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This paper develops a generalized framework that allows us to investigate the vulnerability of the power system nonlinear state estimator to false data injection attacks (FDIAs) from the operator's perspective and to initiate some countermeasures. Unlike most existing FDIA methods, which assume a perfect knowledge of the system measurements and topology by a hacker, we derive and analyze the uncertainties for launching successful FDIAs along with their upper bounds. To effectively defend against an FDIA, we propose a robust detector that checks the measurement statistical consistency using a subset of secure PMU measurements. We first show that if these secure PMU measurements are free of bad data while making the system observable, the FDIA is detectable. We then show that detectability is also ensured if these conditions are relaxed while using alternative redundant measurements from short-term nodal synchrophasor predictions together with the robust Huber M-estimator. Numerical simulation results on the IEEE 30-bus and 118-bus systems demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method even the secure measurements contain noise and bad data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a robust power system state estimation framework that accounts for correlations and imperfect time synchronization of the measurements. In this framework, correlations of the measurements obtained from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and the phasor measurement units (PMUs) are separately calculated through the unscented transformation and a vector auto-regression (VAR) model. Specifically, the PMU measurements during the waiting period of two successive SCADA measurement scans are buffered via a VAR model whose parameters are robustly estimated using the projection statistics. The latter take into account their temporal and spatial correlations and provide the needed measurement redundancy to suppress bad data and mitigate imperfect time synchronization. In the case where the SCADA and the PMU measurements do not arrive simultaneously at the control center, yielding imperfect measurement time synchronization, either the forecasted PMU measurements or the prior SCADA measurements from the latest state estimation run are leveraged to restore system observability. Finally, a robust generalized maximum-likelihood (GM)-estimator is extended to integrate the measurement error correlations and to handle the outliers, also known as bad data. Simulation results that stem from a comprehensive comparison with other alternatives under various conditions demonstrate the benefits of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a robust iterated extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on the generalized maximum likelihood approach (termed GM-IEKF) for estimating power system state dynamics when subjected to disturbances. The proposed GM-IEKF dynamic state estimator is able to track system transients in a faster and more reliable way than the conventional EKF and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) thanks to its batch-mode regression form and its robustness to innovation and observation outliers, even in position of leverage. Innovation outliers may be caused by impulsive noise in the dynamic state model while observation outliers may be due to large biases, cyber attacks, or temporary loss of communication links of PMUs. Good robustness and high statistical efficiency under Gaussian noise are achieved via the minimization of the Huber convex cost function of the standardized residuals. The latter is weighted via a function of robust distances of the two-time sequence of the predicted state and innovation vectors and calculated by means of the projection statistics. The state estimation error covariance matrix is derived using the total influence function, resulting in a robust state prediction in the next time step. Simulation results carried out on the IEEE 39-bus test system demonstrate the good performance of the GM-IEKF under Gaussian and non-Gaussian process and observation noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]