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In this study, the role of roasting on the total phenol, antioxidant capacity, phenolic constituents and fatty acid profile of the grape seeds was investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of the grape seeds roasted in microwave (MW) and conventional oven (CO) systems were recorded between 673.57 (control) and 713.57 (MW) to 7121.67 (MW) and 7791.67 mg/100 g (CO), respectively. Antioxidant activities of the grape seeds varied between 6.57 (MW) and 7.24 mmol/kg (control). Catechin and rutin quantities of the grape seeds were recorded to be between 435.30 (CO) and 581.57 (control) to 94.94 (CO) and 110.53 mg/100 g (MW), respectively. While gallic acid amounts of the seed samples are established between 21.06 (control) and 101.79 (MW), quercetin values of the grape seeds were assigned to be between 56.59 (control) and 77.81 mg/100 g (CO). In addition, p-coumaric acid and resveratrol quantities of the grape seeds were recorded between 15.43 (control) and 22.98 (CO) to 12.50 (CO) and 29.57 mg/100 g (MW), respectively. The main fatty acids in oil samples were linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids in decreasing order. Linoleic and oleic acid values of the oils provided from grape seeds were recorded to be between 72.75 (control) and 73.33% (MW) to 14.79 (CO) and 14.87% (MW), respectively. It was observed that the element results related to the grape seed differed based on the roasting type when compared to the control. The most abundant elements in the grape seed were K, P, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Ca, Zn, and K and P amounts of the grape seeds were reported to be between 6706.93 (MW) and 7089.33 (control) to 2764.27 (CO) and 2927.97 mg/kg (control), respectively. It is thought that it would be beneficial to add grape seeds to foods as an ingredient by taking into account these phytochemical components as a result of the applied heat treatment.

In this study, the effect of fermentation on the oil and bioactive component, pH and acidity values of the brine, antioxidant activity values, phenolic constituents, fatty acid profile and biogenic element quantities of fresh almond kernels fermented in two different brine concentrations (5 and 10%; salt:water/ w:v) were examined. pH and total acidity values of 5 and 10% brines at the end of fermentation were determined as 6.32 and 0.36% and 5.59 and 0.54%, respectively. An opposite relationship was observed between pH and acidity of the brine. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of fresh and fermented almonds varied between 15.90 (5% brine) and 64.23 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (fresh almond) to 170.43 (5% brine) and 285.29 mg/100 g (fresh almond), respectively. The dominant phenolic constituents of fresh and fermented almonds were catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid and kaempferol. Oleic and linoleic acid quantities of the oils provided from fresh and fermented almond kernels were assigned to be between 63.26 (fresh almond) and 68.84% (5% brine) to 23.10 (5% brine) and 26.83% (fresh almond), respectively. It was observed that almond samples were rich in potassium, followed by P, S, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and B in decreasing order. Protein contents of fresh and fermented almond samples varied between 21.62 (10% brine) and 27.37% (fresh almond). According to these results, consuming fresh almonds with high phytochemical properties in fermented form will create a different consumption branch of almonds.

In this study, the effect of roasting process on oil, antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoid, carotenoid and phenolic constituents and fatty acid compositions of pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) seeds and oils was investigated. The oil yields of "Topak" and "Sivri" pumpkin seeds were assessed to be between 47.41 (control) and 51.02% (oven) to 45.29% (control) and 48.56% (microwave), respectively. Total phenolic, total flavonoid quantities and antioxidant capacities of the "Topak" and "Sivri" pumpkin seeds roasted in the oven were higher than the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of pumpkin seeds roasted in the microwave. In addition, the oil, total phenol, total flavonoid quantities and antioxidant activity values of "Topak" pumpkin seeds were higher when compared to the results of "Sivri" pumpkin seeds. Gallic acid quantities of "Topak" and "Sivri" pumpkin seeds were recorded to be between 2.13 (microwave) and 8.53 mg/100 g (oven) to 3.35 (microwave) and 8.83 mg/100 g (oven), respectively. Oleic acid quantities of "Topak" and "Sivri" pumpkin oils were assayed to be between 37.79 (control) and 38.55 (microwave) to 35.32 (microwave) and 35.67% (control), respectively. Linoleic acid quantities of "Topak" and "Sivri" pumpkin seed oils were assessed to be between 42.74 (microwave) and 43.09 (control) to 44.78 (oven) and 45.24% (microwave), respectively. While the oleic acid content of roasted "Topak" pumpkin oils was higher than the control, the oleic acid content of "Sivri" pumpkin oil was lower.

In this study, the role of boiling and roasting on chemical properties, fatty acid compositions, polyphenols and mineral contents of peanut kernels provided from Mersin (Silifke) province in Turkey was investigated. The oil yields of peanut kernels treated were specified between 48.92% (boiled) and 52.93% (oven roasting). While total phenolic quantities of raw, boiled and roasted-peanut kernels were assessed between 71.98% (boiled) and 178.81 mgGAE/100 g (raw(control)), total flavonoid quantities of treatedpeanut kernels were found to be between 120.36 (boiled) and 530.36 mgQE/100 g (control). The antioxidant activities of peanut kernels ranged from 2.66 (microwave roasting) to 3.90 mmolTE/kg (control). The phenolic constituents of peanut kernels are sensitivities to heat treatment. The maximum reduction in the phenolic compounds of peanut kernels was determined in the peanut kernels roasted in the microwave and oven roasting systems, and followed by the boiled process in decreasing order. Also, while oleic acid quantities of raw, boiled and roasted-peanut kernel oils are determined between 54.06% (boiled) and 57.22% (microwave roasting), the linoleic acid quantities of the oils of peanut kernels treated were specified between 25.18% (microwave roasting) and 27.33% (boiled). The composition of the oil of the peanut kernels roasted in microwave has highly increased (except palmitic and linoleic acids) according to the control. The macro elements found at the highest amounts in raw, boiled and roasted-peanut kernels were P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Na. The most available as micro element has been Fe and Zn. Heat treatments such as roasting and boiling not only change the visible rawness of peanuts, but they can also subsequently cause chemical changes in peanut kernels.

All drying processes increased oil content, antioxidant activity, total phenolic contents, and most of the phenolic compounds in the pulp, peel and seeds of both ripe fruits with varied degrees (p < 0.05). In addition, the processes reduced the oil contents, linoleic acids, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin, and naringenin of the pulp, antioxidant activity of the peels and seeds, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin of the seeds and it enhanced all other parameters in the pulp, peel, and seeds of unripe fruits (p < 0.05). Comparing the phenolic profiles of avocado pulp, peels, and seeds of ripe and unripe fruits indicated that the peel and seeds are richer than the pulp and that is superior in unripe fruits than ripe ones. In addition, drying processes particularly microwave and air drying greatly enhanced the bioactive properties of ripe and unripe avocado fruits and could thus be used to elongate the shelf-life of avocado fruit products without major impact on the overall quality.

The present study investigated the effects of harvesting time on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and phenolic compounds of peanut kernels. The moisture content (air-dried basis) of peanut kernels was determined between 4.47% (September 15, 2019) and 7.93% (October 6, 2019), whereas the oil contents changed from 45.95% (October 6, 2019) to 49.25% (September 22, 2019). The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phenolic contents were low throughout the harvest, showing differences depending on the harvest time. Total phenolic content changed from 0.28 mg GAE/L (September 29, 2019) to 0.43 mg GAE/L (September 8, 2019), whereas the antioxidant activity varied from 4.42% (August 25, 2019) to 4.70% (September 1, 2019). The dominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, depending on the harvest time, followed by stearic, behenic, arachidic, and linolenic acids. The (+)-catechin content ranged from 2.17 mg/L (September 8, 2019) to 5.15 mg/L (September 1, 2019), whereas 1,2-dihydroxybenzene content changed between 2.67 mg/L (October 6, 2019) and 5.85 mg/L (September 29, 2019). The phenolic compound content fluctuated depending on the harvest time. The results showed that peanut kernel and oil had distinctive phenolic profiles and fatty acid contents. The findings of the present study may provide information for the best time to harvest peanut to achieve its maximum health benefits.

In the study, the impact of harvest time on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger) fruit pulp and the oil content and fatty acids profile of the seed were investigated. The highest total phenolic content was determined as 156.77 mg/100 g in July 1 harvest, while the maximum antioxidant activity and total oil content were found as 9.81% and 6.80% at the last stage of maturation (15 August), respectively. The highest oleic (28.51%), palmitic (22.61%) and stearic acid contents (9.20%) in seed oil were observed in June 15 harvest. The highest value for linoleic acid (57.50%) was detected in August 15 harvest. Prickly pear is a vital source of bioactive constituents such as phenolic and antioxidant substances in terms of being useful for human health and the optimum harvesting time to retain high quantities of most phenolic compounds is 1st July., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This research revealed the effect of drying processes on the bioactive properties of marjoram leaves. The total carotenoid content in marjoram leaves ranged between 60.96 µg/g (fresh) and 189.78 µg/g (oven-dried), whereas the total flavonoid content ranged between 949.33 mg CE/100 g (control) and 16,958.59 mg CE/100 g (oven-dried). The total phenolic amounts in marjoram leaves were between 259.17 mg GAE/100 g (fresh) and 1264.17 mg GAE/100 g (oven-dried), while the antioxidant activity values were between 45.23% (fresh) and 77.29% (oven-dried). The 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and (+)-catechin amounts in marjoram leaves were between 19.54 (microwave-dried) and 165.26 (oven-dried) to 20.97 (fresh) and 46.99 mg/100 g (oven-dried), respectively. The kaempferol content in the marjoram plant was specified between 11.45 mg/100 g (fresh) and 43.05 mg/100 g (oven-dried). In general, the quantities of phenolic constituents in the marjoram leaves dried in both drying systems increased compared with fresh samples (except 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, p-coumaric acid, and resveratrol in the microwave-dried samples). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the role of germination times and malt production preliminary stages on the bioactive and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of barley grains was investigated. Antioxidant activity values of barley, soaked barley and dried barley have been reported between 5.00 mmol/kg (barley) and 6.65 mmol/kg (sokaed barley). The total phenol and flavonoid quantities of the barley, soaked barley and dried barley samples were recorded to be between 58.49 (dried barley) and 69.10 mgGAE/100 g (soaked barley) to 145.22 (dried barley) and 157.75 mgQE/100 g (soaked barley), respectively. The total phenol content of green malt and dried‐roasted malt were recorded to be between 115.85 (3rd day) and 237.80 mgGAE/100 g (7th day) to 111.83 (3rd day) and 346.04 mg GAE/100 g (7th day), respectively. While catechin amounts of barley samples are registrated between 5.83 (dried barley) and 10.29 mg/100 g (soaked barley), catechin amounts of green and dried‐roasted malt samples were identified between 5.20 (malt for 3rd day) and 56.42 mg/100 g (malt for 7th day). In general, an increase in the phenolic components of green and dried‐roasted malt samples was observed with germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the present study, the effect of microwave roasting on the total phenolic quantities, antioxidant activities, phenolic constituents, fatty acids and tocopherol amounts of the pistachio kernel and oil was revealed. The moisture, oil, total phenolic amounts and antioxidant capacity value of raw and roasted pistachio nuts were assessed as 31.13%, 28.58%, 34.79 mgGAE/100 g and 0.75%–3.18%, 56.91%, 18.80 mgGAE/100 g and 2.26%, respectively. The raw pistachio nut contains 1.90 gallic acid, 0.22 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 0.87 (+)‐catechin, 0.15 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, 0.15 rutin trihydrate, 0.16 resveratrol, 0.1 quercetin, 0.19 kaempferol and 0.24 mg/100 g isorhamnetin. In addition, microwave‐roasted nuts contained 0.75 gallic acid, 0.62 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 0.83 (+)‐catechin, 0.47 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, 0.21 syringic acid, 0.17 caffeic acid and 0.17 mg/100 g quercetin. The raw and roasted pistachio nut oils contained 74.12% and 71.16% oleic, 13.76% and 15.23% linoleic, 8.16% and 8.92% palmitic and 2.09% and 2.10% stearic acids, respectively. The oil samples of the raw and roasted kernels contained 8.15 and 0.00 α‐tocopherol, 63.78 and 7.60 β‐tocopherol, 8.72 and 7.40 ɣ‐tocopherol and 5.61 and 6.77 mg g−1 δ‐tocopherols, respectively. The total phenolic quantity of the pistachio kernel roasted by microwave decreased significantly. Phenolic compounds of the pistachio kernel showed partial differences depending on microwave heating. Differences were monitored in the fatty acid profiles of Pistachio kernel oils. β‐tocopherol quantity of the oil of the pistachio kernel heated by microwave significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the application of salt water (brine), lye and caustic (NaOH) on salt content, acidity, pH in caper brine during fermentation was investigated. The total carotenoid quantity of the caper buds were assessed to be between 0.46 (lye) and 1.57 µg/g (hot water) on the 5th day, while the total carotenoid quantities of the buds on the 30th are found between 0.22 (normal water) and 0.94 µg/g (brine). The total carotenoid values of the caper buds on the 45th day were changed to be between 0.05 (hot water) and 0.75 µg/g (brine). The total phenol quantities of the buds on the 30th day were detected between 111.23 (caustic) and 194.48 mg GAE/100 g (hot water), while the total phenol quantities of the caper buds on the 45th day were assigned between 66.87 (lye) and 159.33 mgGAE/100 g (brine). The total flavonoid quantities of thecaper buds were assigned between 289.29 (lye) and 458.81 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g (normal water) on the 45th day. The highest decrease in phenolic components during fermentation was detected in catechin, rutin and resveratrol. Fermented caper buds, whose bitterness was removed with normal water on the 45th day, received the most appreciation. At the end of fermentation, the buds whose bitterness was removed with soda water, normal and hot water, normal water and caustic were most appreciated in terms of color, smell, taste and hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of roasting, boiling and germination processes on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, fatty acid and phenolic profiles and biogenic elements of quinoa seed and oils was assigned. The moisture amounts of boiled and germinated quinoa seeds were recorded to be significantly higher than the control. Also, the oil yield of quinoa seeds decreased compared with the control by roasting, boiling and germinating. The total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of quinoa seeds were assigned to be between 137.70 (germinated) and 315.00 (boiled) to 156.62 (boiled) and 402.38 mg/100 g (control), respectively. Antioxidant capacities of processed quinoa seeds were reported to be between 11.91 (germinated) and 14.43 mmol kg−1 (roasted). The highest total flavonoid and antioxidant capacities were recorded in the control group and roasted quinoa seeds. The highest decrease in total phenol amount of quinoa seeds was detected in germinated quinoa. Gallic acid and catechin values of quinoa seeds varied to be between 29.17 (boiled) and 38.00 mg/100 g (control) to 2.72 (germinated) and 137.26 mg/100 g (control), respectively. The rutin, ferulic acid and p‐coumaric acid contents of the processed (roasted, boiled and germinated) quinoa seeds gradually increased compared with the control. The highest palmitic, oleic, behenic and arachidonic acids were recorded in germinated quinoa oil, followed by the fatty acids of boiled, raw (control) and roasted quinoa seed oils in descending order. P and K amounts of quinoa were established to be between 2203.44 (roasted) and 3314.59 (control) to 4350.60 (boiled) and 6266.85 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Total carotenoid amounts of rocket samples were established between 120.56 μg g−1 (fresh) and 130.06 μg g−1 (microwave). In addition, total phenol and flavonoid results of rockets dried in microwave and oven were found between 655.53 (oven) and 1790.96 mg GAE/100 g (fresh) to 254.03 (oven) and 1668.83 mg/100 g (fresh), respectively. Also, radical scavenging activities (DPPH and FRAP) of rocket samples were measured between 7.55 (oven) and 25.45 mmol kg−1 (fresh) to 35.59 (oven) and 66.74 mg g−1 (fresh), respectively. Gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin and rutin were the main phenolic compounds found in rocket samples. Catechin contents of rockets dried in microwave and oven systems were recorded between 349.60 (oven) and 442.47 mg/100 g (fresh). Gallic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of rocket samples were monitored between 52.84 (oven) and 952.15 mg/100 g (fresh) to 30.92 (oven) and 282.15 mg/100 g (fresh), respectively. The protein amounts of rockets were determined between 11.00% (microwave) and 11.60% (oven). P and K values of fresh and dried rockets were found between 3148.36 (oven) and 3752.33 mg kg−1 (fresh) to 39 363.75 (microwave) and 36 883.41 mg/kg (fw), respectively. Also, Ca and Mg results of fresh and dried‐rockets were found between 26 739.33 (microwave) and 29 534.48 mg kg−1 (fresh) to 3125.32 (microwave) and 3431.70 mg kg−1 (fresh), respectively. The highest S (14 665.30 mg kg−1) was detected in rocket sample dried in microwave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture results, bioactive compounds, phenolic and mineral amounts of date fruits showed significant changes depending on package types, storage temperatures and fruit types. The moisture content of date fruits stored at -18 °C was higher than that of date fruits stored at other temperatures (5 and 25 °C). The highest moisture loss in date fruits was observed in fruits stored at 25 °C. The storage temperature with the highest total phenol amounts of the Khalas, Ruzeiz and Sukkari date cultivars was at 25 °C, followed by 5 °C and − 18 °C in decreasing order. The storage temperature and packaging types with the highest total flavonoid content of the "Ruzeiz" date variety were "open cardboard" and "sealed in plastic bag and stored in closed cardboard" at 25 °C. In general, the highest phenolic compounds were detected in "Khalas" date variety, followed by "Ruzeiz" and "Sukkari" varieties in decreasing order. While the most abundant macro element in date varieties was K, followed by P, Mg and Ca, the most abundant micro elements were Fe, and followed by Mn, Zn, B and Cu in decreasing order. The P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and B results of the "Khalas" date variety stored at 25 °C were higher than those of the "Khalas" date fruits stored at other temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the changes in oil content, bioactive components, radical scavenging activity, phenolic profiles, fatty acid components and sensory characteristics of 'Ayvalık' olive fruits fermented in brine thyme, sage and rosemary hydrosols were investigated. Total carotenoid and total phenolic results of olives were recorded between 0.02 (thyme hydrosol) and 0.24 μg g−1 (control (only brine 10%)) to 213.92 (rosemary hydrosol) and 432.54 mg GAE per 100 g (fresh 'Ayvalık' olive), respectively. Total flavonoids of olive fruits fermented in different hydrosols were reported between 755.87 mg per 100 g (rosemary hydrosol) and 1404.76 mg per 100 g (fresh 'Ayvalık' olive). Radical scavenging capacity of fermented 'Ayvalık' olive fruits was reported between 10.20 (control) and 10.55 mmol kg−1 (rosemary hydrosol). Verbascoside results of fresh and fermented 'Ayvalık' olive fruits in brine and hydrosols were identified between 107.00 mg per 100 g (sage hydrosol) and 167.20 mg per 100 g (fresh 'Ayvalık' olive). Oleic and linoleic acid values of olive oils changed to be between 67.07% (rosemary hydrosol) and 68.71% (control) to 10.89% (control) and 11.86% (rosemary hydrosol), respectively. Overall, 'Ayvalık' olive fruit fermented in brine was most appreciated by the panellists, followed in descending order by olives fermented in thyme, sage, and rosemary hydrosols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of dehydration of some physico‐chemical characteristics, total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of green and red jalapeno pepper fruits was investigated. The total carotenoid contents of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were reported to be between 14.15 (fresh) and 129.00 μg/g (540 and 720 W) to 2.8 (fresh) and 27.25 μg/g (720 W), respectively. Total phenolic results of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were recorded between 205.83 (fresh) and 343.93 mg GAE/100 g (540 W) to 81.69 (fresh) and 309.88 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (air drying), respectively. The highest decrease in L* results (brightness) of both red (32.33) and green (36.45) peppers was determined with air drying. Gallic acid, catechin and kaempferol were the predominant phenolic compounds of jalapeno peppers. Gallic acid amounts of red and green jalapeno pepper samples changed between 3.23 (fresh) and 16.20 mg/100 g (air) to 2.41 (fresh) and 9.30 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Also, catechin amounts of both red and green dehydrated jalapeno pepper fruits were determined between 3.24 (fresh) and 106.33 mg/100 g (900 W) to 2.89 (fresh) and 90.05 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Both conventional and microwave drying has caused the reduction of redness for red pepper and greenness for green pepper. The phenolic components of red jalapeno peppers were partially higher than the green ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different cooking techniques on broccoli moisture, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and radical scavenging capacity results, polyphenol contents, and their quantitative values was investigated. The total phenolic quantities of fresh and cooked broccoli samples were assessed to be between 36.32 (conventional boiling) and 423.39 mg GAE/100 g (microwave heating). The radical scavenging activities of the broccoli samples were reported between 2.55 (conventional boiling) and 4.99 mmol/kg (microwave heating). In addition, catechin and rutin quantities of the fresh and cooked broccoli samples were measured to be between 2.24 (conventional boiling) and 54.48 mg/100 g (microwave heating), and between 0.55 (conventional boiling) and 16.33 mg/100 g (microwave heating), respectively. The most abundant elements in fresh and cooked broccoli samples were K, Ca, P, S, and Mg. The results showed some changes depending on cooking techniques compared to the control. The bioactive properties of broccoli samples cooked by means of conventional boiling, boiling in vacuum bag, and high-pressure boiling were established to be lower compared to the fresh sample. Catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, rutin, and gallic acid were the key phenolic compounds of fresh and cooked broccoli samples. The phenolic components of broccoli were significantly affected by the applied cooking techniques. The highest protein in broccoli samples was determined in the broccoli sample cooked by boiling in a vacuum bag. There were statistically significant changes among the mineral results of broccoli cooked with different cooking methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the differences in bioactive properties and phenolic compounds by HPLC of pineapple cut into pieces such as core, pulp and peel. Total carotenoid content of the pineapple showed a regular increase from the inner to the outer parts. Total phenolic content reached its highest value (70.98 mg GAE/100 g) in the middle part of the pineapple pulp. This part presented similar trends of antioxidant activity by both DPPH and FRAP. The pineapple peel was rich in total flavonoid content (57.67 mg QE/100 g). The main phenolic compounds of the pineapple were catechin (10.70–18.92 mg/100 g), gallic acid (10.18–17.25 mg/100 g) and ferulic acid (1.40–6.10 mg/100 g). The bioactive properties of the fruit showed differences based on the parts of pineapple. These differences were observed not only in the core, pulp and peel parts, but also in the inner or outer parts of the pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of germination in changes on total phenol, flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols and biogenic elements of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, foliole and germinated grain) was investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of raw and germinated barley parts were recorded to be between 97.61 (foliole) and 164.44 mgGAE/100 g (radicle) to 38.93 (germinated barley grain) and 371.07 mg/100 g (radicle), respectively. Antioxidant capacity results (DPPH and ABTS assays) were recorded between 3.37 (germinated barley grain) and 4.82 mmol kg−1 (radicle) to 0.79 (germinated barley grain) and 2.28 mmol kg−1 (radicle), respectively. The highest total phenol and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant capacity values were detected in radicle. Catechin and kaempferol values of raw and germinated barley parts (radicle, foliole and germinated barley grain) were recorded between 5.85 (germinated barley grain) and 19.71 mg/100 g (radicle) to 3.91 (germinated barley grain) and 4.62 mg/100 g (foliole), respectively. Gallic acid results of barley samples varied between 0.72 (germinated barley grain) and 10.95 mg/100 g (radicle). The phenolic compounds detected in the highest amounts in raw and germinated barley parts were catechin, kaempferol and gallic acid. P and K results of raw (control) and germinated barley parts were recorded to be between 727.64 (foliole) and 2078.10 mg kg−1 (control) to 955.40 (germinated barley grain) and 3982.63 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. As a micro elements, Fe and Zn results of barley samples were identified between 2.95 (foliole) and 14.30 mg kg−1 (control) to 6.26 (foliole) and 24.84 mg kg−1 (control), respectively. Significant decreases in macro and micro element contents were observed during the germination of barley grain compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In present investigation, the effect of roasting in microwave and oven on bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profiles and phenolic constituents of quinoa seeds for free and conjugated phenolic profile fractions are studied. The oil contents of seeds roasted in both roasting systems were recorded between 4.25% (microwave) and 4.80% (oven).Total phenolic amounts of free and bound fractions of quinoa seeds were measured to be between 1668.1 (control) and 2037.5 mg/100 g (microwave) to 638.9 (microwave) to 1615.3 mg/100 g (oven), respectively. Antioxidant activities of free and bound fractions of quinoa seeds were recorded to be between 36.86% (microwave) and 39.28% (oven) to 74.83% (control) and 77.18% (microwave), respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid results of quinoa seed oils roasted in microwave and oven were identified between 17.26% (oven) and 22.41% (control) to 48.39% (oven) and 59.92% (microwave), respectively. 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzoic acid results of raw and roasted quinoa seeds for free and bound fractions were identified to be between 2.84 (microwave) and 4.01 mg/100 g (oven) to 7.43 (oven) and 12.60 mg/100 g (control), respectively. K results of roasted quinoa seeds were recorded between 8701.17 (oven) and 9638.45 (microwave). Results showed some changes depending on roasting systems and fraction types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the changes in bioactive properties, phenolic compound profile and mineral results of fresh, boiled and dried pea seeds were investigated. It was observed that the total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity results of heat‐treated peas were decreased when compared to the control. Total carotenoid result of peas dried in oven and microwave were significantly increased compared to control and boiled peas (P < 0.05). Oven or microwave heating treatments increased the L* values of samples, while boiling caused a decrease in L* results. As with the bioactive properties of peas, the phenolic component amounts of peas were also low in the dried samples, and a linear correlation was obtained between the phenolic components and bioactive properties of the treated pea seeds. The highest protein content was detected in the peas dried in the conventional heater. Both fresh and dried peas are rich in K, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe and Zn. K results of fresh and dried pea samples ranged from 19 258.50 (boiling) to 23 820.31 ppm (dw; oven). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil contents of outer and inner parts of blue cheese were 0.90% (outer part) and 2.05% (inner part), respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid values of outer and inner parts of blue cheese samples were 120.30 (outer part) and 101.96 mg GAE/100 g (inner part) to 16.55 (outer part) and 8.45 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g (inner part), respectively. The predominant phenolic compounds of outer and inner parts of blue moldy cheese were gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, and rutin. In addition, catechin contents of outer and inner parts of blue cheese were detected as 4.28 (outer part) and 4.09 mg/100 g (inner part), whereas rutin values of blue cheese were determined as 4.93 (outer part) and 3.06 mg/100 g (inner part), respectively. Lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in moldy chese oils. In addition, palmitic and stearic acid contents of outer and inner parts of blue moldy cheese were identified as 41.99 (outer part) and 39.87% (inner part) to 14.95 (outer part) and 12.85% (inner part), respectively. In addition, oleic acid contents of outer and inner parts of blue moldy cheese were 19.31% (outer part) and 22.58% (inner part), respectively. Practical applications: Fresh or ripened cheese from the coagulation of milk is rich in nutritional components and is an important source of protein, short‐chain fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and a wide variety of biologically active substances. One of the most important biochemical events during the ripening of cheeses is proteolysis. Cheese has a very complex structure that causes differences even within the same variety as a result of the changes it undergoes during production and ripening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total carotenoid, phenolic content, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity value of fresh capia peppers were 21.17 μ g/g, 1297.49 mg GAE/100 g, 631.00 mg/100 g, and 35.85 mmol/kg, respectively. Total carotenoid and total phenolic contents of capia peppers dried by the air, conventional, and microwave systems were identified between 128.95 (air) and 131.98 μg/g (microwave) to 348.64 mgGAE/100 g (conventional) and 401.54 mg GAE/100 g (air), respectively. Total flavonoid amounts and antioxidant activities of dried‐capia peppers were determined between 142.32 (air) and 442.98 mg/100 g (microwave) to 3.71 mmol/kg (microwave) and 3.94 mmol/kg (air), respectively. L*, a*, and b* values of capia pepper ranged from 28.30 to 35.56, from 15.62 to 22.67, and from 7.73 to 11.80, respectively. The highest decrease in L* values (brightness) of peppers was observed after air drying (28.30). Gallic and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of dried peppers were detected between 22.66 (conventional) and 28.05 mg/100 g (microwave) to 36.33 (air) and 42.44 mg/100 g (microwave), respectively. Catechin and caffeic acid values of dried peppers were identified between 88.97 (air) and 141.96 mg/100 g (microwave) to 8.94 (air) and 24.59 mg/100 g (conventional), respectively. The greatest increase in phenolic components of peppers was detected in microwave dried samples, followed by conventional and air drying systems in descending order. Practical applications: Fruits and vegetables, which contain many different antioxidant compounds that protect against harmful free radicals, are an important source of natural antioxidants. Pepper is one of the important vegetables due to its phytochemicals, and it has been reported to reduce the risk of degenerative diseases because it contains a wide variety of phytochemicals, vitamin C, and carotenoids. Capsicum annum L. red sweet peppers are widely used commercially in the food processing industry. Considering its nutritional values, it is a very important source of ascorbic acid and is also rich in carotenoids, tocopherols, and flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to compare the effects of brewing method (decoction and infusion), time (1–5 min), and also origin of coffee beans on antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP methods, caffeine content and phenolic compounds by HPLC. Principal component analysis was used to determine the effective treatments on bioactive properties. Coffee brews prepared with decoction method contained higher contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin as compared to the infusion method. On the other hand, antioxidant activity of coffee brews by DPPH and ABTS radical methods showed an opposite trend. Similar to antioxidant activity, infusion method was better to obtain higher amounts of catechin, caffeic acid and quercetin in coffee brews. The brewing method did not cause a significant difference in caffeine and rutin contents. Brewing time had major effects on several bioactive compounds, and their amounts showed an increase after extending the time of brewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total phenolic contents of immature and ripe linden sonicated at different times were measured between 307.74 (10 min) and 365.87 mgGAE/100 g (30 min) to 364.48 (10 min) and 403.97 mgGAE/100 g (30 min), respectively. In addition, total flavonoid contents of immature and ripe linden sonicated were detected between 938.99 (10 min) and 1236.01 mg/100 g (30 min) to 1200.89 (40 min) and 1483.04 mg/100 g (20 min), respectively. The gallic acid contents of sonicated immature and ripe linden were detected between 11.49 (10 min) 14.70 mg/100 g (40 min) to 6.92 (20 min) and 12.62 mg/100 g (10 min), respectively. While 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of immature linden sonicated vary between 19.78 (20 min) and 24.33 mg/100 g (30 min), 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of sonicated‐ripe linden were tested between 17.14 (30 min) and 19.62 mg/100 g (20 min). In addition, sonication affected the quantities of phenolic constituents. Practical applications: The use of herbal supplements has increased tremendously over the past two decades. The use of herbs has increased due to the lack of side effects compared to synthetics. Linden is rich in phenolic compounds and these compounds. Tilia cordata has sedative, diuretic, and diaphoretic properties in folk medicine. The use of ultrasonic waves is a new processing technology for extraction of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, differences in oil contents, bioactive properties (total phenol, total flavonoid, total chlorophyll, antioxidant activity), fatty acids and polyphenols of rapeseed and oils harvested in Turkey (Yarma-Karatay-Konya) were investigated. The chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b amounts of seeds changed between 1.45 (Sygenta Linus) and 4.45 µg/g (PR44W29) to 0.07 (Neptune) and 4.74 µg/g (Sygenta Linus), respectively. Total chlorophyll contents of rapeseed varieties changed between 1.30 (PR44W29) and 2.37 mg/kg (Neptune). Total phenol and flavonoid amounts of rapeseed samples varied between 54.82 (Neptune) and 75.69 mgGAE/100g (Sygenta Linus) to 111.31 (Neptune) and 138.21 mg/100g (Sygenta Linus), respectively. Antioxidant activity values of rapeseeds were measured between 2.84 (Neptune) and 3.30 mmol/kg (Sygenta Linus). Oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and palmitic acids were found in abundant amounts in rapeseed oils. Oleic and linoleic acid amounts of rapeseed oils were found between 60.97 (Neptune) and 63.96% (Neptune) to 19.02 (Sygenta Linus) and 22.52% (Neptune), respectively. While gallic acid contents of rapeseeds vary between 15.44 (Neptune) and 23.27 mg/100g (Sygenta Linus), gallic acid amounts of rapeseed oils were identified between 14.10 (Neptune) and 19.15 mg/100g (Sygenta Linus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive leaves have drawn attention because of their contents of bioactive compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of irrigation on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of olive leaves belonged to different varieties collected between September and December in irrigated and rainfed orchards. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to explain the effect of variables. The highest total phenolic content was determined in irrigated Ayvalık leaves (1945 mg/100g). Results showed that olive leaves contained significant amounts of flavonoids, ranging from 6379 to 159046 mg/100g. However, differences in antioxidant activity were generally between 1 and 2% regarding irrigation, collection time, and variety. Luteolin-7-glucoside (273-1461 mg/100g) was the main phenolic compound of olive leaves, followed by verbascoside (399-1002 mg/100g). The influence of irrigation showed differences in the amounts of phenolic compounds among the cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The total phenol and total flavonoid amounts of raw and roasted quinoa grains were measured between 135.63 (control) and 176.75 mgGAE/100 g (15 min) to 332.86 mg/100 g (control) and 421.43 mg/100 g (15 min), respectively. Also, antioxidant activity values of quinoa grain extracts were established between 14.15 mmol/kg (control) and 14.84 mmol/kg (15 min). Although gallic acid contents of quinoa grains are detected between 3167.98 (5 min) and 3726.00 mg/100 g (control), catechin amounts of quinoa seeds were identified between 11.73 mg/100 g (15 min) and 24.15 mg/100 g (10 min). The oleic and linoleic acid amounts of the oils of raw and roasted‐quinoa grains were identified between 26.68% (15 min) and 37.80% (control) to 37.31% (control) and 51.81% (10 min), respectively. Total phenol, flavonoid amounts and antioxidant activity values of roasted quinoa grains increased with the roasting time. In general, the amounts of oils increased with the increase of roasting time, whereas the amounts of other fatty acids decreased. Practical applications: Quinoa seeds possess nutritional properties due to phytochemicals. Quinoa seeds are ground to make a variety of baked goods, or they can be puffed to produce breakfast foods and snacks. Quinoa seeds are consumed in cooked rice, soups, yoghurt, and salads. Roasting can affect the amounts of phytochemical of edible seeds. Quinoa seed, considered as an alternative oilseed crop due to the quality and quantity of the lipid fraction, is rich in essential fatty acids (linoleic and alpha‐linolenic acids). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound‐assisted extraction under vacuum on bioactive properties of peel and flesh of pitaya fruit, and also compare with sonication under atmosphere condition using the principal component analysis (PCA). Vacuum sonication exhibited better results for total phenolic (56.78–71.54 mg GAE per 100 g for peel; 11.03–17.92 mg GAE per 100 g for flesh) and total flavonoid (95.33–115.71 mg QE per 100 g for peel; 13.26–19.36 mg QE per 100 g for flesh) amounts. DPPH free radical scavenging activity values of peel and flesh increased from 1.97 to 2.53 mmol TE kg‐1; from 0.33 to 0.50 mmol TE kg‐1 after sonication process, respectively. The main phenolic compounds of pitaya were identified as catechin (1.15–20.31 mg per 100 g) and rutin (0.88–14.55 mg per 100 g) in peel; catechin (1.11–9.35 mg per 100 g) and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (1.29–3.60 mg per 100 g) in flesh. The combination of vacuum and ultrasound process can be used as a green extraction technology in order to enhance the amounts of bioactive compounds of pitaya fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) values varied between 9.71 (methanol:water, 60:40 v/v) and 13.30% (methanol:water, 50:50 v/v) and total phenol contents ranged between 12.43 (ethanol:water, 60:40 v/v) and 22.91 mg GAE/kg (methanol:water, 50:50 v/v). In general, pomelo fruit carpels (PFCs or the carpels with juicy vesicles) extracts obtained using methanol:water solutions exhibited higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic content in comparison with those obtained using ethanol:water solutions. Gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)‐catechin, and 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene were the major phenolic compounds of PFC extract obtained by methanol:water and ethanol:water solutions at different concentrations. Gallic acid contents of PFC extract obtained by both solutions varied between 9.35 (methanol:water, 100:0 v/v) and 34.30 mg/kg (methanol:water, 50:50 v/v), whereas 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid contents of those changed between 1.02 (ethanol:water, 80:20 v/v) and 8.70 mg/kg (methanol:water, 50:50 v/v). Overall, a combination of methanol and water at 1:1 ratio is optimal for extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from PFCs. Practical applications: Pomelo is one of the major citrus plants. Polyphenolic compounds have demonstrated various health‐promoting effects. Fruits and vegetables are generally considered as healthy foods, and their consumption is crucial to disease prevention and in cases their treatment due to the occurrence of bioactive. Such bioactive compounds play vital roles toward health‐promoting properties of different fruits and vegetables, and hence, interest in investigation for different bioactive compounds, extraction procedures, and their biological properties is increasing. Pomelo fruit is a rich source of these bioactive compounds. The current study investigates the extraction of bioactive compounds from pomelo fruit carpel using organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh melon (control) contained 0.07 µg/g total carotenoid, 17.56 mg GAE/100 g total phenol, and 8.21 mg QE/100 g total flavonoid. Antioxidant activity value of fresh melon (control) was 0.15 mmol TE/100 g while total carotenoid amounts of dehydrated melons vary between 0.05 µg/g (oven) and 0.29 µg/g (microwave), and total flavonoid amounts of dehydrated melons were measured between 42.50 (microwave and infrared) and 43.21 mg QE/100 g. Total phenol contents of dehydrated melon slices were identified between 101.96 (infrared) and 150.18 mg GAE/100 g (microwave). While the contents of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic, (+)‐catechin, caffeic, syringic, rutin, p‐coumaric and ferulic acid of melon samples dehydrated in the oven were higher than those of melons dehydrated in microwave and infrared, only gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic, (+)‐catechin, and ferulic acid contents were slightly higher than those of melons dehydrated in infrared. The highest component was determined in melon dehydrated in the oven, followed by infrared and microwave in decreasing order. Practical applications: Melon is one of the most consumed fruits worldwide. Dehydration is one of the main postharvest processes. Drying studies were carried out on determining several quality indexes. Dehydrated melon is prepared as a product enriched with bioactive components. In this concept, melon has become a preferred and consumed food item in the world in terms of taste due to its high sweetness and total phenolic. Especially fruits have an important role in human nutrition due to their many bioactive and phenolic compounds. While the contents of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)‐catechin, caffeic, syringic, rutin‐trihydrate, p‐coumaric and ferulic acid of melon samples dehydrated in the oven were higher than those of melons dehydrated in microwave and infrared, only gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)‐catechin and ferulic acid contents were slightly higher than those of melons dehydrated in infrared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil recovery from Alyanak apricot kernel was 36.65% in control (unroasted) and increased to 43.77% in microwave-roasted kernels. The total phenolic contents in extracts from apricot kernel were between 0.06 (oven-roasted) and 0.20 mg GAE/100 g (microwave-roasted) while the antioxidant activity varied between 2.55 (oven-roasted) and 19.34% (microwave-roasted). Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene were detected as the key phenolic constituents in apricot kernels. Gallic acid contents varied between 0.53 (control) and 1.10 mg/100 g (microwave-roasted) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid contents were between 0.10 (control) and 0.35 mg/100 g (microwave-roasted). Among apricot oil fatty acids, palmitic acid contents ranged from 4.38 (oven-roasted) to 4.76% (microwaveroasted); oleic acid contents were between 65.73% (oven-roasted) and 66.15% (control) and linoleic acid contents varied between 26.55 (control) and 27.12% (oven-roasted). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity increased from 25.43% to 83.55% when dried at room temperature. Methanolic extracts of the all dried berries showed strong antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals in comparison to fresh samples. The highest total phenolics (135.07 mg/100 g) were detected in microwave‐dried fruit, and followed by (115.63 mg/100 g) in samples dried at room temperature. 1,2‐Dihydroxybenzene (118.57 mg/100 g), catechin (52.71 mg/100 g), and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (29.01 mg/100 g) in fresh berries were increased to 251.43, 158.98, and 110.99 mg/100 g in microwave dried ones, respectively. However, only gallic acid contents decreased from 131.54 mg/100 g in fresh samples to 23.74 mg/100 g in microwave treated one. It can be inferred that dried myrtle fruit is good source of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Myrtle fruit can be effectively used for the recovery of bioactive compounds which have useful functional properties and can be employed in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Practical applications: Drying processes are also applied to extract bioactive compounds from plant matrix (seed, fruit, leaf, etc.). Different drying methods can cause changes in the contents and availability of biologically important compounds from these matrices. Microwave energy and oven drying have been widely used in various processes. The results of current study are hence useful for the optimal processing of plant materials for the recovery of different phytochemicals and their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phenolic compounds in fresh fruits (Physalis alkegengi, Lycium barbarum, Prunus divaricata, Sambucus ebulus, Rubus sanctus, Berberis crataeginea) were determined by HPLC. The highest content of phenolic compounds was found in Berberis crataeginea, varied from 1.67 mg/kg (trans-cinnamic acid) to 228.32 mg/kg (rutin trihydrate), while Physalis alkegengi contains the minimum amount of phenolic compounds, ranged from 0.100 mg/kg (p-coumaric acid) to 23.78 mg/kg ((+)-catechin). 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and gallic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds of Physalis alkegengi, Lycium barbarum, Prunus divaricata, Sambucus ebulus, Rubus sanctus,, respectively. All fruits contained minor amounts of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, naringenin, trans-cinnamicacid, resveratrol and p-coumaric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of roasting temperature and time on color, crude oil, acrylamide, total phenols, antioxidant activity, and trans fatty acid and phenolic contents in white and brown sesame seeds. Samples were roasted in a microwave oven (360, 540, 720 W; 5, 10, 15 min) and an electric oven (180°C, 200°C, 220°C; 10, 20, 30 min). Phenolic and antioxidant contents changed significantly. Maximum total phenolic content and antioxidant activity values were noted for samples roasted in the electric oven at 220°C for 30 min (white, 264.17 mg/100 g, 74.76%; brown, 289.79 mg/100 g, 74.32%, respectively). Dominant fatty acids did not change significantly following electric oven roasting. Roasting at 200 and 220°C caused trans fatty acid formation. Elaidic and linolelaidic acid contents were 0.05%–0.36%, 0.06%–0.33% in white sesame and 0.22%–0.41%, 0.06%–0.23% in brown sesame, respectively. Acrylamide formation was not detected. Practical applications: Sesame oil obtained from roasted sesame seeds, is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, has a long shelf life and a unique aroma. Roasting process successfully increase oil, antioxidants, and total phenol content of sesame seeds. After processing of sesame seeds, major phenolic compounds were altered. Roasting of sesame seeds at 220°C using conventional method is more suitable than other methods. Trans fatty acids (elaidic and linolelaidic) formation was observed at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture amounts of the white and red onions of the control group were determined to be 91.59% and 87.32%, respectively. The highest decrease in moisture content occurred within the red onion (7.14%) dried at 90°C. The total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity values of the white and red onions dried at both temperatures increased significantly compared to the control groups. The highest increase for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were established for white and red onions dried at 90°C. Caffeic acid, rutin‐trihydrate, p‐coumaric acid, trans‐ferulic acid, apigenin‐7‐glucoside, quercetin, and trans‐cinnamic acid contents of both the undried and dried red onions were found to be higher compared to the contents of the undried and dried white onions. Additionally, the amounts of phenolic constituents of white and red onions dried at 50 and 90°C temperatures were higher compared to those of the control groups. Practical applications: Various types of dried onions forms include flaked onion, minced onion, chopped onion, and powdered onion, and are a product of substantial prominence and importance across the global trade landscape. Moreover, the onion plant enjoys widespread use as a flavor additive in copious amounts of food formulations including comminuted meats, sauces, soups, and salad dressings. By drying the plant materials, the moisture content of the product is brought to a suitable value for storage, and in addition to this, it is to prevent the losses in the flavor, taste, color, and nutrients of the vegetable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, effect of grape varieties on carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, polyphenolic, and mineral contents of vine leaves. Total flavonoid contents of vine leaves were determined between 5,217.86 mgQE/100 g (Viktorija) and 11,796.43 mgQE/100 g (Cabernet Sauvignon). Total phenolic contents of vine leaves varied between 1,298.21 (Cardinal) and 1,748.21 mg GAE/100 g (Blatina) while the antioxidant activity values of samples change between 20.60% (Trnjak) and 20.83% (Sugraone Seedless). While (+)‐catechin contents of leave samples are identified between 31.85 mg/100 g (Trnjak) and 212.46 mg/100 g (Royal), 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene contents of leaves ranged from 57.56 mg/100 g (Sugraone Seedless) to 270. 92 mg/100 g (Vranac). While phosphorus contents of leaves are found between 3,386.94 (Zilavka) and 8,134.07 mg/kg (Viktorija), potassium contents of leaves were measured between 8,060.78 mg/kg (Zilavka) and 14,886.09 mg/kg (Cardinal). The chemical compositions of leaves showed differences among variational origin. Vine leaves are rich in organic acids, phenolic compound, and mineral contents. Practical Applications: Stuffed grape leaf (dolma) picked fresh from the vine has been a famous dish of Turkish, Balkan, and Middle East Nations cuisine for centuries. Vine leaves are rich in sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. The vine leaves are composed of wide range of phenolic compounds. Stuffed grape leaf picked fresh from the vine has been a famous dish. The grape leave oils are rich in phenolics, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid. Brined vine leaves have a significant place in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boiling process caused decrease from 22.22 mg/100 g to 3.01 mg/100 g in total phenolic content of celery root. Similarly, after boiling process, antioxidant activity of sample reduced from 2.67% to 0.53%. The main phenolic compounds of celery were found as catechin (50.93 mg/100 g), 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (39.81 mg/100 g), 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene (35.19 mg/7100 g), and gallic acid (19.21 mg/100 g), respectively. Generally, the reduction in phenolic compounds was observed with boiling process. The highest reduction was determined in 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid from 39.81 mg/100 g to 30.62 mg/100 g. Additionally, gallic acid and quercetin contents of celery decreased from 19.21 mg/100 g to 15.75 mg/100 g and from 17.28 mg/100 g to 13.08 mg/100 g, respectively, while catechin content of sample increased from 50.93 mg/100 g to 54.77 mg/100 g after boiling process. A significant decrease in the total phenol and antioxidant activity values of boiled samples was observed. Practical applications: Celery is a rich source of natural active compounds having different biological properties and mechanism of action. The boiling process impacts the physical and chemical properties and bioavailability of functional compounds in vegetables. Most of the vegetables are cooked by boiling in water before consumed. This cooking process would bring about a number of changes in physical and chemical characteristics of vegetables. The present research was carried out for evaluation effects of antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and phenolic compounds of the celery root by boiling cooking method compare to fresh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil contents of almond kernels were determined between 37.60% (Selection 25) and 49.10% (Tuono). Total carotenoid and total flavonoid contents of almond kernels varied between 0.21 µg/g (Nessebar) and 1.85 µg/g (Teteny Botermo) to 44.75 mg/100 g (Selection 25) and 479.13 mg/100 g (Teteny Rekord), respectively. In addition, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity values of almond kernels changed between 6.04 mg GAE/100 g (Ne Plus Ultra) and 83.19 mg GAE/100 g (Teteny Rekord) to 4.55% (Selection 25) and 90.15% (Teteny Rekord), respectively. Oleic acid contents of almond kernel oils were determined between 61.39% (Ne Plus Ultra) and 73.51% (Texas), linoleic acid contents of oil samples varied between 16.02% (Masbovera) and 30.60% (Ne Plus Ultra). Gallic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)‐catechin, 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, syringic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin were the key phenolic constituents of kernels showed partly differences depending on almond varieties. Almond kernels are rich in K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, and S elements. Practical applications: Almonds are used as ingredients in a variety of processed foods such as bakery and confectionery products, almond milk, and almond fermented milk. The roasted almond kernels used in desserts, salads, and ice‐creams is a popular snack in Turkey. Almonds are considered to be a valuable source of plant proteins in the human diet. Almonds have recognized health benefits, due to high fatty acids, phenolics, and proteins. The most important unsaturated fatty acids of almond oils are oleic and linoleic acids. Phenolic compounds comprise a large and heterogeneous group of secondary plant metabolites distributed widely throughout the plant kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of irrigation, variety (Ayvalık, Çöpaşı, Gemlik and Yağlık) and harvest time from August to December in both 2017 and 2018 on total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging activities and phenolic compounds by HPLC of olive fruit was investigated. Limited study on the combined effects of the irrigation and harvest time in olive varieties with commercial value in Turkey was conducted. The current study is important for detecting the differences in bioactive properties of irrigated and rain-fed olives based on harvest time. The highest total phenolic content (8457.80 mg/kg) and antioxidant activity values (8.63 mmol TE/100 g) were obtained in the Yağlık olive, followed by the Çöpaşı variety. The verbascoside (1088.40–2634.20 mg/kg) was found as the major phenolic compound in all olive varieties for this location. In both harvest years, hydroxytyrosol (307.30–1449.10 mg/kg) and oleuropein (577.40–1404.80 mg/kg) contents of the Yağlık variety were higher than other varieties. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of olives (especially Ayvalık and Gemlik varieties) decreased by irrigation. According to the results, Yağlık olive was the most outstanding one in terms of bioactive components. Irrigation time and amount should be determined separately for each variety. Additionally, irrigation would not be recommended for Ayvalık and Gemlik varieties in this location because it caused a significant decrease in the bioactive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the bioactive properties and phenolic constituents of different grape seeds grown in Turkey were investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of grape seeds varied between 1,120.83 mgGAE/100 g (Tarsus beyazı) and 3,485.24 mgGAE/100 g (Büzgülü) to 10,087.13 mg/100 g (Topacık) and 47,013.06 mg/100 g (Ekşikara),respectively. Antioxidant activity values of grape seeds were determined between 79.22%(Kızıl Üzüm‐Sık Dimrit) and 90.24% (Büzgülü‐Konya). In general, the total phenolic contents of Büzgülü (Gülnar‐Mersin), Miski, İri Aküzüm, Büzgülü (Konya), İspitiren, Göküzüm, İrikara, Dimrit and Muftalma grape seeds were above 2,000 mgGAE/100 g. While (+)‐catechin values of seeds are determined between 30.70 (Devegözü‐Black) and 410.42mg/100 g (İspitiren),1,2‐dihydroxybenzene amounts of extracts were found between 31.43 (Devegözü‐Black) and 1,211.00 mg/100 g (Hönüsü). While apigenin‐7‐glucoside values of grape seed extracts vary between 42.22 (Dimrit) and 293.58 mg/100 g (Kara Dimrit), quercetin contents of seeds changed between 91.79 (Dimrit) and 466.44 mg/100 g (Dimrit‐Siyah). A large variation of amounts of phenolic constituents depending on grape seed varieties was observed. Practical applications: Grapes are one of the fruits with the highest phenolic compound content. Therefore, grape seed obtained as a by‐product during the production of boiled juice, wine and juice is a good source of polyphenols. In the grape processing industries, these by‐products emerge as potential waste, which is a problem for the environment. Grape seeds, which are obtained in large amounts in the fruit juice, jam, marmalade, boiled fruit juice industries as grape by‐products, are a good source of antioxidants and phenolic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study demonstrated that SD‑4 (3193.894 mg GAE/100 g) followed by SD‑8 (2262.763 mg GAE/100 g) and SD‑7 (1473.956 mg GAE/100 g) had the maximum total phenolic contents. SD‑1 possessed the highest antioxidant activity, which later decreased from 83.067% in fresh fruit to 52.130% following drying. Across all fruits, drying resulted in significant reductions in both total phenolic content and phenolic compounds. Generally, gallic acid and (+)-catechin were the major phenolics in all fruits. Rutin trihydrate content of SD‑4 decreased from 764.980 mg/100 g (fresh) to 0.620 mg/100 g when the fruit was dried. P, K, Ca, Mg and S were the macro elements of all fruits. Across all fruits, drying resulted in significant reductions in both total phenolic content and phenolic compounds. It was observed that dried fruits had the highest mineral contents compared to fresh fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roasting is an important step of coffee processing which affects its quality characteristics. We investigated the effect of microwave and oven roasting on its physicochemical and antioxidant properties, and the fatty acids content. The oil contents of green and roasted coffee beans were determined as 5.75% (green), 9.65% (oven), and 2.70% (microwave). The total phenol content of green coffee beans was decreased by 13.59% and 16.66% on microwave and oven roasting, respectively. Microwave and oven roasting caused a decrease of 34.76% and 37.63%, respectively, in the antioxidant potential of green coffee beans. With few exceptions, the contents of most of the phenolic compounds were increased during roasting of coffee beans. The palmitic acid content decreased, while the oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid contents of roasted coffee bean oils were increased during roasting. This information could be helpful for securing the maximal health benefits of coffee. Practical applications: Coffea arabica is one of the species of coffee which is highly consumed comparing with other species. The antioxidant compounds such as caffeine and chlorogenic acid in coffee beverage play an important role in reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases. Roasting is a vital step for the processing of coffee beans to be used as a beverage. It affects the main constituents of the coffee beans. This study provides the useful information of roasting process on antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids of coffee beans which can be helpful for reaping the maximum health benefits of coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is the most important oil seed crop that cultivated widely in many regions where several environmental conditions, agronomical practices, postharvest processes, and oil extraction approaches significantly influence the quality of sesame seeds oil. The combined effect of roasting treatment and growing conditions on sesame seeds and oil was scarcely studied, therefore, this study investigated the impact of microwave roasting on the physicochemical characteristics and bioactive properties of sesame seeds and oil. Microwave roasting treatment increased the antioxidant activity, total phenolic, oil content, p-anisidine and peroxide values, and tocopherol content of sesame seed samples to different enhancement magnitudes depending on sesame growing country and microwave roasting conditions. The treatment also increased L*, a*, and b* values and reduced the moisture content of sesame seeds compared to controls. The main fatty acids in oils extracted from sesame seeds obtained from different countries were oleic and linoleic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total phenol contents of leaves of garden orache (A.hortensis L.) growing in greenhouse and field conditions changed between 130.14 mgGAE/100g and 281.11 mgGAE/100g to371.94 mgGAE/100g and 477.50 mgGAE/100g, respectively. In addition, while antioxidant activity values of leaves of garden orache growing in greenhouse are determined between 8.37% and 30.40%, antioxidant activity values of garden orach leaves growing in field changed between 71.86% and 82.97%. Gallic acid, 3,4- dihydroxy benzoic acid, (+)-catechin and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene were the key phenolic constituents of garden orach leaves growing in garden house and field conditions. In all phenolic compounds studied, gallic acid was determined at the highest ratio, its value changed between 35.64 mg/100g (3rd harvest) and 284.0 mg/100g (1st harvest) for field and 132.81 mg/100g (1st harvest) and 218.0 mg/100g (4th harvest).garden orache leaves are rich in Ca, P, S, Mg, Na and K elements. Calcium contents of leaves harvested from greenhouse and field conditions changed between 12810.5 and 14787 mg/kg to 10623.8 and 15515.3 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, while K contents of leaves harvested from greenhouse vary between 46057.4 mg/kg and 57909.1 mg/kg, K contents of leaves harvested from field changed between 34678.2 and 42214.3 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity values and total phenol contents of date flesh samples changed between 6.61 (Osailah)–10.72% (Rothanh Qassim) and 50.64 (Osailah)–98.61 mgGAE/100 g (Rothanh Qassim), respectively. Hence cultivars showed significant (p ˂.05) variations. Among phenolic compounds, gallic acid contents of date flesh varied between 1.61 (Sbakah) and 11.23 mg/100 g (Rushudiah), 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid between 0.30 (Rushudiah) and 2.68 mg/100 g (Rothanh Qassim), and (+)‐catechin between 0.29 (Osailah) and 2.98 mg/100 g (Nabtat Ali). Fatty acid composition of date flesh showed palmitic acid changing from 12.77 (Osailah) to 16.04% (Rothans Qassim), elaidic acid from 39.21 (Osailah) to 67.99% (Sbakah), and linoleic acid from 11.61 (Sbakah) to 18.95% (Osailah). Crude protein contents of date flesh samples were between 2.06 (Nabtat Ali) and 16.67% (Osailah). Ca, K, Mg, and P were the major elements in date fruits. Ca, K, and P contents of date flesh samples were found between 10.90 (Sbakah)–237.18 mg/kg (Rushudiah), 54.17 (Rothanh Qassim)–214.66 mg/kg (Rushudiah), and 8.24 (Nabtat Ali)‐26.77 mg/kg (Rushudiah), respectively. Practical applications: The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the mankind's oldest cultivated plants. The date derivatives are rich in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Date flesh has nutritive components as potentially active antioxidant phytochemicals. The date has been an important crop in the desert regions of Arabian countries. Dates are rich in certain nutrients and provide a good source of rapid energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, changes in bioactive properties and phenolic compounds of different caper parts were reported. Total phenolic contents of C. ovata and C. spinosa plants varied between 175.35 mgGAE/100 g (fruit) and 518.4 mgGAE/100 g (small bud) to 143.58 mgGAE/100 g (fruit and 597.57 mgGAE/100 g (small bud), respectively. While total flavonoid contents of C. ovata parts vary between 9.12 mg/g (fruit) and 37.22 mg/g (small bud), total flavonoid contents of C. spinosa parts changed between 7.43 mg/g (fruit) and 62.39 mg/g (small bud). Antioxidant activity values of C. ovata and C. spinosa parts varied between 53.43% (sprout) and 76.40% (medium bud) to 50.51% (fruit) and 76.65% (medium bud), respectively. While (+) catechin contents of C. ovata parts change between 22.16 mg/100 g (fruit) and 149.13 mg/100 g (small bud), (+)‐catechin contents of C. spinosa parts varied between 65.50 mg/100 g (fruit) and 99.29 mg/100 (small bud). 1,2‐Dihydroxybenzene contents of C. ovata ranged from 33.4 mg/100 g (fruit) to 142.41 mg/100 g (small bud) while 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene contents of C. spinosa parts are found between 75.17 mg/100 g (fruit) and 127.32 mg/100 g (medium bud). Practical applications: Caper plant grows at the most countries of Africa, Asia, and South European. Capers have very important roles for beneficial natural components in the food industry. Caper buds and fruits are used for human nutrition. It is utilized to prepare salada as a culinary herb. Caper has pungent and bitter flavor, and are used as an appetizer with olives, cheese, and nuts. There are a significant increase in the interest of bioactive compounds from plant products. Curative and medicinal properties of capers are linked to the presence of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of heating at different temperatures (60, 80, 90, 110, and 130 °C) on the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds present in plum and mahaleb fruits was investigated. The antioxidant activity values and total phenolic contents of fresh plum (93.82% measured by DPPH method, 787.79 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry weight determined by Folin method) and mahaleb fruits (81.80%, 634.47 mg GAE/100 g dry weight) were higher than plum and mahaleb fruits dried at different temperatures (p < 0.05). Generally, the heating process caused a reduction in both total phenolic content and antioxidant activity for plum and mahaleb. While (+)-catechin (92.62 mg/kg), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (132.15 mg/kg), gallic acid (107.01 mg/kg), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (74.59 mg/kg) are the key phenolic compounds in fresh plum, (+)-catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, and syringic and caffeic acids were the major phenolic compounds of mahaleb fruits. The polyphenol content of fruits and the class of phenolics present are significantly affected by heating temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of fermentation on antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoid and phenolic compounds of sea fennel and also volatile compounds of sea fennel essential oil was investigated and compared with fresh samples. Antioxidant activity, total fenolic and flavonoid contents decresed from 89.79 to 63.13%; from 259.58 to 77.92 mg/100 g; from 2114.67 to 390.50 mg/100 g, respectively. Twenty-six and thirty-three components of sea fennel oils were identified in raw and fermented sea fennel, accounting to about 99.99% and 99.44% of the total oil, respectively. The raw and fermented sea fennel leaves contained 22.31 and 1.32% sabinene, 12.08% and 7.45% limonene, 10.30% and 11.61% β-phellandrene, 8.59% and 9.17% (Z)-β-ocimene, 7.08% and 3.55% a-pinene, 28.36% and 42.05% γ-terpinene, 2.57% and 8.64% terpinene- 4-ol, respectively. Dominant phenolic compounds were (+)-catechin, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid. Generally, all of the phenolic compounds reduced the effect of microorganisms during,. However, essential oil contents of sea fennel were not effected from fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]