded with capsaicin showed particle size 120 ± 3.0 nm with surface charge of −20.7 ± 3.5 and PDI was 0.48 ± 1.5. Drug content and entrapment efficiency of T3 was 85% and 90 ± 1.9% respectively. Thermal studies predicted that melting peak of capsaicin was present in the formulation suggested that there was no interaction between active moieties and excipients in NC formulation. Surface morphology confirmed the presence of Nano-size crystals having rough crystalline surface. XRD proved that the capsaicin NC are successfully developed by using high speed homogenization. The solubility of capsaicin was found to be 12.0 ± 0.013 μg/mL in water. In vitro study revealed that 89.94 ± 1.9% of drug was released within 24 h. Similarly, drug permeation was 68.32 ± 1.83%, drug retained in skin was 16.13 ± 1.11% while drug retained on skin was 9.12 ± 0.14% after 12 h. The nanocrystals showed higher anti-inflammatory activity as compared to marketed product (Dicloran®). The study concluded that improvement in dissolution rate of capsaicin may potentially provide the opportunities in the development of a much cost-effective dosage forms that will produce improved pharmacological effects, but at low dose as compared to the already available products.

Background: Multidrug resistant MDR bacterial strains are causing fatal infections, such as mastitis. Thus, there is a need for the development of new target-oriented antimicrobials. Nanomaterials have many advantages over traditional antibiotics, including improved stability, controlled antibiotic release, targeted administration, enhanced bioavailability, and the use of antibiotic-loaded nanomaterials, such as the one herein reported for the first time, appear to be a promising strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of rationally designed metallic nanocomposites, rather than the use of single metallic nanoparticles (NPs), should further minimize the bacterial resistance. Aim: Green synthesis of a multimetallic/ternary nanocomposite formed of silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), conjugated to chitosan (CS), in which the large spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) has been encapsulated. Methods: The metallic nanoparticles (NPs) Ag NPs, TiO2 NPs, and Fe2O3 NPs were synthesized by reduction of Moringa concanensis leaf aqueous extract. The ternary junction was obtained by wet chemical impregnation technique. CIP was encapsulated into the ternary nanocomposite Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3, followed by chitosan (CS) conjugation using the ionic gelation method. The resulting CS-based nanoparticulate drug delivery system (NDDS), i.e., CIP-Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3/CS, was characterized in vitro by gold standard physical techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Pharmacological analyses (i.e., LC, EE, ex-vivo drug release behavior) were also assessed. Further, biological studies were carried out both ex vivo (i.e., by disk diffusion method (DDM), fluorescence-activated single cell sorting (FACS), MTT assay) and in vivo (i.e., antibacterial activity in a rabbit model, colony-forming unit (CFU) on blood agar, histopathological analysis using H&E staining). Results: The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and the loading capacity (LC) of the NDDS were as high as 94% ± 1.26 and 57% ± 3.5, respectively. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the prepared formulation. FESEM revealed nanorods with an average diameter of 50–70 ± 12 nm. FTIR confirmed the Fe-O-Ti-CS linkages as well as the successful encapsulation of CIP into the NDDS. The zeta potential (ZP) of the NDDS was determined as 85.26 ± 0.12 mV. The antimicrobial potential of the NDDS was elicited by prominent ZIs against MDR E. coli (33 ± 1.40 mm) at the low MIC of 0.112 μg/mL. Morphological alterations (e.g., deformed shape and structural damages) of MDR pathogens were clearly visible overtime by FESEM after treatment with the NDDS at MIC value, which led to the cytolysis ultimately. FACS analysis confirmed late apoptotic of the MDR E. coli (80.85%) after 6 h incubation of the NDDS at MIC (p < 0.05 compared to untreated MDR E. coli used as negative control). The highest drug release (89% ± 0.57) was observed after 8 h using PBS medium at pH 7.4. The viability of bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (BMGE) treated with the NDDS remained superior to 90%, indicating a negligible cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). In the rabbit model, in which infection was caused by injecting MDR E. coli intraperitoneally (IP), no colonies were detected after 72 h of treatment. Importantly, the histopathological analysis showed no changes in the vital rabbit organs in the treated group compared to the untreated group. Conclusions: Taken together, the newly prepared CIP-Ag/TiO2/Fe2O3/CS nanoformulation appears safe, biocompatible, and therapeutically active to fight MDR E. coli strains-causing mastitis.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced mastitis is one of the biggest animal welfare issues and economic burdens worldwide. As a possible effective treatment, ciprofloxacin (CIP)-loaded cerium oxide (CeO2)/chitosan (CS) nanocomposite was synthesized using an eco-friendly approach, characterized, and evaluated. From 350 mastitis-positive milk samples, 35 mecA-positive MRSA strains were confirmed by antibiotic sensitivity testing and PCR. CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthetized using the seeds' extract of Amomum subulatum (aka black cardamom/BC) as a reducing and capping agent, which was conjugated with CS by ionic gelation before CIP was nanoencapsulated. The resulting NPs were characterized physically (by using FESEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, ZP, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry), biologically and pharmacologically (through in-vitro/ex-vivo antibacterial, cytotoxic, and drug release behavior assays). The CIP-nanocomposite was represented by pure, stable, small, pseudospherical NPs of crystalline nature. FTIR confirmed the surface linkage of CS and CIP in CeO2 NPs. CIP-CeO2/CS nanocarrier exerted enhanced antibacterial activity at lower MIC (8 μg/mL) compared to that of free CIP drug alone. Also, they were hemocompatible and not hepatotoxic. CIP release from the nanocarrier was better sustained in physiological-like conditions. Taken together, the phytogenic CIP-CeO2/CS nanocarrier could be considered as a potent and safe therapeutic solution for MRSA-induced mastitis.

Seaweeds are broadly distributed and represent an important source of secondary metabolites (e.g., halogenated compounds, polyphenols) eliciting various pharmacological activities and playing a relevant ecological role in the anti-epibiosis. Importantly, host (as known as basibiont such as algae)–microbe (as known as epibiont such as bacteria) interaction (as known as halobiont) is a driving force for coevolution in the marine environment. Nevertheless, halobionts may be fundamental (harmless) or detrimental (harmful) to the functioning of the host. In addition to biotic factors, abiotic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients) regulate halobionts. Spatiotemporal and functional exploration of such dynamic interactions appear crucial. Indeed, environmental stress in a constantly changing ocean may disturb complex mutualistic relations, through mechanisms involving host chemical defense strategies (e.g., secretion of secondary metabolites and antifouling chemicals by quorum sensing). It is worth mentioning that many of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, previously attributed to macroalgae are in fact produced or metabolized by their associated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Eventually, recent metagenomics analyses suggest that microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets. This article retrospectively reviews pertinent studies on the spatiotemporal and functional seaweed-associated microbiota interactions which can lead to the production of bioactive compounds with high antifouling, theranostic, and biotechnological potential.

Transdermal application of analgesics allows efficient and painless delivery of medication with minimum side effect. This study was designed with the aim to formulate and characterize dexibuprofen-capsaicin emulgel for transdermal drug delivery with improved anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The emulgel was prepared and evaluated for physical examination, stability, spreadability, rheological behavior, viscosity, drug content determination, FTIR analysis, and ex vivo studies. Anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema) and analgesic (hot plate latency test) effects were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats. The dexibuprofen-capsaicin emulgel showed good physical appearance and stability having average pH 5.5 to 6.0, conductivity 73–76 s/m, spreadability (12–)17 g cm/s, drug content 102.84% ± 0.53 (for capsaicin) and 94.09% ± 0.41 (for dexibuprofen), and FTIR compatibility. It was noted that 86.956% ± 1.46 (with 100 mg menthol), 76.687% ± 1.21 (75 mg menthol), and 65.543% ± 1.71 (without menthol) of capsaicin were released. Similarly 81.342% ± 1.21 (with 100 mg menthol), 72.321% ± 1.31 (75 mg menthol), and 52.462% ± 1.23 (without menthol) of dexibuprofen were released. The cumulative amount of capsaicin permeated through rabbit skin was 9.83 ± 0.037 μg/cm2 with 100 mg menthol (as permeation enhancer), 7.23 ± 0.037 μg/cm2 with 75 mg menthol, and 2.23 ± 0.061 μg/cm2 without menthol after 6.5 h. The permeation of dexibuprofen was 19.53 ± 0.054 μg/cm2, 13.87 ± 0.032 μg/cm2, and 3.83 ± 0.074 μg/cm2. Carrageenan-induced paw edema of rat was effectively inhibited by the optimized emulgel. Similarly it was observed that DCE5 shows higher analgesic activity compared with marketed diclofenac sodium emulgel (Dicloran®). The conclusion of this research study evidently indicated a promising synergistic potential of dexibuprofen-capsaicin emulgel as an alternative to the conventional topical dosage form.

Crude ginger has been used to treat wounds since ancient times till nowadays. The present study aimed at designing and characterizing topical hydrogel films loaded with ginger extract for wound healing in animal model. The hydrogel films were prepared using PVA and gelatin. The prepared films were evaluated for FTIR analysis, surface morphology, pH, swelling behavior, in vitro release, and % drug content. The wound-healing activity of the extract-loaded hydrogel films was compared with commercially available Silver Sulfadiazine® cream. The drug was compatible with the selected polymers and indicated the suitability of the selected polymers for preparation of topical hydrogel films. The SEM images clearly indicated porous structure of the prepared hydrogel films. Slight changes were observed in pH, ranging from 4.98 ± 0.079 in the beginning of the study to 4.9 ± 0.58 in the end. The swelling percentage after 8 h was 257.7%. The films released 78.7 ± 1.7% of the drug in 250 min. The percent drug content was 97.78 ± 5% which did not change significantly during the storage period. The hydrogel films showed similar wound-healing activity as compared to the commercial product (p > 0.05; ANOVA), while greater wound-healing activity as compared to the control group (p

The aim of this study was to transform human hair keratin waste into a scaffold for soft tissue engineering to heal wounds. The keratin was extracted using the Shindai method. Keratin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was cross-linked with alginate dialdehyde and converted into a scaffold by the freeze-drying method using gentamycin sulphate (GS) as a model drug. The scaffold was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), swelling index, porosity, water absorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), drug release, and cell viability (MTT) analysis. The scaffold was tested for keratinocyte growth using the murine fibroblast cell line (NIH 3T3 cells). The outcome from the keratin had a molecular weight band between 52–38 kDa in SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecylsulfate-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). A porous scaffold was capable of water absorption (73.64 ± 14.29%), swelling ability (68.93 ± 1.33%), and the release of GS shown as 97.45 ± 4.57 and 93.86 ± 5.22 of 1:4 and 1:3 scaffolds at 16 h. The physicochemical evaluation revealed that the prepared scaffold exhibits the proper structural integrity: partially crystalline with a strong thermal property. The scaffold demonstrated better cell viability against the murine fibroblast cell line (NIH 3T3 cells). In conclusion, we found that the prepared composite scaffold (1:4) can be used for wound healing applications.

Worldwide, the fourth most predominant overwhelming type of trauma is burn injuries. Ideal wound healing dressings help in wound healing process in lower time with less pain. Commonly used dry wound dressing like absorbent gauze or absorbent cotton, possess limited therapeutic effects and require repeated use, which further aggravate patients’ suffering. In contrast, hydrogels present a promising alternative to improve healing by guaranteeing a moisture balance at the wound site. Lawsonia inermis is medicinal plant having good wound healing activity due to the presence of various phytochemical constituents. The main aim of this research was to prepare PVA/Chitosan blend topical hydrogel films. Phyto-chemical screening showed the presence bioactive constituents. Hydrogel prepared by high shear method, was investigated for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling behavior, pH, drug release and drug content. In-vivo study was conducted using rabbits as study subjects. Histopathological and biochemical studies were performed according to the standard protocols. Hydrogel showed 298 ± 1.02% swelling index in 120 min pH of the hydrogel was 5.16 ± 0.046 (0time) and 5.01 ± 0.034 (30 days) which confirmed skin suitability. Drug release was 0%, 45.8 ± 0.47%, 57.3 ± 0.62%, 65.7 ± 0.57%, 73.2 ± 0.97% and 81.5 ± 0.72% at 0min, 1hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 4hrs and 5hrs respectively. Drug content was 96.98 ± 1.10% (zero time) and 96.72 ± 0.91% (after 30 days). In vivo study showed 96.76% wound contraction in test group while 98.54% in standard group and 50.43% in control group. The test group showed statistically insignificant difference (p ≥ 0.05; ANOVA) with standard group while significant differences (p

Background Vitiligo is a repugnant and odious dermatological malady of the time. It has an detrimental impact on the pigmentation of the human skin as a result of the destruction of cutaneous melanocytes. It affects 1%-2% of the population worldwide. Different therapeutic regimens have been deployed to treat vitiligo, but none of them could stand alone to be stated as a perfect cure. Recently, a change has been observed through novel experimental-designed optimization leading to the development of an anti-vitiligo ointment containing Psoralea corylifolia (PC) seed powder. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the clinical outcomes of ointment containing powdered seeds of PC. Materials and methods Guided by the protocol Response Surface Methodology, 13 formulations of concentration variance of permeation enhancers were prepared. The formulation fulfilling the required criteria (pH; temperature stability tests at 8°C±0.1°C, 25°C±0.1°C and 40°C±0.1°C; and the physical properties such as color, bleeding and rheology) was selected for clinical trials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of seed powder of PC and selected formulation of the seed powder were performed. After obtaining informed consents and with prior approval of university and hospital ethical review boards, 20 patients (age range 25-65 years) were included in the present study. Formulations were applied on the affected body parts of patients, and some affected portion of the same patient was taken as control (self-control study design). The pigmentation of white spots of vitiligo was photographically evaluated before, during and after 12 weeks of treatment. Analysis of the measured values was performed using GraphPad Prism version 5 statistical software. A paired sample t-test was performed to observe variation between repigmented patches and white patches of self-control. Results Hydrophilic ointment (10% w/w) prepared with seed powder of PC was fabricated. The ointment was found effective for small circular white lesions of vitiligo as compared to self-control. Pre- and post-treatment differences in the levels of pigmentation were statistically significant (P≤0.05). Conclusion Ointment containing seed powder of PC could be an effective monotherapy for small circular white lesions of vitiligo.

Cassia fistula, a flowering plant in the family of Caesalpinaceae (Fabaceae), is used in traditional medicine for several indications. Nevertheless, too little is known about its effects on skin conditions and skin aging. Therefore, in this pioneering study, the extracts of oil-in-water macro-emulsions containing 5% C. fistula (L.) crude pods (i.e., phyto-active formulation) were optimally developed and compared to the placebo (i.e., emulsions without the crude extract) for assessment of their effects on human skin aging. Healthy adult male volunteers (n = 13) with a mean age of 31 ± 5.5 years (range: 24–47 years) were enrolled after informed written consent. For 12 consecutive weeks, the subjects were directed to use a patch containing the active emulsion on one of their forearms as well as a patch containing the placebo on their other forearm. Biometrological measurements of skin hydration (SH) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were performed on both sides of their respective cheeks at time 0 (baseline values), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12th weeks. Surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) was taken at time 0 (baseline values) or after 1, 2 and 3 months. Topical application of C. fistula extracts showed a significant (p &lt, 0.05) increase in stratum corneum hydration level, a significant enhancement in its water-holding function as well as in its barrier function. Further, significant (p &lt, 0.005) ameliorations of skin aspects were observed (i.e., less roughness, less dryness, less wrinkles). Taken together, our results strongly suggest therapeutic and esthetic potential of C. fistula pod’s extracts to prevent or delay human skin aging.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Cassia fistula L. extracts have great potential as food, medicinal, or cosmetic ingredients. The aim of our study was to assess their relative antioxidant activities and key enzymatic activities. Thereby, H. rhamnoides’ fruit and C. fistula’s pod extracts were evaluated by spectrophotometry, based on their respective total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ferric-reducing power, capacity in nitric oxide, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging, as well as on their β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase and α-tyrosinase inhibition activities. H. rhamnoides and C. fistula extracts exhibited similarly high TPC levels, hydroxyl ion [OH•] quenching activity, and α-glucosidase and α-tyrosinase IC50 values (p > 0.05). However, their respective DPPH radical, nitric oxide radical [NO•], and superoxide anion [O2−•] scavenging activities, as well as their IC50 values for β-glucuronidase, significantly differed (p ≤ 0.05), with results showcasing the highest values in C. fistula extracts. In sum, our in vitro data explicitly suggest that the pod extracts of C. fistula exert better antioxidant and enzymatic properties than those exhibited by the fruit extract of H. rhamnoides. They also implicitly encourage performing multiple in vitro assays in order to thoroughly select a plant extract destined to a given medicinal, dietetic, or esthetic application.

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important vasodilator molecules produced by the endothelium. It has already been established that NO/cGMP signaling pathway deficiencies are involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of many cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the development of NO-releasing drugs for therapeutic use appears to be an effective alternative to replace the deficient endogenous NO and mimic the role of this molecule in the body. Organic nitrates represent the oldest class of NO donors that have been clinically used. Considering that tolerance can occur when these drugs are applied chronically, the search for new compounds of this class with lower tolerance potential is increasing. Here, we briefly discuss the mechanisms involved in nitrate tolerance and highlight some achievements from our group in the development of new organic nitrates and their preclinical application in cardiovascular disorders.

Even though aluminium is not considered to be a heavy metal like lead, silver, arsenic and cadmium, it can be toxic when taken in excessive amounts and even in small amounts if deposited in the brain. Glutathione, a major antioxidant in the cells, so its depletion weakens the tissue resistance to oxidant. Glutathione is the sulfhydryl (-SH) antioxidant, antitoxin and enzyme cofactor which plays an important role in aluminum detoxification. The present study was designed to investigate the extent of changes in glutathione level by inorganic and organic alumni metal. Biocordination of aluminum acetylacetonate and aluminum sulphate with glutathione in T-cells and b-cells of lymphocytes have been described using Ellman’s method. The decline of glutathione level is due to increased aluminum concentration and time of incubation. The decline of glutathione level was consistent with increasing pH, while at physiological temperature, the drop was more significant. Our study indicates that changes in glutathione level produced by aluminium could be due to conjugate (Al-(SG)3) formation. This change in glutathione level endowed with information regarding mechanism of toxicity of aluminium inorganic and organic complexes. This study is important for the design of rational antidote for the prevention of aluminium toxicity. Key words: Glutathione (GSH), aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3, aluminium acetylacetonate (Al(acac)3) , T-cells, B-cells.

Barium is a divalent alkaline earth metal and can exist only in combination forms. Studies have proved that barium can cause different toxic effects. The human body can be exposed to barium in drinking water, food and air. In medical field, barium is used in diagnostic procedure. Among its various combinations, barium chloride is considered most important in its related toxicities, because of its water solubility. In the human body, glutathione is present in almost all type of cells and acts as an antioxidant and also arrests the toxic xenobiotics like metals and drugs through conjugate formation. This study was designed to investigate the possible interaction of barium with extracellular (separated-plasma) glutathione (GSH) and intracellular (separated-cytosolic fraction) GSH. The renowned Ellman’s method of thiol quantification was used to determine the effect of barium chloride on the levels of extracellular and intracellular GSH. The results showed that a decrease in the concentration of GSH was affected by barium chloride. This decrease was enhanced by increasing the concentrations of barium chloride and also by the time elapsed. Hypothetically, this decrease in the levels of GSH may be attributed to the conjugation formation of GSH with barium metal. Key words: 5,5-Dithiobis-(2-Nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), glutathione (GSH), barium chloride (Bacl2), absorbance (ABS).

The purpose of this study was to formulate and develop a stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing the extract of the green tea leaves. Abil®EM90 was used as an emulsifier and effects of emulsifier ratios were optimized to obtain a stable emulsion without adding any preservative. For this purpose, 25 formulations were formulated initially and were kept at 25°C to choose the desired formulations for further stability study. 4 formulations were selected to keep them at various storage conditions for 21 days. Finally, a formulation containing 5% Abil®EM90, 3% green tea extract and 16% liquid paraffin oil was selected as final formulation to be subjected to the stability studies of 28 days. Formulation was observed for any type of phase separation, color change and liquefaction at defined intervals. It was found that a formulation containing 5% Abil®EM90, 3% green tea extract and 16% liquid paraffin oil was the most desirable, stable formulation regarding its physical characterization, including viscosity of the emulsion. Hence, it could be imperative choice as skin product in the form of stable topical emulsion. Key words: Green tea, Abil®EM90, formulation, emulsion, stability.

Human skin is the largest exposed area of our body. There are number of physiological changes which may occur in response to internal or external sources. Biophysical techniques have been extensively employed to study any changes in human skin physiology. Usually these bioengineering techniques are equipped with non-invasive probes. Visioscan, Corneometer and Tewameter are the most widely used techniques in the characterization parameters of skin physiology, like skin hydration, transepidermal water loss and skin wrinkles. This research covers all aspects of these parameters, in skin analysis. Key words: Skin, corneometer, tewameter, visioscan, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

SynopsisBackground Vitis vinifera ‘muscat hamburg’ (Vitaceae) is a blue-black grape variety commonly found in Pakistan. It has been consumed and used in traditional medicine for centuries. Compared to other grapes, M. hamburg records one of the greatest amount of polyphenols and displays potent antioxidant activities, which make it a great candidate for its exploitation in the development of stable cream emulsions destined to improve the skin appearance. Objective Evaluate the effects of stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion containing 2% M. hamburg grape seed extract (‘formulation’) on human cheek skin in comparison with the placebo (‘base’). Methods An occlusive patch test, containing either the formulation or the base, was topically tested for 8 weeks during a winter period in young adult and healthy Pakistani male volunteers. The subjects were instructed to use twice a day the base and the formulation on their right and left cheek skin, respectively. Non-invasive measurements on these skin areas were carried out every week to assess any effects produced on melanin, elasticity and sebum. Skin compatibility assay (Burchard test) was used to report any potential skin reactivity. ANOVA, paired sample t-test and LSD test were applied to determine the statistical data significance. Results Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between the placebo and the formulation in terms of their respective skin effects elicited on melanin, elasticity and sebum content. Nevertheless, placebo and formulation exerted similar effects on skin erythema and moisture contents. Importantly, no skin hypersensitivity cases were reported during the whole course of the study. Conclusion The developed grape-based cream could be efficiently and safely applied to improve a number of skin conditions (e.g. hyper-pigmentation, premature ageing, acne).

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of topically applied water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Hippophae rhamnoides using standard R cutometer parameters. Methods: A w/o emulsion of 1 % hydro-alcoholic extract of H. rhamnoides (formulation) and placebo control (base) were used in the study. Eleven healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 24.5 years were selected after obtaining informed consent. The subjects were assigned to blindly use either the formulation or the base for 7 consecutive weeks. The skin mechanical parameters determined with a cutometer, were R0 (first maximum amplitude), R2 (gross-elasticity), R6 (viscoelasticity), R7 (biological elasticity) and R8 (total recovery). In addition, the antioxidant activity of the formulation was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Topical application of 1 % organic extract emulsion of H. rhamnoides improved most of the biomechanical parameters evaluated when compared to the base group (p < 0.05). However, skin extensibility and firmness of the active formulation- and base-treated groups (R0) were not different (p < 0.01). Of note, a significant correlation between the active formulation and the improvement of the skin mechanical parameters was observed. The active formulation was found to be superior than the placebo control. Conclusion: The topical antioxidant emulsion of H. rhamnoides significantly improved skin biomechanical parameters after 7 weeks of treatment. The data obtained suggest that H. rhamnoides could be an alternative pharmacological tool for treating age-related loss of skin elasticity.

Purpose: To formulate stable water in oil (W/O) emulsion containing hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves for skin rejuvenation. Methods: Placebo (base) without any plant extract and formulation with 4 % Ziziphus mauritiana extract were prepared by mixing. Samples of the emulsions were subjected to varying storage conditions, i.e., 8, 25, 40 o C and 40 o C + 75 % relative humidity for a period of 4 weeks to predict their stability. During this period, stability parameters, including liquefaction, phase separation, color, electrical conductivity, centrifugation and pH were monitored at specified time intervals. Skin rejuvenation was evaluated using 13 healthy human volunteers over a period of 8 weeks. During this period, various skin parameters such as erythema, melanin level, moisture content, elasticity and sebum content of the skin were evaluated at specified intervals. Results: Both the active formulation and placebo were stable in terms of liquifaction, phase separation and color at all the storage conditions of temperature and humidity. Active formulation showed statistically significant ( p 0.05). Both active and placebo formulations changed skin elasticity and erythema significantly ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is evident from the findings that the leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana possesses antiaging properties as well as exert skin lightening, moisturizing and viscoelastic effects on human skin. Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana , Melanin, Erythema, Sebum, Skin-tlightening, Moistirizing, Anti-aging

Natural products continue to play a significant role in the detection and advancement of new pharmaceuticals as clinically useful drugs and as raw materials to produce synthetic drugs, or as lead compound from which a totally synthetic drug is designed. Coleus is a member of the mint family and native to India and grows in the subtropical temperate climates of India, Nepal, Thailand and Sri Lanka and is a popular ornamental plant. Coleus plant have reputed medicinal uses including antiaggregant, anticancer, antidepressant, antidiuretic, antiglaucomic, antimetastatic, antispasmodic and bronchodilator. This article gives a comprehensive look on Coleus as a natural product and aims to present it in a brief manner for the researchers, botanists, pharmacognosists and herbalists to refresh their knowledge about Coleus. Key words: Coleus, ornamental plant, mint family.

Trust on traditional medicines in the treatment of ailment is at a halt and a lot of population, especially rural population, still believes on herbs due to their easy accessibility and cost effectiveness. Due to greater attentiveness concerning significance of conventional medicine in health care, research on medicinal plants would be valuable. The plants of genus Terminalia, comprising of 250 species, are widely distributed in tropical areas of the world. Fruits of Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) commonly known as black Myroblans in English and Harad in Hindi, are widely grown in Pakistan and India among many Asian and African countries and is a popular folk medicine. T. chebula has been studied for its homeostatic, antitussive, laxative, diuretic and cardiotonic activities. This article gives a vivid account of T. chebula as a natural product and aims to (i) to refresh the importance of T. chebula to the medicinal plant researchers and (ii) to presents new information such of T. chebula. Key words: Terminalia chebula, conventional treatment, mother of medicine.

Nematicidal activity of selected parts of medicinal plants including Acacia leucophloea(bark), Sphaeranthus indicus (flowers), Amaranthus spinuosus (whole plant), Semecarpus anacardium (fruit), Capparis deciduas (root), Saussurea lappa (rhizome) and Albizia lebbeck (seed, flower and bark) has been carried out to evaluate their potential toxicity against second stage juveniles of nematode Cephalobus litoralis and Helicotylenchus indicus. In vitro results showed that methanolic extract of these plants caused appreciable mortality of second stage juveniles of C. litoralis and H. indicus. Concentrations used were 2 and 1% and was found more effective and produced significant results as compared to 0.5%. The mortality rate increased with increasing exposure time and was highest after 72 h. Key word: Acacia leucophloea, Helicotylenchus indicus, pesticide.

The widespread use of silver went out of fashion with the development of modern antibiotics. However, recently, there has been renewed interest in silver as a broad spectrum antimicrobial. The toxicity of silver to human cells is considerably lower than that of bacteria. Silver itself is nontoxic, but most silver salts are, and some of them are to be carcinogenic and may lead to death. That is why the effect of silver on glutathione (GSH) level is interesting to study. The following study was carried out to find out if the effect on GSH level in plasma was studied spectrophotometrically using Ellman’s method. Two parameters concentration and time effect of silver was used to determined GSH level in plasma. This study shows that when the concentration of silver was increased and time of incubation extended, a depletion of GSH level in plasma was found. The decline in the GSH level was concentration and time of interaction dependent; due to oxidation of reduced GSH to corresponding oxidize GSH (GSSG) or due to the formation of silver GSH complex (Ag-GS). From this finding, we can conclude that GSH plays an important role in the detoxification and management of silver induced complications and toxicity. Key words: Silver (Ag), 5, 5-dithiobis, 2, nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), Ellman’s method, glutathione (GSH).

Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used in folk medicine for abdomeninal cramps, glands, liver, stomach and throat cancer, carcinomata, impostumes of the uterus, aperient, astringent, laxative purgative and vermifuge, burns, constipation, convulsions, delirium, diarrhea, dysuria, epilepsy, gravel, hematuria, pimples and glandular tumors. Hippophae rhamniodes (Elaeagnaceae) is used for nutritional purposes. This study was designed for the preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity tests of C. fistula and H. rhamniodes as there is a lack of acute toxicity data available so far for both of these plants, although, they are extensively used in folk medicine. Phytochemical investigation of plant samples determines that alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were present in both plants except coumarins, which were absent inH. rhamniodes. The acute toxicity was studied in albino mice. Plant extracts at dose of 1, 3 and 10 g/kg to three test groups and normal saline at a dose of 10 ml/kg to a negative control group of albino mice were given. The extracts of both plants were found to be safe up to the dose of 10 g/kg. The results indicate that the studied plants presents potential for many pharmacological studies with high safety profile. Key words: Toxicity test, Cassia fistula, Hippophae rhamniodes.

Acacia nilotica Lam (Mimosaceae) indigenously known as ‘Babul’ or ‘Kikar’ is a proverbial, medium sized tree and is broadly scattered in tropical and subtropical countries. It has an inspiring range of medicinal uses with potential anti-oxidant activity. This plant contributes a number of groups among which are alkaloids, volatile essential oils, phenols and phenolic glycosides, resins, oleosins, steroids, tannins and terpenes. A. nilotica is a medicinal plant acknowledged to be rich in phenolics, consisting of condensed tannin and phlobatannin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, pyrocatechol, (+) -catechin, (-) epi- gallocatechin-7-gallate and (-) epigallocatechin-5, 7-digallate. Different parts of this plant such as the leaves, roots, seeds, bark, fruits, flowers, gum and immature pods act as anti-cancer, antimutagenic, spasmogenic, vasoconstrictor, anti-pyretic, anti-asthamatic, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, anti-platelet agregatory, anti-plasmodial, molluscicidal, anti-fungal, inhibitory activity against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-I and antioxidant activities, anti-bacterial, antihypertensive and anti-spasmodic activities, and are also engaged for the treatment of different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. This review spotlights on the detailed phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, along with pharmacological properties of different parts of this multipurpose plant.

The aim of this study was to develop a stable cream from a local desert plant capable of producing Antisebum effects. Two creams (emulsions) were prepared, both of which were of w/o type. One was the formulation in which 5% extract obtained from the plant Capparis decidua was added during the preparation of the cream and the other was the base or control in which the extract was not added while other ingredients were the same as that of the formulation. Thirteen healthy male volunteers were selected and their initial sebum readings of both the cheeks were noted with the help of Sebumeter. The volunteers were given both the creams and asked to apply the creams on the face daily two times, the base on the right side and the formulation on the left side. The readings were taken every fifteen days for a period of three months. At the end of the study period, it was found that the formulation significantly decreased the sebum values on the left side. On the other hand, an increase in the sebum values was observed on the right side where the base was applied, although the increase was not significant statistically. The results showed that the cream prepared from the local desert plant C. decidua had the ability to produce Antisebum effects in the human volunteers. Key words: Antisebum, extract, Capparis decidua, Sebumeter, Sebum.

Cheaper and safer antioxidants of natural origin is the focus of research in recent times due to increased in safety concerns about synthetic antioxidants. The effects of four extracting solvents that is, ethanol, methanol, n-Hexane and pet ether and two extraction techniques that is, simple maceration and hot percolation (Soxhlet apparatus) were investigated on the antioxidant activity of pods, leaves, barks and flowers of Cassia fistula. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) was used as standard free radical while ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and Quarcetin were used as standard anti oxidants. Experiments revealed that extracts have solvent-dependent and technique-dependent antioxidant effects. Using the simple maceration technique, 70% methanolic v/v leaf extract showed 89% DPPH scavenging activity when ascorbic acid was taken as standard and 84.7% when quercetin was taken as standard. However, the percentage inhibition of a similar concentration of pods, barks and flowers extract were 66, 81 and 83.4%, respectively, using simple maceration and ascorbic acid as a standard. However, extraction carried out by Soxhlets apparatus showed less free radical scavenging activities. Key words: Cassia fistula, soxhlet apparatus, antioxidant activity.

All health care professionals should have basic information about the structure and function of human skin inorder to be able to determine any type of change in normal skin, diagnose present skin problems and prescribe possible treatment for risk factors. Skin is also called the cutaneous membrane or the integumentry system as it has several accessory organs. In adults the skin has a surface area ranging from 1.2 to 2.2 m² and weighs about 5 kg. The skin is about 7% of the total body weight with a thickness of 0.02″ to 0.16″ range in the average adult. This review of literature covers all the aspects of human skin. Moreover, mechanisms of skin aging are discussed as well as the role of various natural and synthetic antioxidants in protecting skin are covered in this review with sagacity of understanding. Key words: Skin, antioxidants, aging, vitamins.

Pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of skin conditions and skin care are usually supplied in the form of emulsions. This pharmaceutical dosage form is thermodynamically unstable and must be stabilized by the addition of emulsifying agent. Emulsified systems range from lotions having comparatively low viscosity to creams which are more viscous. There are two basic types of emulsions, that is, oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O). In addition to these two types, a relatively complex emulsion, called multiple emulsions can also be formulated. Emulsions generally have certain advantages over other dosage forms as the drug solubilized may be more bioavailable. Moreover, gastrointestinal problems and first pass metabolic effect are also avoided. Key words: Pharmaceutical, emulsions, viscosity, skin, oil in water (O/W), water in oil (W/O).

This study was intended to explore the effects of a topical cream (w/o emulsion) of milk thistle(Silybum marianum) extract against its vehicle as control on skin erythma and skin melanin. Milk thistle extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion. The vehicle (base without extract) and the active formulation (containing 4% extract) were applied by volunteers (n = 11) for a period of 12 weeks. Skin erythma and melanin were measured fortnightly to determine any effect produced by these topical creams. Base showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase while active formulation showed significant decrease in skin melanin content. In the case of skin erythma, the base showed insignificant decrease (P ≥ 0.05), whereas the formulation showed statistically significant decrease. The study showed that active formulation containing extract of milk thistle reduced skin melanin due to the presence of silymarin flavonoids. The formulation also possessed anti-inflammatory effects and was found to be suitable for topical application. Key words: Silybum marianum, w/o emulsion, anti-erythmic, skin whitening, mexameter.

This study was designed to find out the effects of newly formulated topical cream (w/o emulsion) of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) against its base as control on skin erythma and skin melanin. Concentrated basil extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion. Newly formulated and formerly evaluated base (containing no extract) and a formulation (containing 3% concentrated extract of basil) were applied. Both the base and formulation were applied to the cheeks of 11 healthy human volunteers for a period of 12 weeks. Skin erythma and melanin were determined every two weeks to measure any effect produced by these topical creams. The base showed insignificant (p ≥0.05) whereas the formulation showed statistically significant decrease in skin erythma. Skin melanin content was significantly (p ≤0.05) increased by the base but decreased by the formulation. The newly formulated cream of basil extract reduced skin melanin without causing any irritation and was found to be suitable for application on skin as determined by efficacy perception.