11 results on '"Bouchard, Frédéric"'
Search Results
2. Quand les bactéries font la loi: regards éthiques, épistémiques, juridiques, politiques, sociaux et techniques sur l'utilisation du microbiome humain à des fins judiciaires.
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Affdal, Aliya, Bouchard, Frédéric, Marsan, Charles, Mermans, Ely, Mousseau, Vincent, Ravitsky, Vardit, Allison, Christine Rothmayr, St-Georges, Simon, Trudel, Pierre, and Lapointe, François-Joseph
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PHILOSOPHY of science , *HUMAN experimentation , *NATURE study , *ETHICS , *FORENSIC sciences , *PRIVACY - Abstract
The use of the human microbiome as a subject of study for forensic purposes raises a number of issues, ranging from a challenge to our traditional concept of identity to respect for privacy and the type of consent to be obtained when a microbiome sample is taken. The particular nature of this study requires the joint work of a multidisciplinary team made up of specialists in ethics, forensic science, law, microbiology, philosophy and political science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
- Full Text
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3. From groups to individuals. New issues in biological individuality
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Huneman, Philippe, Bouchard, Frédéric, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences ,philosophy of science - Abstract
Our intuitive assumption that only organisms are the real individuals in the natural world is at odds with developments in cell biology, ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and other fields. Although organisms have served for centuries as nature's paradigmatic individuals, science suggests that organisms are only one of the many ways in which the natural world could be organized. When living beings work together--as in ant colonies, beehives, and bacteria-metazoan symbiosis--new collective individuals can emerge. In this book, leading scholars consider the biological and philosophical implications of the emergence of these new collective individuals from associations of living beings. The topics they consider range from metaphysical issues to biological research on natural selection, sociobiology, and symbiosis.
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- 2013
4. Causal Processes, Fitness, and the Differential Persistence of Lineages.
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Bouchard, Frédéric
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BIOLOGICAL evolution , *GENETIC psychology , *PHILOSOPHY of nature , *ECOLOGICAL research , *PHILOSOPHY of science - Abstract
Ecological fitness has been suggested to provide a unifying definition of fitness. However, a metric for this notion of fitness was in most cases unavailable except by proxy with differential reproductive success. In this article, I show how differential persistence of lineages can be used as a way to assess ecological fitness. This view is inspired by a better understanding of the evolution of some clonal plants, colonial organisms, and ecosystems. Differential persistence shows the limitation of an ensemblist noncausal understanding of evolution. Causal explanations are necessary to understand the evolution by natural selection of these biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
- Full Text
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5. Corrigendum: Functional Diversity: An Epistemic Roadmap.
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Malaterre, Christophe, Dussault, Antoine C, Mermans, Ely, Barker, Gillian, Beisner, Beatrix E, Bouchard, Frédéric, Desjardins, Eric, Handa, I Tanya, Kembel, Steven W, Lajoie, Geneviève, Maris, Virginie, Munson, Alison D, Odenbaugh, Jay, Poisot, Timothée, Shapiro, B Jesse, and Suttle, Curtis A
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PHILOSOPHY of science ,LIFE sciences ,BIOTIC communities ,KEYSTONE species ,ENVIRONMENTAL ethics - Published
- 2021
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6. The Epistemic Revolution Induced by Microbiome Studies: An Interdisciplinary View.
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Bapteste, Eric, Gérard, Philippe, Larose, Catherine, Blouin, Manuel, Not, Fabrice, Campos, Liliane, Aïdan, Géraldine, Selosse, M. André, Adénis, M. Sarah, Bouchard, Frédéric, Dutreuil, Sébastien, Corel, Eduardo, Vigliotti, Chloé, Huneman, Philippe, Lapointe, F. Joseph, and Lopez, Philippe
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PHILOSOPHY of science ,INTERDISCIPLINARY education ,JURISPRUDENCE ,MEDICAL laws ,MICROBIAL ecology ,BIOLOGY ,GUT microbiome - Abstract
Simple Summary: This interdisciplinary study, conducted by experts in evolutionary biology, ecology, ecosystem studies, arts, medicine, forensic analyses, agriculture, law, and philosophy of science describe how microbiome studies are convergently affecting the concepts and practices of diverse fields and practices, that now consider microbiomes within their legitimate scope. Consequently, it describes what seems to be an ongoing pluridisciplinary epistemic revolution, with the potential to fundamentally change how we understand the world through an ecologization of pre-existing concepts, a greater focus on interactions, the use of multi-scalar interaction networks as explanatory frameworks, the reconceptualization of the usual definitions of individuals, and a de-anthropocentrification of our perception of phenomena. Many separate fields and practices nowadays consider microbes as part of their legitimate focus. Therefore, microbiome studies may act as unexpected unifying forces across very different disciplines. Here, we summarize how microbiomes appear as novel major biological players, offer new artistic frontiers, new uses from medicine to laws, and inspire novel ontologies. We identify several convergent emerging themes across ecosystem studies, microbial and evolutionary ecology, arts, medicine, forensic analyses, law and philosophy of science, as well as some outstanding issues raised by microbiome studies across these disciplines and practices. An 'epistemic revolution induced by microbiome studies' seems to be ongoing, characterized by four features: (i) an ecologization of pre-existing concepts within disciplines, (ii) a growing interest in systemic analyses of the investigated or represented phenomena and a greater focus on interactions as their root causes, (iii) the intent to use openly multi-scalar interaction networks as an explanatory framework to investigate phenomena to acknowledge the causal effects of microbiomes, (iv) a reconceptualization of the usual definitions of which individuals are worth considering as an explanans or as an explanandum by a given field, which result in a fifth strong trend, namely (v) a de-anthropocentrification of our perception of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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7. Sur le problème de l’intégration en philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité : une proposition informée par la philosophie de la biologie
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Kaiser, Kevin and Bouchard, Frédéric
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Intégration ,Neomechanism ,Unité coordonnée ,Coordinate unity ,Interfield theory ,Integration ,Philosophy of interdisciplinarity ,Philosophie de la biologie ,Théorie interchamps ,Philosophy of science ,Philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité ,Philosophy of biology ,Philosophie des sciences ,Néomécanisme - Abstract
La notion d’intégration est vue comme condition nécessaire et suffisante pour caractériser l’interdisciplinarité, son « litmus test » (Klein 2017, p. 23) ou sa « differentia specifica » (Schmidt 2008, p. 55). Or, ce concept est imprécis sur ce qui est intégré (quoi ?) et par quel processus (comment ?). L’imprécision des modalités de l’intégration est le « talon d’Achille de l’interdisciplinarité » (Repko 2007, p. 7). Répondant à l’« Appel pour une philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité » (Mäki 2016, p. 329), ce mémoire tente d’informer la philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité sur cette question à l’aide des travaux en philosophie de la biologie. Dans le premier chapitre sont explorées les raisons qui justifient la recherche d’outils conceptuels en philosophie de la biologie après avoir défini la philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité et son objet. Dans le second chapitre, l’éventail des outils conceptuels que la philosophie de la biologie peut offrir est présenté, i.e. les modèles d’intégration néomécanistes (Craver et Darden 2013), par unité coordonnée (Potochnik 2011 ; Potochnik 2017), et interchamps (O’Malley et Soyer 2012). Dans le troisième chapitre, les outils conceptuels identifiés sont évalués à la lumière des besoins de la philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité pour en sélectionner la proposition la plus apte (i.e. le modèle interchamps de O’Malley et Soyer (2012)) et les critiques la visant (i.e. Nathan (2015)) sont montrées injustifiées. En conclusion, il est rapporté que la réponse offerte aux critiques a pour effet collatéral de suggérer un nouveau modèle hybride conjoignant la normativité de la pertinence explicative (Nathan 2015) et la capacité descriptive des modèles interchamps (O’Malley et Soyer 2012). Il en résulte la nécessité d’une exploration empirique de la question de la justification de l’intégration, question dépassant les outils de la philosophie traditionnelle et le cadre du présent mémoire., The notion of integration is seen as a necessary and sufficient condition to characterize interdisciplinary research, its “litmus test” (Klein 2017, p. 23) or “differentia specifica” (Schmidt 2008, p. 55). However, this concept is imprecise about what is integrated (what ? ) and by what process (how ? ). This problem of the imprecision of integration modalities is the “Achilles heel of interdisciplinarity” (Repko 2007, p. 7). Responding to the “Call for a Philosophy of Interdisciplinarity” (Mäki 2016, p. 329), this master thesis attempts to inform the philosophy of interdisciplinarity on this issue using the philosophy of biology. In the first chapter, the reasons justifying the search for conceptual tools in the philosophy of biology are explored after defining the philosophy of interdisciplinarity and its object of research. In the second chapter, the range of conceptual tools that the philosophy of biology can offer is presented, i.e. neomechanistic (Craver et Darden 2013), coordinate unity (Potochnik 2011 ; Potochnik 2017), interfield (O’Malley et Soyer 2012) integration account. In the third chapter, the conceptual tools identified are evaluated in the light of the needs of the philosophy of interdisciplinarity to select the most appropriate proposition (i. e. the interfield model of O’Malley et Soyer (2012)) and the criticisms directed at it (i. e. Nathan (2015)) are shown to be unjustified. In conclusion, it is reported that the response offered to critics has the collateral effect of suggesting a new hybrid model combining the normativity of explanatory relevance (Nathan 2015) and the descriptive capacity of the interfield model (O’Malley et Soyer 2012). As a result, there is a need for an empirical exploration of the question of the motivation for integration, a question that goes beyond the tools of traditional philosophy and this master thesis.
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- 2019
8. Une conception naturaliste et normative de l'axiologie scientifique contemporaine : analyse et dépassement de la théorie de Laudan
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Vanier, François and Bouchard, Frédéric
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Axiologie ,Science ,Instrumentalisme ,Normativity ,Larry Laudan ,Naturalisme ,Philosophy of science ,Normativité ,Pragmatisme ,Instrumentalism ,Pragmatism ,Philosophie des sciences ,Axiology ,Naturalism - Abstract
Ce mémoire propose une conception naturaliste et normative de l'axiologie scientifique contemporaine, c'est-à-dire des buts de la science et des scientifiques. Nous commençons par présenter le naturalisme en philosophie des sciences, en particulier ses dimensions scientifique, méthodologique et ontologique. Nous discutons le sophisme naturaliste et l'objection de la normativité souvent adressée aux approches naturalistes, principalement à travers le prisme de l'épistémologie naturalisée de Quine (1969). Nous illustrons ensuite ces thèmes - naturalisme, normativité, et axiologie scientifique - au moyen de la théorie de Laudan (1987), qui articule un début de théorie axiologique de la science qui se veut naturaliste et normative. Nous soulignons le caractère insatisfaisant de sa théorie, et proposons une conception plus riche et plus détaillée de l'axiologie scientifique. Nous analysons pour ce faire différents liens entre la science, l'industrie, le gouvernement et la société. Nous dégageons en particulier une tendance axiologique pragmatique de la science contemporaine. Finalement, nous ébauchons un cadre normatif instrumental inspiré de Laudan (1987)pour réfléchir sur l'axiologie scientifique., This master proposes a naturalist and normative conception of contemporary scientific axiology, i.e., of science's and scientists' goals. We start off by discussing some naturalistic positions in philosophy of science, their scientific, methodological and ontological dimensions as well. We review the naturalistic fallacy and the normativity objection against naturalistic approaches, mostly in light of Quine's (1969) naturalized epistemology. We then illustrate these themes - naturalism, normativity, and scientific axiology - by discussing Laudan's (1987) naturalistic and normative theory of scientific axiology. We underscore the unsatisfying character of his theory, and propose instead a richer and more detailed one. In order to do that, we analyse some relations between science, industry, government and society. We identify and discuss a pragmatic axiological trend in particular. Finally, we sketch an instrumental normative framework for thinking about scientific axiology.
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- 2012
9. Modularité massive ou construction sociale? : une analyse de l'approche psychoévolutionniste de Cosmides et Tooby
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Loignon, Guillaume and Bouchard, Frédéric
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Épistémologie ,Tâche de Wason ,Emotions ,Standard Social Science Model ,Wason Selection Task ,Modularity of mind ,Evolutionary psychology ,Psychologie évolutionniste ,Sociobiologie ,Sociobiology ,Philosophy of science ,Massive Modularity Thesis ,Modularité ,Émotions - Abstract
Ce mémoire se veut un examen épistémologique de la thèse psychoévolutionniste de Leda Cosmides et John Tooby, principalement en ce qui concerne la modularité massive. Nous avons tâché de voir si la modularité massive permet de rendre compte des processus mentaux complexes en nous penchant plus particulièrement sur le cas des émotions. Nous explorons d'abord la thèse de Cosmides et Tooby en la distinguant d'avec d'autres conceptions comme l'écologie béhaviorale et en expliquant le rôle particulier que jouent les émotions au sein de la théorie. Nous analysons ensuite la thèse de la modularité massive et les différents arguments théoriques ou empiriques qui l'appuient, et évaluons finalement des critiques de la modularité émises par certains philosophes, dont David Buller., In this thesis, we enquired about the philosophical and empirical foundations of the psycho-evolutionary model of Cosmides and Tooby, especially with regards their Massive Modularity Thesis (MMT). We wanted to determine whether the MMT can account for complex mental processes such as emotions. The thesis first gives a general explanation of evolutionary psychology (as opposed to behavioral ecology or sociobiology) then evaluates different lines of argument for MMT. We then turn to the philosophical criticism of MMT by David Buller.
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- 2009
10. L'approche sémantique offre-t-elle un meilleur modèle de l'explication scientifique que les théories qu'elle prétend supplanter ?
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Germain, Pierre-Luc and Bouchard, Frédéric
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Explication ,Épistémologie ,Explanation ,Philosophy of science ,Sémantique ,Syntatic ,Modèle D-N ,Epistemology ,DN model ,Semantic ,Philosophie des sciences ,Syntaxique - Abstract
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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- 2009
11. Le néo-réductionnisme et la matérialisme éliminativiste de Paul M. Churchland
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Côté Charbonneau, Mathieu and Bouchard, Frédéric
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Philosophie de l'esprit ,Cognitive science ,Matérialisme éliminativiste ,Neurosciences ,Philosophy of mind ,Eliminative materialism ,Cognitive psychology ,Philosophy of science ,Reductionism ,Sciences cognitives ,Psychologie cognitive ,Paul M. Churchland ,Philosophie des sciences ,Réductionnisme ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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- 2009
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