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There is increasing scientific evidence that some pharmaceuticals are present in the marine ecosystems at concentrations that may cause adverse effects on the organisms that inhabit them. At present, there is still very little scientific literature on the (bio)accumulation of these compounds in different species, let alone on the relationship between the presence of these compounds and the adverse effects they produce. However, attempts have been made to optimize and validate analytical methods for the determination of residues of pharmaceuticals in marine biota by studying the stages of sample treatment, sample clean-up and subsequent analysis. The proposed bibliographic review includes a summary of the most commonly techniques, and its analytical features, proposed to determine pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic organisms at different levels of the trophic chain in the last 10 years. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2020-117641RB-I00 Junta de Andalucía B.RNM.362.UGR20, P20_00556

The recycling and recovery of organic matter and nutrients from sewage sludge for application in agricultural soils is gaining interest, while the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in this matrix may have a great impact on the environment and human health. The aim of this review paper is to outline recent research on the occurrence of PhACs and their metabolites in sewage treatment lines. A total of 32 classes of therapeutic groups including 180 PhACs and 45 metabolites have been included. In a first part, a summary of the analytical methods with a critical overview of the extraction and determination techniques, quality control issues and methodological challenges for their determination is included. Subsequently, the study gives a snapshot of the concentration levels and distribution patterns found in primary, secondary, digested (aerobically and anaerobically), dehydrated and composted sludge. Data have been systematically summarized and categorized according to matrix type, treatment processes available for PhAC degradation in sludge, and geographical areas. Our literature review showed that antimicrobials, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants and antidiabetics were the most abundant PhACs found in sludge matrices.Overall, attenuation of PhACs concentrations occurs during sludge stabilization, in particular during anaerobic digestion and composting. PhAC sorption onto sludge is strongly affected by the physicochemical properties, the sludge matrix and the operating and environmental conditions. Lastly, the paper discusses the impact of PhACs on sludge-amended agricultural land. The potential ecotoxicological risk associated with the presence of PhACs in amended soil is medium-low for most PhACs. The most critical compounds found in sludge-amended soil are ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, and triclocarban and triclosan. Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Project CTM2017-82778-R