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To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and bioequivalence of two formulations of apixaban in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.A single-center, randomized, open, single-dose, two-period crossover PK study was carried out under fasting and fed conditions in 64 healthy subjects enrolled in either the fasting (36 subjects) or the fed (28 subjects) arms of the study. Subjects received a single oral dose of 2.5 mg apixaban tablets as test (T) or reference (R) formulation. The primary PK parameters determined were the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to t and ∞ (AUCA single drop-out in the fed arm of the trial was excluded from the statistical evaluation. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the geometric mean ratio (GMR) for T/R using AUCThe test and reference 2.5 mg apixaban tablets were bioequivalent and both showed good tolerability and safety.

The activation of ferroptosis is a new effective way to treat drug-resistant solid tumors. Ferroptosis is an iron-mediated form of cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxides. The intracellular imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant due to the abnormal expression of multiple redox active enzymes will promote the produce of reactive oxygen species (ROS). So far, a few pathways and regulators have been discovered to regulate ferroptosis. In particular, the cystine/glutamate antiporter (System Xc−), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and glutathione (GSH) (System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis) plays a key role in preventing lipid peroxidation-mediated ferroptosis, because of which could be inhibited by blocking System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis. This review aims to present the current understanding of the mechanism of ferroptosis based on the System Xc−/GSH/GPX4 axis in the treatment of drug-resistant solid tumors.

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), bioequivalence (BE), and safety of 2 preparations of hydroxychloroquine (200-mg tablet) under fasting and fed conditions. A total of 180 subjects (fasting condition: n = 80; fed condition: n = 100) were randomly enrolled in this randomized, open, single-dose, single-cycle parallel phase Ⅰ clinical study. Under the 2 conditions, the subjects were randomly administered the test (T) or reference (R) tablet, both at a dose of 200 mg (1 tablet). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of hydroxychloroquine in healthy subjects after oral administration of the T or R preparation to evaluate the PK characteristics. In this trial, the T and R preparations of hydroxychloroquine were bioequivalent under both conditions within the range of 80%-125%. No serious adverse events (SAEs) were found in the safety assessments for either condition, and all adverse events (AEs) were mild, except for 2 moderate AEs in the fed condition, indicating good safety.

Malignant tumor is a major killer that seriously endangers human health. At present, the methods of treating tumors include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. However, the survival rate of patients is still very low due to the complicated mechanism of tumor occurrence and development and high recurrence rate. Individualized treatment will be the main direction of tumor treatment in the future. Because only by understanding the molecular mechanism of tumor development and differentially expressed genes can we carry out accurate treatment and improve the therapeutic effect. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of small non coding RNA, which regulates gene expression at mRNA level and plays a key role in tumor regulation. Ferroptosis is a kind of programmed death caused by iron dependent lipid peroxidation, which is different from apoptosis, necrosis and other cell death modes. Now it has been found that ferroptosis plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors and drug resistance. More and more studies have found that miRNAs can regulate tumor development and drug resistance through ferroptosis. Therefore, in this review, the mechanism of ferroptosis is briefly outlined, and the relationship between miRNAs and ferroptosis in tumors is reviewed.