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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provide an ideal platform for loading various guests owing to their available space, and can be developed as a class of multifunctional materials. Herein, we cover the design and synthesis of two kinds of exchanged frameworks with multifunctional applications based on H3ImDC and In(NO3)3·2H2O through guest exchange inside the framework. The guest ammonium ion (NH4+) and [Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)3]2+ (Rubpy) are selected to exchange the dimethylammonium cation (Me2NH2+) encapsulated within In-MOF, giving birth to two kinds of new MOFs, named NH4+@In-MOF and Rubpy@In-MOF respectively. The proton conduction of NH4+@In-MOF and the CO2 photoreduction of Rubpy@In-MOF are investigated. Under different test conditions, the proton conductive behaviors of NH4+@In-MOF are evaluated and the best proton conductive value can reach up to 9.81 × 10−3 S cm−1. Compared to the original In-MOF, Rubpy@In-MOF exhibits a significantly enhanced CO2 photoreduction performance under a pure CO2 atmosphere. Furthermore, its photocatalytic activity is retained even under a 10% CO2 gas atmosphere, displaying a synergistic effect between Rubpy and In-MOF24 within Rubpy@In-MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the recent developments of various photocatalysts for CO 2 photoreduction in the solid–gas mode, discusses their photocatalytic performances, mechanistic pathways, etc., and proposes a brief perspective on the challenges about the further development of CO 2 photoreduction. [Display omitted] • Various kinds of photocatalysts can serve as potential platforms for CO 2 photoreduction. • The exploration of CO 2 photoreduction in the solid–gas mode has been summarized. • Multiple strategies for the enhancement of CO 2 photoreduction properties are outlined and discussed. • The challenges about the further development of CO 2 photoreduction in the solid–gas mode are addressed. The conversion of CO 2 into valuable chemical feedstock through photocatalysis is considered as an effective strategy to mitigate global warming and energy-supply problems. The key challenge in CO 2 photoreduction is to design and synthesize powerful photocatalysts with superior advantages in absorbing visible-light, CO 2 enrichment/activation, and electron-coupled proton transition ability to facilitate the photoreduction process. During the past decades, various kinds of photocatalysts have been designed and explored for CO 2 photoreduction, and more and more achievements about CO 2 photoreduction have been made. However, the exploration of CO 2 photoreduction in the solid–gas mode is still in its infancy and the performance of reported photocatalysts are far from meeting the demand of practical applications. This review will summarize the reported literatures about CO 2 photoreduction via the solid–gas mode including the summary of their performances, reaction conditions and mechanistic pathway, etc. Besides, multiple strategies like experimental evidences and theoretical studies reported for the enhancement of CO 2 photoreduction performance have also been outlined and discussed. Moreover, we have proposed a brief perspective on the challenges about further development of CO 2 photoreduction in the solid–gas mode and hope to provide new insights for scientists in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]