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This study presents a novel approach using polyol-based proliposome to produce marine phospholipids nanoliposomes. Proliposomes were formulated by blending glycerol with phospholipids across varying mass ratios (2:1 to 1:10) at room temperature. Analysis employing polarized light microscopy, FTIR, and DSC revealed that glycerol disrupted the stacked acyl groups within phospholipids, lowering the phase transition temperature (T m ). Krill oil phospholipids (KOP) proliposomes exhibited superior performance in nanoliposomes formation, with a mean diameter of 125.60 ± 3.97 nm, attributed to the decreased T m (-7.64 and 7.00 °C) compared to soybean phospholipids, along with a correspondingly higher absolute zeta potential (-39.77 ± 1.18 mV). The resulting KOP proliposomes demonstrated liposomes formation stability over six months and under various environmental stresses (dilution, thermal, ionic strength, pH), coupled with in vitro absorption exceeding 90 %. This investigation elucidates the mechanism behind glycerol-formulated proliposomes and proposes innovative strategies for scalable, solvent-free nanoliposome production with implications for functional foods and pharmaceutical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) have emerged as a promising structured oil system in food industry. This study developed self-emulsifying HIPEs (SHIPEs) using Antarctic krill oil (KO) with endogenous phospholipids as surfactant and algae oil as a diluent. The influence of phospholipids self-assembly on SHIPEs formation was investigated by evaluating the microstructures, particle size, rheological properties, and water distribution. Results demonstrated that the concentration and self-assembly behavior of phospholipids dominated the SHIPEs formation. Optimized SHIPEs with desirable gel properties contained 10 wt% krill oil in the oil phase at an 80 wt% oil phase level. Furthermore, these SHIPEs exhibited excellent performance in 3D printing applications. Hydrated phospholipids formed lamellar network at the oil-water interface, enhancing gel strength by crosslinking oil droplets. These findings shed light on the self-assembly of phospholipids during HIPEs formation and highlight the potential phospholipids-rich marine lipids in SHIPEs for functional food products development., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Lipid profiles of the lipids from female gonads (LFG) and male gonads (LMG) of abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) were evaluated based on the analysis of phospholipid (PL) molecular species, PL class composition, fatty acid (FA) composition, and lipid class composition. These results suggested that lipids from abalone gonads were abundant in omega‐3 polyunsaturated FA (n − 3 PUFA, 14.42%–18.27% of total FAs) and PLs including phosphatidylcholine (PC, 21.26–47.85 mg g−1) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 9.29–24.10 mg g−1). Furthermore, more than 60 molecular species of PC and PE were determined. Particularly, the molecular species containing n − 3 PUFA including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) constituted majority of PC and PE in LFG and LMG. By contrast, LFG contained more PC and PE species containing EPA. Considering the lipid profiles, abalone gonads are a potential source of PL‐form n − 3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Antarctic krill oil (AKO) and fish oil (FO) were microencapsulated by a pilot‐scale spray dryer in this study. The effect of lipid class compositions on the encapsulation properties of the obtained microcapsules was investigated. The particle size distribution of both microcapsules ranged from 29.23 ± 2.20 to 36.79 ± 3.45 μm, and the moisture content and water activity (aw) also indicated that both AKO and FO microcapsules were suitable for long‐term storage. Interestingly, differences in lipid composition affected the microstructure of the microcapsules formed, thereby affecting their oxidative stability and digestive behaviour. Compared with FO microcapsules, the surface microstructure of PLs‐enriched microcapsules (AKO microcapsules) was smoother, endowing it better oxidative stability and higher DHA (72.13 ± 2.32% vs. 63.08 ± 2.98%) and EPA (75.94 ± 1.43% vs. 68.26 ± 2.98%) bioaccessibility. These findings may have important implications for the development of microcapsules formulated with different lipid classes in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Mussels are rich in phospholipids and n-3 LC-PUFA. • Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation occur during cold storage. • Significant reduction in PL and PL containing EPA and DHA occur. • Lipolytic enzymes and lipoxygenase contribute to changes in lipids. Abstract Change in quality of mussels (Mytilus edulis) meat when stored at 4 °C was evaluated by determining volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total oxidation (TOTOX), lipid class, fatty acid (FA), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylcholine (PE) content, and glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species. After 4 days of storage, the percentages of triacylglycerol and polar lipid as well as the contents of PC, PE and major GP molecular species significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the percentages of free FA and monoacylglycerol significantly increased (P < 0.05), indicating the hydrolysis of lipids. The increase in activities of phospholipase and lipase during storage suggests that they may contribute to the hydrolysis of lipids. The cold storage also resulted in significantly increased POV, TBARS and TOTOX as well as lipoxygenase activity (P < 0.05) but slightly decreased percentage of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), indicating the occurrence of lipid oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clam Ruditapes philippinarum was processed by hot‐air drying and the changes of its lipids were evaluated by analyzing lipid classes, phospholipid classes, fatty acids, as well as oxidation parameters including peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) value, total oxidation value (TOTOX), and oxidation test (OXITEST). The hot‐air drying process reduced the contents of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, indicating the hydrolysis of lipids. Meanwhile, the hot‐air drying process significantly decreased the proportion of n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and consequently increased the PUFA ratio of n‐3/n‐6. Interestingly, the POV, TBARS and TOTOX decreased after the hot‐air drying process. However, significant decline of the induction period for the dried clam tissue at elevated temperatures indicated their higher oxidation level, poor oxidative stability and reduction of shelf‐life. Therefore, OXITEST method turned out to be an effective tool for estimating the level of lipid oxidation for hot‐air dried clam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea urchin gonad has been regarded as a “healthy” food. Although previous studies have suggested that sea urchin gonad might serve as a potential rich source of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) enriched phospholipid (PL), the molecular species profile of its PL has rarely been reported. In this study, about 200 molecular species of glycerophospholipid (GP), including glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoinositol, lysoglycerophosphocholine and lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine, in gonads from three species of sea urchin ( Glyptocidaris crenularis , Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Strongylocentrotus nudus ) were characterized using tandem mass spectrometry. Most of the predominant GP molecular species contained PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Meanwhile, the sea urchin lipids contained a high proportion of PL (39.45–50.30% of total lipids) and PUFA (34.47–46.56% of total FA). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (67.88–72.58 mol%) was dominant. Considering the high level of PUFA enriched GP, sea urchin gonads provide great potential as health-promoting food for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic krill meal as well as mixed krill meal and starches were extruded through a twin-screw extruder. The extrudates were hard and porous agglomerates. The pellets still showed intact structure without obvious disintegration in response to hexane extraction. The oil recovery rates for raw krill meal and the extrudate of single krill meal were 55.08% and 59.08%, respectively. For extrudates, oil recovery rate increased along with the increasing additive amount of starches, with a maximum of 83.13%. Oil extracted from raw krill meal contained 49.30% of triglycerides (TG), 44.16% of phospholipids (PL), 1.45% of free fatty acids (FFA) and 4.69% of cholesterols (CHO). Meanwhile, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) account for 20.89%, 37.84% and 41.27% of the total fatty acids, respectively. By contrast, oils extracted from extrudates contained more TG but less PL and more SFA but less PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In this study, whole krill oil ( WKO) and phospholipid-type krill oil ( PKO) with different lipid composition were prepared. The effects of KO intake on plasma cholesterol and glucose levels in Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet ( HCD) were investigated. Results WKO contained 37.63% triglycerides, 48.37% phospholipids, 13.54% free fatty acids and 0.66% cholesterol, whereas the corresponding values for PKO were 0.59, 69.80, 28.53 and 1.09% respectively. Meanwhile, PKO contained much more polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA, 37.76%) than WKO (28.36%). After 4 weeks of HCD consumption, plasma levels of total cholesterol ( TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C) and glucose increased significantly, but that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) decreased significantly. The intake of PKO and WKO for 4 weeks caused a significant reduction in body weight gain and plasma levels of TC and LDL-C in HCD-fed rats. Compared with WKO, PKO was more effective in decreasing plasma TC and LDL-C levels. Conclusion PKO showed better overall cholesterol-lowering effects than WKO, which may be due to its higher n-3 PUFA levels. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scallops Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis from the Yellow Sea are evaluated according to the seasonal changes of lipid nutritional value including lipid classes, phospholipid (PL) classes, fatty acid (FA) composition, atherogenicity index (IA), thrombogenicity index (IT), and glycerophospholipid molecular species, for the first time. More than 32 species of glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) and 42 species of glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEtn) are determined. For samples harvested in February, the PL molecular species containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) account for 48.57–50.77% and 80.45–85.50% of total molecular species, respectively, for GPCho and GPEtn. Moreover, the samples harvested in February contain higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (58.76–59.12% of total FA) and PL (84.67–85.11% of total lipids) but lower level of cholesterol (8.77–10.10%) as well as IA (0.29–0.31) and IT (0.12–0.13) compared to samples harvested in other seasons. Therefore considering nutritional value, the lipids from scallops (C. farreri and P. yessoensis) harvested in February have better value in view of commercial exploitation. Practical Application: A systematic and in‐depth investigation on seasonal changes in basic component and lipid nutritional value in adductor muscle of C. farreri and P. yessoensis is reported in this contribution. This useful information makes it possible to use scallop lipid for producing higher value‐added products in view of commercial exploitation. Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis from the Yellow Sea are evaluated according to the seasonal changes of lipid qualities including lipid classes, phospholipid classes, fatty acid composition, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and glycerophospholipid molecular species for the first time. Considering nutritional value, the lipids from scallops (C. farreri and P. yessoensis) harvest in February have better value in view of commercial exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different classes of lipids and phospholipids (PL) as well as fatty acid (FA) compositions, and glycerophospholipid (GP) molecular species in edible parts (adductor muscles) and by-products (gonads and mantles) of scallops Patinopecten yessoensis and Chlamys farreri were characterized. The lipids contained high levels of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) (20.44–58.81% of total FAs) and PL (54.99–78.26% of total lipids). Among PL, phosphatidylcholine (41.39–51.86 mol%) was dominant. More than 230 GP species belonging to glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, glycerophosphoserine, glycerophosphoinositol, lysoglycerophosphocholine, lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine and lysoglycerophosphoinositol were characterized. Individual GP molecular species in different body parts of scallops were also partially quantified. Most of the dominant GP species contained PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Considering the high level of PUFA enriched GP, edible parts and by-products (gonads and mantles) of scallops Patinopecten yessoensis and Chlamys farreri provide great potential as health-promoting food for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]