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Aims: Bleached enamel reversal using antioxidants sodium ascorbate (SA), Green tea extract (GTE), grape seed extract (GSE), Curcumin photosensitizer (CP) and Er: YAG laser on the adhesive strength and marginal leakage of composite material bonded to the bleached enamel surface., Materials and Methods: Enamel surface of hundred and twenty sound human first premolar teeth was cleansed using pumice and bleached with 35 % hydrogen peroxide. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups based on the antioxidants used. n = 20 Group 1 (Control): No antioxidant agent, Group 2: 10 % SA solution, Group 3: 6.5 % GSE, Group 4: 5 % GTE, Group 5: Er: YAG laser and Group 6: CP. Following reversal, the composite was built and cured for 40 s. All the specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 1 day. Microleakage, SBS, and failure mode were analyzed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's multiple post hoc test were used to analyze the data statistically., Results: Group 2 (SA) (20.11 ± 5.79 nm) exhibited minimum value of microleakage and highest SBS (10.22 ± 1.62 MPa). Whereas, Group 1 (No antioxidant agent) displayed maximum scores of marginal leakage (28.11±8.89 nm) and lowest SBS (7.02 ± 1.22 MPa)., Conclusion: CP, GTE and GSE can be used as a potential alternative to the commonly used SA solution to reverse the negative impact of bleaching on the enamel surface. The use of reversal agents CP, GTE and GSE improves bond values with a decrease in microleakage scores However, future studies are still warranted to conclude the outcomes of the existing study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors of the present study have no conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: Assessment of post surface conditioners [sulfuric acid (SA), Rose Bengal (RB), and sandblasting (SB)] and different luting cements [methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based cement and composite-based cement] on pushout bond strength (PBS) of poly-ether ether-ketone (PEEK) post bonded to canal dentin. Materials and methods: Endodontic treatment was performed on 120 single-rooted human premolar teeth. The preparation of the post space was performed and 4 mm of gutta-percha was retained in the apical region of the root. One hundred and twenty PEEK posts were fabricated from a PEEK blank utilizing a Computer aided design-Computer aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) system. The PEEK posts were allocated randomly into four groups based on post surface conditioning ( n  = 30). Group A: SA, Group B: RB, Group C: SB, and Group D: No conditioning (NC). Each group was further divided into two subgroups based on the luting cement used for bonding ( n  = 15). Group A1, B1, C1, and D1 specimens were cemented using composite-based resin cement. However, Group A2, B2, C2, and D2 posts were luted with MMA-based resin cement. PBS assessment using a universal testing machine was performed. Failure modes were analyzed under a stereomicroscope. The data relating to the effects of surface treatment and luting types of cement were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test ( p  = 0.05). Results: Coronal section of Group B2: RB+Super-Bond C&B [9.61 ± 0.75 megapascals (MPa)] displayed the highest bond scores of PEEK after root dentin. Whereas it was also discovered that Group D1: NC+Panavia ® V5 (2.05 ± 0.72 MPa) presented the lowest PBS scores. Intergroup comparison analysis revealed that Group A2: SA+Super-Bond C&B and Group B2: RB+Super-Bond C&B displayed no significant difference in their bond scores. Conclusions: RB and SA possess the potential to be used as a PEEK post conditioner. MMA-based cement displayed better performance than composite-based cement.

Aims: Evaluation of survival of S.mutans and shear bond strength (SBS) of adhesive restorative material bonded to carious affected dentin (CAD) after using cavity disinfectant i.e., Er, Cr: YSGG (ECYL), (Nd: YAG) (NYL), Malachite green (MG), Ocimum sanctum (OS) in comparison to the conventional control chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX)., Materials and Methods: Seventy-five caries-affected mandibular third molars having ICDAS scores 4 and 5 were included. Carious infected dentin was eliminated and CAD surface was obtained. On twenty-five samples, an uncontaminated suspension of S. mutans strain ATCC 35,668 in Brain-Heart Infusion broth (BHI) was obtained after 12 h of incubation at 37 °C. Based on the disinfection regime used to sterilize the CAD surface, all the specimens were allocated into five different groups. (n = 15) Group 1: CAD disinfected with CHX, Group 2: CAD disinfected with ECYL, Group 3: CAD disinfected with NYL, Group 4: CAD disinfected with MG, and Group 5: CAD disinfected with OS. An assessment of the survival rate of S. mutans was performed. Fifty specimens were smeared with single-step adhesive bond followed by restoring the CAD surface using packable composite. SBS and failure mode were determined using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope at 40x magnification. ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey-Kramer test was used for data analysis p = 0.05., Results: Group 1: CHX-treated specimens displayed the lowest bacterial viability (0.11±0.03 CFU/mL). However, group 4: MG exhibited the highest bacterial survival (0.15 ± 0.09 CFU/mL). The highest and lowest SBS of resin adhesive bonded to disinfected CAD surface were exhibited by (group 5: OS) (21.48±1.39 MPa) and (group 3: NYL) (16.41±0.90 MPa) respectively (p>0.05)., Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum seems to be promising in terms of its antibacterial efficacy against S.mutans and positive impact on SBS of resin adhesive to CAD surface., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of contemporary disinfection Malachite green (MG), Terminalia chebula (T. chebula), and Indocyanine green (ICG)) against E. faecalis and their effect on push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber post (GFP) bonded to root dentin in comparison to conventional irrigation used (Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (17% EDTA)., Materials and Methods: Root canal treatment was initiated on sixty human single-rooted premolars and working length was established. The canals were enlarged using ProTaper universal system till F3. The prepared canals were obturated with Gutta-percha (GP) and AH Plus sealer followed by post-space preparation. Twenty canals contained a standard strain of E. faecalis (n=5 in each group) cultured overnight at 37 °C in BHI broth. All the samples were randomly allocated into four groups based on post-space irrigation. (n = 10) Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl+17% EDTA (Control), Group 2: 5.25% NaOCl + ICG, Group 3: 5.25% NaOCl + MG and Group 4: 5.25% NaOCl + T. chebula. Survival rates of E. faecalis were evaluated on the twenty specimens. GFP was placed on the remaining samples using self-etch dual-cure pastes and sectioning was performed in 1 mm thick slices. PBS and failure mode were analyzed using a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison t-tests were used for data analysis. (p = 0.05)., Results: 5.25% NaOCl+17% EDTA demonstrated (0.11±0.01 CFU/mL) the lowest survival rate of E. faecalis. However, Group 2 (5.25% NaOCl + ICG) exhibited the highest survival rate (0.52 ± 0.10). Furthermore, the coronal third of group 4 (5.25% NaOCl + T. chebula) (8.71±0.25 MPa) specimens demonstrated the highest PBS of GFP. However, an apical section of group 2 samples (5.25% NaOCl + ICG) (1.21±0.71 MPa) displayed the lowest outcome of bond integrity., Conclusion: Terminalia chebula when used as a final canal disinfectant seems to be promising in improving canal sterility and the bond strength of GFP to the root dentin., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: To evaluate the effect of different photosensitizer on extrusion bond strength of glass fiber post to radicular dentin., Material and Methods: Forty maxillary and mandibular central incisors were disinfected and decoronated. Mechanical instrumentation of canal was performed using protaper NiTi. Shaping and cleaning of canal comprised of S1, S2, SX with finishing files F1 and F2, followed by continuous irrigation. Canals were dried and obturated with gutta percha. Peso reamers were used to prepare post space. Based on the photosensitizers (PS) used, the samples were divided into three groups (n = 10). Group 1: treated with methylene blue photosensitizer (MBP) at 50 mg/l, Group 2: Curcumin photosensitizer (CP) at 500 mg/l, Group 3: canal space was filled with Toluidine blue photosensitizer (TB) at 100 mg/l. All photosensitizers were activated using different lasers. The samples in group 4 (control) were irrigated using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + 17% ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). Posts were cemented and teeth were sectioned into coronal, middle and apical sections. All sections were placed in universal testing machine to evaluate extrusion bond strength in megapascal (MPa). Fracture pattern analysis of samples were seen under stereomicroscope at 50x magnification and categorized into adhesive, cohesive and admixed. Assessment of extrusion bond strength was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test (p = 0.05)., Results: The highest bond strength was achieved in group 2, including samples treated with curcumin photosensitizer (CP) at all three root levels; cervical (9.01 ± 1.62 MPa), middle (7.95 ± 0.75 MPa) and apical (5.81 ± 0.15 MPa). Whereas, the lowest extrusion bond strength was observed in group 4 (canal irrigated with conventional 5.25% NaOCl +17% EDTA) at coronal (6.10 ± 1.77 MPa), middle (5.11 ± 0.75 MPa) and apical one-thirds (3.65 ± 0.14 MPa). Intra group comparison revealed decrease in extrusion bond strength from coronal to apical direction. Moreover, both group 2 and group 3 showed statistically significant difference to samples in control group and group 1. (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: TB and CP at concentration of 100 mg/l and 500 mg/l has the potential to be used as an alternate to conventional cleaning regime. TB and CP at this concentration when activated with PDT is likely to improve extrusion bond values., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To evaluate the adhesive bond integrity (shear bond strength-SBS) of composite resin bonded to carious dentin using chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), Er,Cr:YSGG laser (ECYL) and photodynamic therapy (PDT)., Material and Methods: Thirty carious and ten non-carious mandibular teeth were collected through non-traumatic extraction. All samples were embedded in polyvinyl cross-sections to the cemento-enamel junction. The preparation of caries-affected dentin was performed by grinding the specimens using silicon carbide discs. All specimens were randomly allocated in to four groups (n = 10). Group 1, non-affected dentin with no disinfection; Group 2, caries affected dentin treated with 2% CHX; Group 3, affected dentin disinfected with PDT [100 mg/L methylene blue solution (MBS) and Diode laser]; Group 4, affected dentin treated with ECYL. Self-etch adhesive was smeared on all specimens for 10 s and photopolymerized for 10 s. All specimens were placed in an incubator with humid environment for 24 h at 37 °C followed by positioning in universal testing machine for SBS testing. Failure mode examination of debonded samples was performed by a stereomicroscope. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for inter group comparison through mean and standard deviation of each group. For multiple group comparison Tukey HSD was employed. Level of significance was established at p < 0.05., Results: The highest SBS value was observed in group 1 (24.98 ± 1.59 MPa). Whereas, the lowest bond strength was displayed by group 3 (14.22 ± 1.40 MPa) specimens. Lased dentin in group 4 (15.89 ± 3.22 MPa) exhibited SBS values comparable to group 3 (14.22 ± 1.40 MPa). Group 2 (CHX-18.25 ± 1.29 MPa) exhibited statistically significant difference compared to all experimental groups (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Adhesive bond strength of disinfected carious dentin was higher with CHX treatment as compared to Photodynamic therapy and Er,Cr: YSGG laser treatment. Carious dentin showed lower bond strength to composite resin as compared to non-carious dentin., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)