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This review aims to compare the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using visible and near-infrared diode laser wavelengths to that of the dry needling technique (DNT) on the management of orofacial pain in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder Myofascial Pain Syndrome (TMD/MPS) in term of effectiveness, speed of recovery, and lasting of treatment. A systematic search of multiple electronic databases was carried out to identify the relevant clinical trials published between 1 January 2010 and 1 January 2024. The included studies were limited to human subjects who had orofacial pain associated with Axis 1 of TMD/MPS, involving two genders with age >18 years and were treated either with photobiomodulation using diode laser with wavelengths ranging from 600 up to 1200 nanometer (nm), or with the dry needling (DN) technique (superficial SDN or deep DDN), as a non-pharmacological therapies to decrease the intensity of orofacial pain associated with TMD/MPS. The risk of bias for included studies was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool (for randomized studies). Three distinct meta-analyses were performed to quantify the pooled effects of PBM and DN in the management of TMD/MPS myofascial pain and deactivation of myofascial trigger points (MTPs). The meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 from Cochrane. The confidence interval (CI) was established at 95% and p-values of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) were considered statistically significant. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I2. Qualitative data were extracted and summarized in tables for each group study, while quantitative data were reported as Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) values for assessment variables in each sub-group study. The results among groups were systematically evaluated to draw the final conclusion. A rigorous electronic and manual search revealed 4150 possible articles. Following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twelve eligible studies were included in the analysis. Both PBMT and DNT were found to be effective in controlling the myalgia pain and primary symptoms associated with TMD/MPS, as well as deactivating the MTPs. DNT was statistically superior in terms of recovery time while PBMT was the more effective long-term therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is one of the recent treatment modalities for myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome with trigger points. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of varying LLLT sessions on the treatment of masseter muscle trigger points. Methods: 90 patients diagnosed with orofacial pain and trigger points in the masseter muscle for at least 6 months were selected and divided into 3 groups (n = 30) based on the number of LLLT sessions provided to patients. Patients in Group I received one session/per week, group II received two sessions/per week, and Group III received three sessions/per week. The sessions continued for 4 weeks, evaluations of pain levels, maximum mouth opening (MMO), and quality of life were conducted before and after the procedure at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks. Results: The pain scores exhibited a highly statistically significant difference among the three groups (p < 0.001) over the 8-week study period. MMO was statistically significantly different between groups at week 4 and week 8. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) score was statistically significant difference between groups at week 8. The time showed a highly significant effect on the study outcomes within each group. Conclusion: Increased the number of LLLT sessions reduced the pain improved the MMO, and subsequently improved the quality of life. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT06327204 - retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenetic alopecia, the most common cause of hair loss affecting both men and women, is typically treated using pharmaceutical options, such as minoxidil and finasteride. While these medications work for many individuals, they are not suitable options for all. To date, the only non-pharmaceutical option that the United States Food and Drug Administration has cleared as a treatment for androgenetic alopecia is low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Numerous clinical trials utilizing LLLT devices of various types are available. However, a myriad of other physical treatments for this form of hair loss have been reported in the literature. This review evaluated the effectiveness of microneedling, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), fractional laser therapy, and nonablative laser therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). It also explores the potential of multimodal treatments combining these physical therapies. The majority of evidence in the literature supports LLLT as a physical therapy for androgenetic alopecia. However, other physical treatments, such as nonablative laser treatments, and multimodal approaches, such as PEMF-LLLT, seem to have the potential to be equally or more promising and merit further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the current evidence comparing low level to high level laser therapy to reveal any superiorities in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Five databases were searched till September 2022 to obtain relevant RCTs comparing high intensity and low-level laser therapies in the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Two authors assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and meta-analysis was conducted for studies that showed homogeneity. Results: Twelve articles were included in this systematic review with a total population of 704 participants across various musculoskeletal pathologies including tennis elbow, carpal tunnel syndrome, chronic non-specific low back pain, knee arthritis, plantar fasciitis, and subacromial impingement. There were no statistical differences between the two interventions in pain, electrophysiological parameters, level of disability, quality of life, postural sway or pressure algometer, however, Low level laser therapy showed superiority in increasing grip strength compared to high intensity laser therapy while results were significant in favour of high intensity laser therapy regarding long head of biceps diameter and cross sectional area, supraspinatus thickness and echogenicity and acromio-humeral distance. Conclusion: The current literature suggests no superiority of both types of laser therapy in musculoskeletal disorders, however, more RCTs with larger sample size are required to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the superiority of either form of laser therapy in musculoskeletal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is characterized by mucosal lesions, salivary gland dysfunction etc., accompanied by pain and oral dysfunction. The efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) in managing pain and inflammation has been demonstrated. PBM has been applied in oral GVHD and is regarded as a potent adjunctive therapy. Objective: To review the application of PBM for oral GVHD and summarize its biological mechanisms and recommended parameters. Materials and Methods: The article provides an overview of the therapeutic effects of PBM in oral GVHD cases. It analyzes the biological mechanisms from different aspects and explores the potential prospects of PBM, and appropriate parameters and frequency for GVHD are recommended. Conclusions: The efficacy of PBM in oral GVHD has been demonstrated through symptom alleviation and function improvement. It is recommended as an adjuvant therapy for oral GVHD. However, further research is required to explore optimal devices, parameters, and potential complications associated with using PBM in oral GVHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Angular cheilitis" is the inflammatory lesion that involving vermilion area and angle of patient's mouth. This perioral lesion may occur due to local inflammatory condition or caused by many generalized or systemic diseases. The lower power laser (diode laser); used as treatment mode due to bio-modulation and bio-stimulation principles with safe, comfort to all subjects without irritation and warmth. The topical antifungal drugs considered clinically comfortable and beneficial for management of angular cheilitis like azole family (miconazole gel 2%). To compare between two types of treatment (Miconazole gel as anti-fungal topical application and low-level laser therapy as bio stimulation principle). Forty-five samples with age range 25-68 years involved in this current clinical trial study; twenty patients were selected treated with Miconazole gel 2% and 20 patients treated with low level laser therapy. The diagnosis of patients with angular cheilitis was done under supervision of oral medicine specialists as teamwork in the oral medicine- oral diagnosis clinic. Ten percent of patients treated with Miconazole gel 2 % were followed up for 5days and 90% of them were followed up for 12 days, while 70% of patients treated with Laser were followed up for 3 days and 30 % of them were followed up for 6 days. Miconazole gel 2% utilized as more effective and beneficial than other types of anti-fungal applicable agents. Low power laser utilized to reduce pain, change state of disease from pro- inflammatory to anti-inflammatory conditions with bio-modulation and bio-stimulation. The low power laser therapy may be showed suppression of the fungal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal lesions and a very debilitating lesion, especially in paediatric and adolescent patients. The current pharmacotherapy offers a pain relief but not without side effects, and therefore photobiomodulation (PBM) can be an alternative therapy. To the authors' best knowledge, no published study has explored the efficacy of λ 980 nm laser PBM in the management of all RAS subtypes in paediatric and adolescent patients, and therefore, this prospective observational clinical study was conducted to bridge this gap by evaluating λ 980 nm laser PBM efficacy in symptomatic RAS management in paediatric and adolescent patients. The objectives were to evaluate (1) pain intensity alleviation; (2) wound healing rate; (3) wound size closure; (4) a complete resolution; (5) evidence of recurrence; and (6) patients' treatment satisfaction. Methods: The study's variables were assessed at the following timepoints: T0: pre-treatment; T1: immediately after first PBM session; T2: 5 hours (h) post first PBM session (via telephone call); T3: immediately after second PBM session (three days post first PBM session); T4: three-day follow-up (after complete PBM treatments); T5: two-week follow-up; and T6: three-month follow-up. The following PBM dosimetry and treatment protocols were employed: λ 980 nm; 300 mW; 60 s; 18 J; CW; flattop beam profile of 1 cm2 spot size; 18 J/cm2; and twice-a-week irradiation (72 h interval). Results: At T1, significant immediate pain intensity relief was reported. 33.33% recorded "4" and 66.67% reported "5" on the quantitative numeric pain intensity scale (NPIS), and this continued to improve significantly (83.33%) at T2. All the subjects reported "0" on the NPIS at T3, T4, T5 and T6. There was a significant reduction in the lesion surface area (>50% complete healing) at T3 compared to T0. Complete healing (100%) with no evidence of scarring and lesion recurrence observed at T4, T5 and T6. Very good patients' satisfaction was reported at all timepoints. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating λ980 nm efficacy in all RAS subtype management in paediatric and adolescent patients with a 3-month follow-up, whereby its PBM dosimetry and treatment protocols were effective from scientific and practical standpoints, and hence multicentre RCTs with large data are warranted to validate its reproducibility and to enrich the knowledge of PBM application in all RAS subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the most common causes of chronic neck pain. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a physical therapy modality that can be used to reduce pain and improve function of patients with MPS. The aim of this study was to assess and evaluate the effects of LLLT added to the conventional physical therapy in comparison with the conventional physical therapy alone on pain intensity, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and cervical range of motion (ROM) in cervical MPS patients. Methods and Materials Twenty-four adults diagnosed with cervical MPS according to Travell and Simons' criteria were randomized into 2 equal groups; Group A: receive LLLT on upper trapezius trigger points with conventional physical therapy, while Group B: receive conventional physical therapy alone. Measured outcomes were pain, PPT and cervical flexion and extension ROM, using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Algometer and Goniometer, respectively. Outcomes were measured pre-treatment and immediately post-treatment. Results and Discussion A significant improvement in the pain, PPT and cervical flexion and extension were observed in all groups after treatment, compared to the pre-treatment values (P < .05). However, there was no significant difference between the study groups post treatment for all measured outcomes. Conclusion Low-level laser therapy is not considered a beneficial extension to the standard conventional therapy on active MPS as it didn't add to the immediate effect of conventional physical therapy on pain, PPT and ROM in patients with cervical MPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article provides an overview of photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser light therapy (LLLT), which has garnered attention in ophthalmology for its potential therapeutic benefits in various ocular diseases. Photobiomodulation involves the use of low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes to stimulate biological processes in target tissues without causing thermal damage. This article discusses how PBM has been explored across various ocular conditions, including ocular surface diseases, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, amblyopia, and glaucoma. It summarizes findings from human studies and clinical trials demonstrating positive outcomes of PBM treatment in these areas. Moreover, the article emphasizes the importance of establishing standardized treatment protocols in terms of session duration and frequency, light type, and patients' inclusion criteria to further validate the role of PBM in managing ocular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to determine the efficacy of the various available oral, topical, and procedural treatment options for hair loss in individuals with androgenic alopecia. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic review of the National Library of Medicine was performed. Overall, 141 unique studies met our inclusion criteria. We demonstrate that many over the counter (e.g. topical minoxidil, supplements, low-level light treatment), prescription (e.g. oral minoxidil, finasteride, dutasteride), and procedural (e.g. platelet-rich plasma, fractionated lasers, hair transplantation) treatments successfully promote hair growth, highlighting the superiority of a multifaceted and individualized approach to management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low-level laser therapy is a noninvasive method with the potential ability to change the balance of cell mediators and gene expressions. It affects cellular function resulting in beneficial clinical effects. This study aims to assess the effect of low-level light therapy (LLLT) using four different laser wavelengths on oral carcinoma cell viability in vitro. Materials and Methods: HN5 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HNSCC) were cultured and irradiated using four wavelengths of blue (485nm), green (532nm), red (660nm), and near Infra-red (810nm) in a continuous mode with a dose of 1 J/cm² (0.1W, 10sec) every 24hours for five consecutive days. Cell viability was assessed by evaluating mitochondrial activity by MTT assay. Results: All the wavelengths resulted in reduced viability of these cells compared to the controls. (P<0.05) There were statistically significant differences in cell viability between different wave-lengths (P<0.001). The 810nm laser irradiation showed the highest percentage of cell survival (55.92%) while 660nm induced the lowest (36.02%). Conclusion: Different laser wavelengths may result in different effects on irradiated cells and red irradiation showed the lowest cell viability and the infrared laser had the highest cell viability results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Surgical gingivectomy can be considered the gold standard treatment for gingival enlargement. The healing of wound site after gingivectomy occurs slowly by secondary intention. To accelerate the wound healing process, several studies have been conducted evaluating the effect of various treatment modalities. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) was proposed to provide minimally invasive and painless treatment as well as to decrease discomfort of the patient following the surgical process. Another factor that is expected to improve the healing after surgery is topical application of chemotherapeutic agents such as Hyaluronic acid (HA). This study aims to assess the effect of topically applied HA gel after PBMT on the healing of wound site after surgical gingivectomy. Methods This randomized controlled clinical trial included twenty-six surgical gingivectomy wound sites, equally divided into two groups, Group-I (test group): the surgical sites after gingivectomy were irradiated with a diode laser (980 nm, 0.2 W) then covered by 2% HA gel loaded in a special custom-made soft transparent tissue guard appliance for each patient. Group II (control group): the surgical sites were irradiated with a diode laser (980 nm, 0.2 W) only. Wound healing was assessed subjectively by Landry healing index on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after surgery, and pain perception was assessed by the patients using visual analog scale (VAS) throughout the 21 days of the follow up period. Comparisons between the two study groups were performed using Mann-Whitney U test, while comparisons between different time points were performed using Friedman test. Significance was inferred at p value 0.05). Conclusions Application of 2% HA gel as an adjunctive to PBMT was found to have significant clinical effects and higher power of repair among test group when compared to that achieved by PBMT alone in control group. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov and first posted on 28th of March 2023 with an identifier number: NCT05787912.

(1) Background: This study aimed to compare patient-reported outcome measures when accelerating en masse retraction between the piezocision procedure and the subsequent application of low-level laser therapy (FC+LLLT), with the piezocision alone (FC), and in a control group. (2) Methods: A three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted involving 60 patients (41 females and 19 males) with Class II division I malocclusion. The en masse retraction was performed using NiTi closed coil springs attached to miniscrews. The LLLT was performed using an 808 nm Ga-Al-As diode laser. Patient responses regarding pain, discomfort, swelling, and chewing difficulties were reported at ten assessment points. (3) Results: The greatest pain levels were observed 24 h after the application of force during the first and third months of retraction. The mean pain, discomfort, swelling, and chewing difficulties were significantly smaller in the control group than in the FC and FC+LLLT groups. High satisfaction levels were reported in all three groups (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The accelerated en masse retraction via piezocision, followed by a small course of LLLT, was accompanied by significantly fewer pain, discomfort, and chewing difficulties than the control group. LLLT is a valuable addition to piezocision, with an improved patient experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM) becomes a remedial technology with growing popularity. The primary goal of this article is to conduct a PBM literature review, providing an overall systematic understanding of current and future trends. Methods: A dataset was made with topic retrieval, concerning PBM research retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. We analyzed to forecast research frontiers in this field using the softwares: VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Biblioshiny. Results: Four thousand five hundred thirty pieces of literature were retrieved from our database. Current trends were characterized by keywords of "light," "spinal cord injury," "skeletal muscle," and so on. Future trends were characterized probably by six cutting-edge terms: "wound healing," "pain," "oral mucositis," "Alzheimer's disease," "Parkinson's disease," and "orthodontics." Conclusions: This study finds that the inadequacy of in-depth reliable interpretation of current clinical data calls for molecular biological mechanisms together with well-designed, large-sample, multicenter clinical trials. The study of oral, wound, and neural-related mechanisms and the exploration of therapeutic effects may be the popular trend at present and in the next few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dysfunctions of the female pelvic floor have a great influence on the quality of life of women, in all areas, social, psychological, and sexual. Stress urinary incontinence is the clinical condition in which the woman involuntarily loses urine to efforts, such as coughing and sneezing, causing great embarrassment and affecting her quality of life. The physiotherapeutic treatments include muscle strengthening; however, muscle fatigue is present when performing the exercises. Here we investigate the effects of photobiomodulation to prevent muscle fatigue in the pelvic floor in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, associated with a muscle strengthening exercise protocol. We used an infrared laser (808 nm, 100 mW) and 3 J/point and fluence of 107.1 J/cm2. The application was performed at 3 points on the vaginal introits and at another 3 points inside the vaginal canal cavity for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence associated with strengthening exercises with vaginal cones. Twenty-two volunteers participated in the study, divided into two groups: group 1 (laser therapy + strengthening) and group 2 (placebo laser + strengthening). In the group 1 quality of life score, the assessment (11.63 ± 4.33) was the highest score at 17 and in the reevaluation (7.81 ± 5.14) the lowest was 0 (p < 0.05). The muscular strength increased considerably (p < 0.05) for group 1, where the vast majority of patients gained more than twice the strength in the pelvic apparatus (8.36 ± 6.65 before X 13.81 ± 8.92 after). The volunteers acquired an increase in the contraction of the muscles of the pelvic apparatus (p < 0.05) (3.45 ± 1.07); after laser application, this number increased considerably (4.27 ± 0.61). Endurance had an increase of almost 50% compared to placebo, demonstrating the resistance gain in the perineal muscles (3.90 ± 2.35 X 5 ± 1.90). We concluded that photobiomodulation treatment showed significant efficacy in relation to muscle fatigue in the pelvic apparatus right after a strengthening program in women with stress urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To update the literature on the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy in relieving pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) compared to the effects of post-intervention, control/placebo groups, and other therapies. Search on the following databases: PORTAL PERIODICOS CAPES, PUBMED, GOOGLE ACADEMIC/SCHOLAR, SCOPUS, SCIELO, CENTRAL, and MEDLINE. Manual search: 1) manually capture the references of relevant articles originally selected to be included in the eligible studies. Two independent researchers performed the screening and selection of studies, methods assessment, and data extraction with unblinded authors and impressions. Subsequently, the full text of the originally selected studies was screened. The screening form registered the criteria for excluding literature from the full-text screening. The screening resulted in a total of 1692 citations. Out of these, 1402 citations were examined for titles and abstracts, followed by the removal of duplicated studies; therefore, 68 articles remained for full-text evaluation. 54 articles were excluded after full-text screening. Fourteen articles met the selection criteria, hence being selected and included in this narrative review. PBM showed to be a promising modality in relieving painful symptoms in DPN, especially when implemented in combination with other therapies, by improving the quality of life of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical gingivectomy can be considered the gold standard treatment for gingival enlargement. The healing of wound site after gingivectomy occurs slowly by secondary intention. To accelerate the wound healing process, several studies have been conducted evaluating the effect of various treatment modalities. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) was proposed to provide minimally invasive and painless treatment as well as to decrease discomfort of the patient following the surgical process. Another factor that is expected to improve the healing after surgery is topical application of chemotherapeutic agents such as Hyaluronic acid (HA). This study aims to assess the effect of topically applied HA gel after PBMT on the healing of wound site after surgical gingivectomy. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial included twenty-six surgical gingivectomy wound sites, equally divided into two groups, Group-I (test group): the surgical sites after gingivectomy were irradiated with a diode laser (980 nm, 0.2 W) then covered by 2% HA gel loaded in a special custom-made soft transparent tissue guard appliance for each patient. Group II (control group): the surgical sites were irradiated with a diode laser (980 nm, 0.2 W) only. Wound healing was assessed subjectively by Landry healing index on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after surgery, and pain perception was assessed by the patients using visual analog scale (VAS) throughout the 21 days of the follow up period. Comparisons between the two study groups were performed using Mann-Whitney U test, while comparisons between different time points were performed using Friedman test. Significance was inferred at p value < 0.05. Results: By the end of the follow-up period, surgical sites of the test group showed excellent healing compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in VAS scores between both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Application of 2% HA gel as an adjunctive to PBMT was found to have significant clinical effects and higher power of repair among test group when compared to that achieved by PBMT alone in control group. Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov and first posted on 28th of March 2023 with an identifier number: NCT05787912. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), ultrasound therapy (US), and strengthening and stretching exercise in children diagnosed with cervical straightening caused by long-term use of electronic devices. A total of 60 patients from 12 to 18 years of both gender diagnosed with straight neck syndrome which is losing the normal C shape of cervical vertebrae. Patients were randomized into three groups. In group A, patients received LLLT plus exercise, while in group B, they received US plus exercise, and group C received exercise. In group A and B, Cobb angle and VAS showed a significant improvement (more significant in group A) with P < 0.001, while in group C P = 0.006. LLLT, US, and exercise improved the cervical straight curve, and reduced pain with maximum effect was done by LLLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzed the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and the purified natural latex protein (Hevea brasiliensis, F1 protein) on the morpho-function of sciatic nerve crush injuries in rats. One-hundred and eight male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 18): 1. Control; 2. Exposed (nerve exposed); 3. Injury (injured nerve without treatment); 4. LLLT (injured nerve irradiated with LLLT (15 J/cm2, 780 nm)); 5. F1 (injured nerve treated with F1 protein (0.1%)); and 6. LLLT + F1 (injured nerve treated with LLLT and F1). On the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 56th days after injury, a functional sensory analysis of mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia and a motor analysis of grip strength and gait were performed. After 3, 15, and 57 days, the animals were euthanized for morphometric/ultrastructural analyses. The treatments applied revealed improvements in morphometric/ultrastructural parameters compared to the injured group. Sensory analyses suggested that the improvements observed were associated with time progression and not influenced by the treatments. Motor analyses revealed significant improvements in grip strength from the 7th day in the LLLT group and in gait from the 56th day in all treated groups. We concluded that even though the morphological analyses showed improvements with the treatments, they did not influence sensory recovery, and LLLT improved motor recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The increasing prevalence of myopia is a global public health issue. Because of the complexity of myopia pathogenesis, current control methods for myopia have great limitations. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on human sclera fibroblasts (HSFs) under hypoxia, in the hope of providing new ideas for myopia prevention and control. Methods: Hypoxic cell model was established at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h time points to simulate myopia microenvironment and explore the optimal time point. Control, hypoxia, hypoxia plus light, and normal plus light cell models were set up for the experiments, and cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h after PBM (660 nm, 5 J/cm2), followed by evaluation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and collagen I a1 (COL1A1) proteins using Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and photo damage was detected by CCK-8, scratch test, and flow cytometry assays. We also used transfection technology to further elucidate the regulatory mechanism. Results: The change of target proteins is most obvious when hypoxia lasts for 24 h (p < 0.01). PBM at 660 nm increased extracellular collagen content (p < 0.001) and downregulated expression of HIF-1α (p < 0.05). This treatment did not affect the migration and proliferation of cells (p > 0.05), and effectively inhibited apoptosis under hypoxia (p < 0.0001). After overexpression of HIF-1α, the effect of PBM was attenuated (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Photobiomodulation at 660 nm promotes collagen synthesis via downregulation of HIF-1α expression without photodamage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation in accelerating orthodontic treatment with clear aligners in correcting an orthodontic malocclusion characterized by severe crowding and agenesis in an adult subject. An adult male patient with Class I malocclusion, a mild Class III skeletal base and severe crowding was treated with 88 Invisalign® (Align Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA) pairs of aligners replaced every 5 days in combination with an Orthopulse™ (Biolux Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada) photobiomodulation device for home use by the patient. The total orthodontic treatment time was 440 days. Orthopulse™ is a photobiomodulation device that generates continuous beams of near-infrared light (NIR—near-infrared) with a wavelength of 850 nm and a power of 42 mW/cm2 to produce an average energy density on the surface of the silicone impression of 9.3 J/cm2. The combined use of clear aligners and the Orthopulse™ device allowed the patient to replace the aligners according to an experimental 5-day protocol to speed up the orthodontic therapy and, thus, resolve the malocclusion in less time than the manufacturer's standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of low-level laser on the wound healing and burn injuries have been previously examined to demonstrate some satisfactory results. Despite there are a few articles available to study photobiomodulation (PBM) effects on the pain relief of cesarean sectioned wound, however no systematic examination has been carried out so far regarding its healing. Here, the aim of this clinical study was to evaluate PBM effect on the cesarean-sectioned wound healing. PBM effects of semiconductor lasers are investigated at 658 and 660 nm with 100, 150 and 350 mW output powers on 40 patients. Due to the global increasing number of cesarean sections, we have decided to investigate the effect of laser as a reliable technique to recover the wounds fast. We considered women as the target group who had their first delivery giving the birth of their children by cesarean section. We selected patients are who treated by laser therapy using indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP) semiconductor linear scanning type with beam cross section of 12 cm2 and the output power of 100 mW at 658 nm exposing a therapeutic dose of 2 J/cm2. The purpose is to accelerate the healing process of the wounds after delivery as an intervention group against the people who chose the conventional methods (using ointments, pills, etc.) to heal their cesarean sectioned wounds as the control group. Regarding the wounds of these two groups, the questionnaires were filled by patients to assess the severity of pain from visual analogue scale (VAS) based on the healing of wounds from redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and distance between the two edges of the wound (REEDA) scale in the early hours after surgery and the post-treatment follow-up on the third, seventh, and the tenth days. The data collected by these questionnaires were analyzed using statistical package for social science)SPSS(as a statistical software to give out the comparative histograms. This study reports a clinical examination of PBM under intervention group of 40 patients ranging 18–40 years old with body mass index (BMI) of 29–36, during post-cesarean surgery to elucidate successful healing of the wounds and scars against conventional methods which considered as control group. Comparison of mean REEDA scores on the third day (p = 0.035), seventh day (p = 0.03), and tenth day (p = 0.02) after delivery exhibits that the two groups benefit a statistically significant difference with each other. For instance, the mean wound healing score in the intervention group was almost half of the mean wound healing score on the tenth day in the control group (1.09 ± 0.586 vs. 2.25 ± 0.422). The post-cesarean follow-up indicates that the patients treated by the laser therapy (intervention group) encounter better recovery than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing recognition of post‐COVID‐19 sequelae involving chronic fatigue and brain fog, for which photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been utilized. This open‐label, pilot, human clinical study examined the efficacy of two PBM devices, for example, a helmet (1070 nm) for transcranial (tPBM) and a light bed (660 and 850 nm) for whole body (wbPBM), over a 4‐week period, with 12 treatments for two separate groups (n = 7 per group). Subjects were evaluated with a neuropsychological test battery, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), the trail‐making tests A and B, the physical reaction time (PRT), and a quantitative electroencephalography system (WAVi), both pre‐ and post‐ the treatment series. Each device for PBM delivery was associated with significant improvements in cognitive tests (p < 0.05 and beyond). Changes in WAVi supported the findings. This study outlines the benefits of utilizing PBM therapy (transcranial or whole‐body) to help treat long‐COVID brain fog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nd:YAG laser is in common clinical use for the treatment of tissue incision, transpiration, and haemostasis in soft tissues. However, few studies have reported the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) from Nd:YAG laser on bone healing. The aim of this study was to perform three-dimensional (3D) morphological evaluation of the photobiomodulation of Nd:YAG laser in bone defects in rat tibiae using micro-computed tomography CT (micro-CT) imaging. A bone defect was created in each tibia of 30 rats. The right side was treated with LLLT from Nd:YAG laser (LT group) daily until sacrifice and the left tibiae served as controls (control group). All tibiae underwent micro-CT imaging at 7, 14, and 21 days after the operation. Three-dimensional image analysis of bone volume (BV) and bone surface area (BS) of new bone formation in the defects was performed and histologic analysis was conducted for all tibiae. Tibial BV and BS values were highest in both groups at 7 days after the operation and decreased at 14 days after operation. BV and BS values were both significantly higher in the LT group than in the control group at 7 and 14 days. There was no significant difference between the groups for either metric at 21 days. The present findings demonstrate that Nd:YAG laser simulates bone formation during the early healing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This is a case report showing that transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) combined with traditional, speech-language therapy improved and accelerated the results from speech-language therapy, in a stroke person with aphasia (PWA). Background: tPBM is a safe, noninvasive technique using red and near-infrared light to improve the metabolism of cells. tPBM helps by promoting neuromodulation, while decreasing neuroinflammation and promoting vasodilation. Several studies have shown that tPBM can help individuals with stroke or traumatic brain injury achieve significant cognitive improvements. Methods: A 38-year-old female, who sustained an ischemic stroke on the left side of the brain, received two, 5-month series of treatments. The first series of treatments included traditional speech-language therapy, for the first 5 months poststroke. The second series of treatments included tPBM in combination with speechlanguage therapy, for the next 5 months. The tPBM treatments included application of red (630 and 660 nm) and near-infrared (850 nm) wavelengths of photons applied to left hemisphere scalp areas. The major cortical language areas were subjacent to the scalp placements along the line of the Sylvian fissure. At each session, first a light-emitting diode (LED) cluster head with red (630 and 660 nm) and near-infrared (850 nm) wavelengths, with an irradiance (power density) of 200 mW/cm², a beam size of 4.9 cm², and a fluence (energy density) of 12 J/cm² per minute, was applied to the left side of the scalp/brain, along the Sylvian fissure for 60 sec at each at the following eight, language network target areas: frontal pole, prefrontal cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area); supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus in the parietal lobe; inferior motor/sensory cortex (mouth area); and posterior superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area) and superior temporal sulcus in the temporal lobe, for a total of 8 min. Second, for the next 20 min (1200 sec), simultaneous with speech-language therapy, an LED PBM helmet was applied to the scalp/head. This helmet contained 256 separate LED lights, near-infrared (810 nm) wavelength, 60mW power per LED light, total power, 15 W; energy, 72 Joules; fluence, 28.8 J/cm²; and irradiance, 24mW/cm². Results and conclusions: During the initial, 5-month treatment series with traditional speech-language therapy only, there was little to no improvement in dysarthria and expressive language. During the second, 5-month treatment series, however, with tPBM applied first, to the left hemisphere only, and second, to both hemispheres during each session plus simultaneous speech-language therapy, there was marked improvement in the dysarthria and expressive language. After the first 5-month series, this PWA had utilized a slow rate of speech with a production of *25 to 30 words-per-minute during conversations and spontaneous speech. Utterance length was only 4-6 words with simple, grammatical structure. After the second, 5-month series of treatment combining tPBM plus speech-language therapy, the rate of speech increased to 80+ words-per-minute and utterance length was increased to 9-10 words, with more complex grammatical structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used in cancer therapy by either activating chemicals, known as photodynamic treatment (PDT), or by heating the cancer cells through laser photon energy, known as photothermal therapy (PTT). In order to improve the effectiveness of LLLT, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates that can serve as photo-absorbing agents. The current study evaluated the synergistic bioinhibitory effect of 532 nm green laser irradiation and AuNPs on MCF-7 cell line. The photo-absorption of AuNPs in visible and near-infrared regions can potentially improve low-level laser therapy. In this work, cells were treated with AuNPs (50 ± 0.15nm) at concentrations of 20 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml prior to irradiation with 0.002, 0.020, 0.060, and 0.100 W at different time frames (60–900 s). In the absence of AuNPs during laser therapy, cell inhibition was ranged at 25–40%. Interestingly, when cells were irradiated with the lowest dose of 2.40 J.cm−2 (0.002 W at 60 s) in the presence of AuNPs at the highest concentration of 50 μg/ml, a dramatic drop in cell density of more than 90% was observed (p < 0.05). Considering this discovery, AuNPs-assisted low-level laser therapy seems to be a promising alternative to therapy using high power laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) appears to be safe and effective for hair loss. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) also has a positive biological effect on hair re‐growth. Objectives: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of both PBMT and PEMF for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Materials and Methods: This study was a 24‐week, randomized, double‐blind, sham device‐controlled trial. We recruited 80 subjects with androgenetic alopecia. The subjects got treatment every week for the 1st 12 weeks, every other week for the next 8 weeks. PBMT entails 15‐min therapy, and PEMF was carried out for 10 min. Results: The baseline hair density was 114.57 (±28.75)/cm2 and 113.31 (±30.07)/cm2 in both treatment and control groups. After 24 weeks of treatment, the mean hair density increased to 139.37 (±31.4)/cm2 in the treatment group but only to 119.78 (±31.92)/cm2 in the control group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Based on the global assessment of independent experts, the score was 0.41 (±0.62) in the treatment group and 0.07 (±0.45) in the control group. Only very mild erythema or irritation was reported, and no serious adverse reactions were reported. Conclusions: A combination of PBMT and PEMF is a valid and safe treatment option for AGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of Diode laser 650 nm, mineralized Nano-cellulose graft material, and their combination on bone healing using Masson's Trichrome stain. Methods a total of 18 adult male white New Zealand rabbits were used. Two circular full cortical bone defects were drilled in each tibia, creating four bony defects in each rabbit, representing the four main groups of the study; group A (negative control), group B (filled with Tetramethyl pyridine oxyl "TEMPO" oxidized Nano-cellulose combined with Nano Amorphous-calcium-phosphate "nACP", group C (combination group filled with experimental material and subjected to laser), group D (subjected to Diode laser 650 nm). In groups C and D, bony defects were subjected to laser irradiation during surgery, then repeated every other day for two weeks. Animals were sacrificed after two weeks and one month, histological samples were examined by Masson's Trichrome stain. Results after two weeks, group D recorded the greatest mean area percent of osteoid, while group C recorded the lowest value. After one month, groups A and D showed full closure of the defects, groups B and C showed partial defect closure with retained bone graft material, with group B recording the greatest mean area percent of osteoid formation, whereas group C recorded the lowest value. Conclusion Diode laser biostimulation improved bone defects' healing. Mineralized Nano-cellulose as a bone substitute showed a delayed effect in bone healing, and graft material resorption. The combination of LLLT with the mineralized Nano-cellulose material had no positive outcome on bone defect healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the changes that a recently developed at-home device using low-level light therapy (LLLT) produced in signs and symptoms of patients with dry eye disease (DED) owing to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: In this prospective study, patients with DED owing to MGD not successfully responding to first-line therapy (tear substitutes and eye lid hygiene) were treated with four serial sessions (every other day) of mask based on LLLT technology and dedicated for home use (my-mask®, Espansione Marketing S.p.A., Bologna, Italy). Non-invasive ocular surface examination was carried out by means of Keratograph 5M (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) before and after four mask sessions for the evaluation of (i) tear meniscus height (TMH); (ii) first and average non-invasive Keratograph breakup time (NIKBUT); (iii) meibomian gland loss (MGL). Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to assess ocular discomfort symptoms. Results: Overall, 17 patients (3 male, 14 female; mean age 61.47 ± 11.93 years) were enrolled and all of them regularly completed the entire cycle of four sessions without reporting any adverse event. The mean values of NIKBUT first and NIKBUT average increased significantly after treatment (from 5.29 ± 2.60 at T0 to 9.04 ± 3.49 s at T1 [P = 0.001] and from 9.40 ± 3.81 to 11.28 ± 2.81 s [P = 0.017]); in parallel, the mean value of TMH increased significantly from 0.27 ± 0.06 to 0.32 ± 0.09 mm (P = 0.029). Conversely, there were not statistically significant differences for MGL (P = 0.346). In addition, the mean value of OSDI score decreased after treatment (from 32.00 ± 7.96 at T0 to 20.71 ± 8.03 at T1; P < 0.001). Conclusions: One week of serial sessions of a newly developed LLLT device for home use significantly improved tear film production and stability along with ocular discomfort symptoms in patients with DED owing to MGD. These findings open up a new scenario for patients with MGD who can enjoy the unique benefits of LLLT at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes patients. Among different therapeutic approaches for treating DPN, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) is a new promising non-invasive technique. This study aims to evaluate the effect of visible and infra-red LLLT on DPN. Methods: Sixty DPN patients enrolled in a randomized-controlled study. The patients were randomly divided into the same population of control and laser groups. The patients in the laser group received LLLT with two wavelengths of 630 and 819 nm and conventional therapy, and those in the control group received conventional therapy alone. Irradiation of the patients lasted 15 minutes per session, and it was performed over the surface of each foot three times a week for 12 sessions. The patients were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study with the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and microfilament test. Results: Patients' sensation in the right foot in the monofilament test had increased from 22 (84.6%) to 26 (86.7%) (P = 0.000), and in the left foot it had increased from 20 (80%) to 25 (86.2%) (P = 0.001). The mean and standard deviation of the scores of section A of the Michigan questionnaire showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05), but the B part scores of the Michigan test did not show a significant difference. Conclusion: This study showed that the visible and infra-red LLLT significantly improved the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy without any side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Elimination of inflammation and re-osseointegration are the major objectives of peri-implantitis therapy. Existing data, however, do not support any decontamination approach. Thus, the present in vitro study aims to assess whether the air-debriding decontamination method with erythritol powder restores the biocompatibility of infected titanium discs and to investigate the potent biomodulatory ability of diode laser (810 nm) irradiation to promote cell proliferation and differentiation of premature osteoblast-like cells (MG63) towards osteocytes. Methods: The experimental groups consisted of cells seeded on titanium discs exposed or not in a peri-implantitis environment with or without biomodulation. Infected discs were cleaned with airflow with erythritol powder. Cell cultures seeded on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) surfaces with or without biomodulation with a laser (810 nm) were used as controls. The study evaluated cell viability, proliferation, adhesion (SEM) at 24, 48 and 72 hours, and surface roughness changes (profilometry), as well as the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on ALP, OSC, TGF-b1, Runx- 2, and BMP-7 expression in MG63 cells' genetic profile on days 7, 14, and 21. Results: The MTT assay as well as the FDA/PI method revealed that cell proliferation did not show significant differences between sterile and decontaminated discs at any timepoint. SEM photographs on day 7 showed that osteoblast-like cells adhered to both sterile and disinfected surfaces, while surface roughness did not change based on amplitude parameters. The combination of airflow and LLLT revealed a biomodulated effect on the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells with regard to the impact of laser irradiation on the genetic profile of the MG63 cells. Conclusion: In all groups tested, osteoblast-like cells were able to colonize, proliferate, and differentiate, suggesting a restoration of biocompatibility of infected discs using airflow. Furthermore, photomodulation may promote the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells cultured on both sterile and disinfected titanium surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), also called Photobiomodulation, has gained widespread acceptance as a mainstream modality, particularly in the form of photobiostimulation (PBM). Here in our review, we aim to present the application of LLLT to help with depression, explore potential action mechanisms and pathways, discuss existing limitations, and address the challenges associated with its clinical implementation. Methods: In biological systems, the visible light with a wavelength range of 400--700 nm activates photoreceptors involved in vision and circadian rhythm regulation. The near-infrared (NIR) light with a wavelength range of 800-1100 nm exhibits superior tissue penetration capabilities compared to the visible light, which enables the non-invasive application of LLLT to various tissues. Results: By enhancing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production using the respiratory chain, LLLT is able to enhance blood flow, reduce inflammation, support repair and healing, and enhance stem cell growth and proliferation. Preclinical studies using animal models have shown promising neuroprotective effects of the LLLT method on central nervous system (CNS) diseases, suggesting potential improvements in brain function for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. In addition, it helps Parkinson's patients with their movement problems and ameliorates mental disorders in individuals with depression. Conclusion: patients' quality of life can be significantly enhanced. A comprehensive understanding of the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of LLLT will facilitate its therapeutic application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periapical local anesthetic injection may be associated with fear of needles and pain administration. Dental topical anesthetic agents can help to reduce pain perception; however, adverse events can occur. To investigate the efficacy of 1064-nm photobiomodualtion (PBM) in inducing mucosal anesthesia delivered with a flat-top hand-piece compared to 20% Benzocaine topical anesthetic gel, sixty healthy patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either 20% benzocaine topical gel + placebo laser (T group) or PBM + placebo gel (L group). The 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser was employed and is associated with a novel flat-top hand piece. The applied operational parameters were 0.5 W, 10 Hz, 100 µs pulse width, and 30 J/cm2 for one-minute single application time. The enrolled subjects were asked to assess pain intensity at the time of anesthetic injection with a Visual Analog Scale. Taking into consideration taste, undesirable numbness, and overall satisfaction, the patients were asked to rate their experiences according to a verbal rating scale. Statistical analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the T and L Groups for pain ratings (p = 0.0596). The L Group displayed significantly higher ratings than T Group for taste, undesirable numbness, and overall satisfaction (p < 0.001). The 1064-nm PBM delivered by flat-top hand piece is effective in inducing mucosal anesthesia, eliminating the adverse side-effects of the conventional topical anesthetic gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on overall leveling and alignment time of mandibular anterior crowding and associated pain after initial archwire placement. Thirty-two females (18-25 years) with mandibular anterior crowding were randomly allocated into laser and control groups. Eligibility criteria included Angle Class I molar relationship and Little's irregularity index (LII) from 4 to 10 mm. Randomization was accomplished with a computer-generated random list. A 0.014-inch copper-nickel-titanium (Cu-NiTi) wire was inserted immediately after bonding of 0.022-inch Roth brackets followed by 0.016-inch Cu-NiTi, 0.016 × 0.022-inch NiTi then 0.017 × 0.025-inch stainless steel wire after completion of alignment. In-Ga-As laser was applied to the mandibular anterior segment in the laser group on days 3, 7, and 14, then at 1 month followed by every 2 weeks until completion of leveling and alignment. Visual analogue scale questionnaires were completed by each patient over 7 days from initial archwire placement. Digital models were used to monitor changes in the irregularity index. Blinding was applicable for outcome assessors only. The mean time for leveling and alignment was significantly lower in the laser compared to the control group (68.2 ± 28.7 and 109.5 ± 34.7 days, respectively). The laser group displayed a significantly higher mean alignment improvement percentage as well as lower pain scores compared to the control group. Within the constraints of the current study, LLLT has a potential for acceleration of anterior segment alignment as well as reduction of the pain associated with placement of initial archwires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2019, a viral and respiratory pathology called COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and spread to other continents. Its main symptoms include fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, anorexia and respiratory distress in the most severe cases, which can lead to death. Furthermore, manifestations in the oral cavity such as ageusia and dysgeusia, as well as lesions in other regions of the oral cavity, can be observed. Main body: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically assess the clinical evidence on the use of photobiomodulation (PBMT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of oral lesions in patients infected with Sars-Cov-2. The literature extracted from electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar was screened for eligibility, and relevant articles were included. The review is limited to manuscripts published in English, Spanish and Portuguese language between December 2019 and October 2021. A total of 5 articles with 11 cases retracting PBMT and aPDT as therapeutic strategies for the regression of oral lesions and painful symptoms. The results show favoring the associated use of PBMT with aPDT (P = 0.004), and the isolated use of PBMT with the result of significant "P = 0.005" and good confidence interval (7.18, 39.20) in ulcerative lesions, herpetic, aphthous, erythematous, petechiae and necrotic areas. Conclusions: PBMT and aPDT could be effective in the treatment of oral lesions of patients infected with Sars-Cov-2 in a short period of time; however, more long-term randomized clinical trials studies are needed to define the therapeutic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been widely investigated as an adjunct technique for orthodontic treatment due to photobiomodulation effect. LLLT appears to be supportive for an orthodontic practice in terms of tooth movement acceleration, pain relief, and root resorption management. The decrease in these adverse effects will enhance the compliance in orthodontic patients, which could positively impact treatment outcomes. However, there seemed to be inconsistency in the impact of LLLT as well as its laser and treatment parameters. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the impact of different irradiation parameters on tooth movement acceleration, pain relief, and root resorption as well as to construct a protocol of LLLT in orthodontic practice. The search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of identified articles. The last search was conducted on October 10, 2021 to identify experiments in humans regarding the application of LLLT as noninvasive treatment in orthodontic practice published between 2010 and 2021. However, they were excluded if they were not clinical research, if they did not report the source of laser, or if they were not relevant to tooth movement, pain perception, and root resorption, or if they were not available in English or in full-text. Following the systematic search and selection process, 60 articles were included in this review. A majority of included articles were published in the past few years. The findings of this review supported the application of LLLT in orthodontic practice with purposes of tooth movement acceleration and pain reduction. The positive impact of LLLT on root resorption had not been clearly evident yet. As this review demonstrated heterogeneity of both laser and treatment parameters, further research should be required to ensure the effectiveness of its specific parameters in orthodontic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the efficacy of topical aloe vera with low-level laser therapy in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). A randomized, parallel arm, single-blind study comprising of 60 patients with OLP was randomly divided into two groups. Group A was given topical aloe vera extract gel applied thrice daily for 2 months, and group B was given low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at 980 nm twice weekly for 2 months. Both groups were followed up for 9 months. Patients were assessed for various parameters according to the Escudier scale at baseline, after treatment at 9 months. Results were assessed using the McNemar-Bowker test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Both individual groups showed significant (p < 0.05) results at the end of the treatment period (0–2 months) and the follow-up period (2–7 months). Intergroup comparison showed significant results in the laser group (reduction of VAS by 44.1%, site score by 24.6%, and activity score by 50%) as compared with the aloe vera group (reduction of VAS by 26.7%, site score by 9.2%, and the activity score by 26%) in the treatment period. In the follow-up period, both groups showed insignificant differences in comparison to each other. Within the limitations of the study, LLLT was more effective as compared with topical aloe vera in managing oral lichen planus during the active treatment time, while both were equally effective during the follow-up period. The clinical study was registered under the Clinical Trials Registry India with the registration number CTRI/2018/04/013147. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to explore the optimal energy density (ED) for relief of orthodontic-related pain by photobiomodulation therapy. Background: Orthodontic treatment corrects the deformity of teeth, dental arch, jaw, and face using various orthodontic devices under the action of biomechanics. Materials and methods: A computerized literature search was conducted within the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and CBM databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used photobiomodulation therapy to relieve pain during orthodontic treatment. Particular inclusion and exclusion criteria were connected to recognize relevant articles. The information was extricated autonomously by two reviewers, and a quality assessment was carried out by utilizing the Cochrane Collaboration "risk of bias" tool. The RevMan 5.4 software and STATA 15.0 were utilized for data analysis. Also, the NMA was performed with mvmeta commands in Stata (StataCorp, TX). Results: Of the 1024 recognized articles, 21 RCTs were at long last included. Within the risk-of-bias assessments, 2 studies displayed a high risk, 17 an unclear risk, and 2 a low risk. The global and local inconsistency of the NMA in 1 and 2 days was not significant; however, the NMA in 3 days showed a significant inconsistency. Laser with lower ED (0-10 J/cm2) appeared to be the most noteworthy possibility to become the optimal intervention, and it also had the highest mean rank in the rankogram and the biggest value of surface under the cumulative ranking in all three NMA structures. Conclusions: On account of the limited evidence of included trials, laser with lower ED (0-10 J/cm2) appeared to be more valid than the remaining treatment modalities (laser with higher ED, placebo, and control) for pain reduction in 1, 2, and 3 days after orthodontic procedures were applied. In the future, more high-quality research with consistency in research design is needed for further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), reported donors' mortality and morbidity were highly correlated with surgeon skills. Therefore, liver transplantation has become a distinct maneuver. In addition, minor liver surgeries complications include shoulder pain, pruritus, urinary retention, as well as major morbidity such as central venous catheter-induced thrombosis of brachial and/or subclavian vein, neuropraxia, foot drop also prolonged post-dural puncture headache. Objective: to compare effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) versus low level laser therapy (LLLT) on pain and functional performance of liver donors' suffering from shoulder pain. Patients and Methods: Thirty donors of both genders with ages ranging from 20 to 40 years old were selected from the Physical Therapy Outpatient Clinic of National Liver Institute, Menoufia University. They were randomly allocated into two equal groups: Group A included 15 donor patients who received 30 minutes TENS, 3 times per week, plus conventional physical therapy exercise program for 12 sessions along 4 weeks and group B that included 15 donor who received fifteen minutes LLLT 3 times per week plus conventional physical therapy exercise program for 12 sessions along 4 weeks. Results: A significant improvement of VAS values post-treatment in both groups, also a significant SST benefits, plus improvement in shoulder flexion and abduction post-treatment compared to pre-values (p > 0.001) unless group A values that were superior to those of group B. Conclusion: It could be concluded that both TENS as well LASER were effective in shoulder functional performance in donor' painful shoulders, but TENS was more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are considered multifactorial conditions, thereby with different therapy options, from occlusal equilibration, splint therapy, pharmacotherapy or physical therapy. Among the physical therapies, over the last years, laser therapy and ultrasound therapy have gained attention, as different experimental or clinical studies suggest their efficacy in case of TMDs. The aim of our literature review is to evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of laser and ultrasound therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Material and method. A research of literature has been performed - articles published over the last 5 years (January 2016 until June 2021) were searched by introducing a combination of different terms, using the Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Results and discussions. A total number of 332 articles was found. For multiple publications regarding the same group of patients, the most recent studies were included. Initial analysis of titles and abstracts eliminated 232 articles, leaving 35 articles whose full text was examined. 20 articles met the inclusion criteria Conclusions. According to the findings of this literature update we can conclude that low level laser therapy, ultrasound therapy, and photobiomodulation may effectively reduce pain for patients suffering of muscular and joint TMDs. However, their effects appear to be only shortly maintained, and only for less complex cases. In addition, it was difficult to compare the studies included, as they do not offer an optimal usage (program, duration of sessions, or number of sessions) of each technique. In this context, we consider that further randomized clinical studies are necessarily to compare each physical technique as well as their synergic effect on the symptoms in case of temporomandibular disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the viability of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in decreasing orthodontic-related pain after different orthodontic procedures. Methods: A computerized literature search was conducted within the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and CBM databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which used PBMT to relieve pain during orthodontic treatment. Particular inclusion and exclusion criteria were connected to recognize relevant articles. The information was extricated autonomously by two reviewers, and a quality assessment was carried out by utilizing the Cochrane Collaboration "risk of bias" tool. Meta-analysis was conducted with fixed- or random-effects models as suitable. Statistical heterogeneity was also examined. The RevMan 5.4 software was utilized for data analysis. Results: Of 1024 recognized articles, 25 RCT were at long last included. Within the risk-of-bias assessments, 1 study displayed a high risk, 22 an unclear risk, and 2 a low risk. The meta-analysis appeared that in patients treated with photobiomodulation (PBM) versus control there was a distinction in support of PBMT in placement of elastomeric separators, canine retraction, and archwire placement during 1 week. Conclusions: PBMT demonstrated to be effective in advancing a reduction pain after elastomeric separators placement, canine retraction, and archwire placement within 1 week. In the future, more high-quality research with consistency in research design is needed for further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A present, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) effectiveness in enhancing bone regeneration in bone defects grafted with or without biomaterials is unclear. This systematic review (PROSPERO, ref. CRD 42019148959) aimed to critically appraise animal in vivo published data and present the efficacy of PBMT and its potential synergistic effects on grafted bone defects. MEDLINE, CCCT, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, EMBASE, EBSCO were searched, utilizing the following keywords: bone repair; low‐level laser therapy; LLLT; light emitting diode; LEDs; photobiomodulation therapy; in vivo animal studies, bone substitutes, to identify studies between 1994 and 2019. After applying the eligibility criteria, 38 papers included where the results reported according to "PRISMA." The results revealed insufficient and incomplete PBM parameters, however, the outcomes with or without biomaterials have positive effects on bone healing. In conclusion, in vivo animal studies with a standardized protocol to elucidate the effects of PBMT on biomaterials are required initially prior to clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the decline of cognitive functions such as learning and memory. Scientific society has proposed some non-pharmacological interventions, among which photobiomodulation has gained prominence for its beneficial effects. Therefore, we investigated, through systematic review, the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation in AD. Methods: This systematic review was registered under the number CRD42019128416 in the International Prospective Record of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A systematic search was conducted on the bibliographic databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect) with the keywords based on MeSH terms: "photobiomodulation therapy" or "low-level laser therapy" or "LLLT" or "light emitting diode" and "amyloid" or "Alzheimer". The data search was conducted from 2008 to 2019. We follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search strategy included experimental in vivo and in vitro studies in the English language and photobiomodulation as a non-pharmacological intervention. We included 10 studies, being 5 in vivo studies, 4 in vitro studies and 1 study using in vivo and in vitro. To evaluate the quality of the studies, we used the Rob tool of the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRLE). Results: The studies showed that photobiomodulation is able to reduce inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptotic effects generated by amyloid beta (Aß) and restore mitochondrial function and cognitive behavior. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that photobiomodulation may be a useful tool for treating AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents partial results of a case study on the use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in bone fracture healing. A 39-year-old patient with a fracture in the head of the humerus was evaluated, receiving nine sessions of LLLT. X-rays showed homogeneous and controlled consolidation, and the patient was discharged on the 25th day. The results suggest that LLLT may have promising implications in the treatment of bone fractures, but further research with a larger number of patients is necessary for definitive conclusions. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: Patients treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may experience oral complications associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). These complications may significantly affect quality of life, even many years post-HSCT. Current treatment options for oral cGVHD are limited and often include steroid or other immunomodulatory medications, which may not adequately control the oral condition. A non-immunosuppressive intervention for symptomatic relief in oral cGVHD would thus be a welcome addition to the treatment paradigm.Materials and Methods: We report seven cases of oral cGVHD that were treated with photobiomodulation therapy (PBM), previously known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Patients underwent at least two PBM treatments per week in addition to local treatment with steroids, and if on systemic therapies, these were either unchanged or dosage was reduced during the period of PBM therapy. Follow-up data is presented for 4 weeks of treatment.Results: Oral pain, sensitivity, and dry mouth improved in most patients. These findings suggest PBM therapy may represent an additional approach for management of oral cGVHD, and suggest that controlled studies should be conducted to confirm the efficacy and safety of PBM therapy in oral cGVHD and to determine optimal PBM therapy protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation (PBM), also called low-level laser treatment (LLLT), has been considered a promising tool in periodontal treatment due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. However, photobiomodulation's effectiveness depends on a combination of parameters, such as energy density, the duration and frequency of the irradiation sessions, and wavelength, which has been shown to play a key role in laser-tissue interaction. The objective of the study was to compare the in vitro effects of two different wavelengths—635 nm and 808 nm—on the human primary gingival fibroblasts in terms of viability, oxidative stress, inflammation markers, and specific gene expression during the four treatment sessions at power and energy density widely used in dental practice (100 mW, 4 J/cm2). PBM with both 635 and 808 nm at 4 J/cm2 increased the cell number, modulated extracellular oxidative stress and inflammation markers and decreased the susceptibility of human primary gingival fibroblasts to apoptosis through the downregulation of apoptotic-related genes (P53, CASP9, BAX). Moreover, modulation of mesenchymal markers expression (CD90, CD105) can reflect the possible changes in the differentiation status of irradiated fibroblasts. The most pronounced results were observed following the third irradiation session. They should be considered for the possible optimization of existing low-level laser irradiation protocols used in periodontal therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]