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The increasing demand for searching highly efficient and robust technologies in the context of sustainable energy production totally rely onto the cost‐effective energy efficient production technologies. Solar power technology in this regard will perceived to be extensively employed in a variety of ways in the future ahead, in terms of the combustion of petroleum‐based pollutants, CO2 reduction, heterogeneous photocatalysis, as well as the formation of unlimited and sustainable hydrogen gas production. Semiconductor‐based photocatalysis is regarded as potentially sustainable solution in this context. g‐C3N4 is classified as non‐metallic semiconductor to overcome this energy demand and enviromental challenges, because of its superior electronic configuration, which has a median band energy of around 2.7 eV, strong photocatalytic stability, and higher light performance. The photocatalytic performance of g‐C3N4 is perceived to be inadequate, owing to its small surface area along with high rate of charge recombination. However, various synthetic strategies were applied in order to incorporate g‐C3N4 with different guest materials to increase photocatalytic performance. After these fabrication approaches, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced owing to generation of photoinduced electrons and holes, by improving light absorption ability, and boosting surface area, which provides more space for photocatalytic reaction. In this review, various metals, non‐metals, metals oxide, sulfides, and ferrites have been integrated with g‐C3N4 to form mono, bimetallic, heterojunction, Z‐scheme, and S‐scheme‐based materials for boosting performance. Also, different varieties of g‐C3N4 were utilized for different aspects of photocatalytic application i. e., water reduction, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, and photodegradation of dye pollutants, etc. As a consequence, we have assembled a summary of the latest g‐C3N4 based materials, their uses in solar energy adaption, and proper management of the environment. This research will further well explain the detail of the mechanism of all these photocatalytic processes for the next steps, as well as the age number of new insights in order to overcome the current challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being one of the foremost enticing and intriguing innovations, heterogeneous photocatalysis has also been used to effectively gather, transform, and conserve sustainable sun's radiation for the production of efficient and clean fossil energy as well as a wide range of ecological implications. The generation of solar fuel‐based water splitting and CO2 photoreduction is excellent for generating alternative resources and reducing global warming. Developing an inexpensive photocatalyst can effectively split water into hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2) sources, and carbon dioxide (CO2) into fuel sources, which is a crucial problem in photocatalysis. The metal‐free g‐C3N4 photocatalyst has a high solar fuel generation potential. This review covers the most recent advancements in g‐C3N4 preparation, including innovative design concepts and new synthesis methods, and novel ideas for expanding the light absorption of pure g‐C3N4 for photocatalytic application. Similarly, the main issue concerning research and prospects in photocatalysts based g‐C3N4 was also discussed. The current dissertation provides an overview of comprehensive understanding of the exploitation of the extraordinary systemic and characteristics, as well as the fabrication processes and uses of g‐C3N4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference 1 Hayat A., Sohail M., Taha T.A., Alenad A.M., Uddin I., Hayat A., Ali T., Shah R., Irfan A., Khan W.U. A superficial intramolecular alignment of carbon nitride through conjugated monomer for optimized photocatalytic CO2 reduction. However, the morphology did not sustain after adding the TDP monomer (change from nanosheets to irregular, rough surface nanoparticles). A Superficial Intramolecular Alignment of Carbon Nitride through Conjugated Monomer for Optimized Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. [Extracted from the article]

We confirmed a specific copolymerization (molecular doping) method for the covalent integration of 2,4-dihydroxyoxazole (DHO) monomer within the framework of carbon nitride (CN). The obtained composites xCN/DHO reveal a sophisticated dual-phase photocatalytic activity, which can effectively reduce and oxidize the CO 2 and NO 2 sources in an aqueous solution and simultaneously performed the oxidation of olefin (C C) in an organic state. This momentous dual state activity is concerned with the lipophilicity elevation from the convolution of oxazole (DHO) monomer within the shell of CN semiconductor. This modulation demonstrates the probability of hydrophobic olefin molecules, escorted in the bulk of CN and associated with the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals (∗OH) caused by photogenerated electrons/holes. In this approach, the olefinic compound allusively consumes the photoinduced electrons/holes through elevated CN/DHO, thus stimulating the entire photocatalytic route. Recent research provides a novel strategy for the production of solar fuels upon organic synthesis via the oxidizing capacity of photoinduced holes within free semiconductors of amphiphilic metals. Likewise, the results of the NO 2 photocatalytic reaction demonstrated that molecular doping drastically reduces the oxidative capacity and improves its reducing propensity. More importantly, the CO 2 reduction process supervenes into an extreme aggregation of methane (CH 4) as well as carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of co-catalyst Pt respectively. The photocatalytic results demonstrate that the copolymerized CN provide the greatest reduction/oxidation potential, which is due to its chemical oxidation phase that causes superior fluctuations in whole performance under solar irradiation. • Synthesis of oxazole (DHO) based carbon nitride (CN) through molecular engineering. • Samples were utilized for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and NO 2 oxidation. • The momentous activity is concerned towards the convolution of DHO within CN. • Samples alter the probability for hydrophobic olefin molecules due to *OH radicals. • The reduction/oxidation process happen due to excess of electrons/holes in materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fig. Proposed mechanism of CN/BI 10.0. [Display omitted] • BI was incorporated within CN via molecular engineering (CN/BIx). • Endorsing charge transition dissociation and boosting the photocatalytic performance. • Superior sample CN/BI 10.0 demonstrate remarkable photocatalytic H 2 evolution and photoreduction of CO 2 respectively. • A dual synergetic mechanism of CN/BI 10.0 has been proposed. Due to a growing number of significant vitality and environmental issues, the standardized variation of carbon nitride (CN) for visible-light photocatalytic water splitting is an encouraging scientific topic. By revealing this, the functionalized monomer 2,6-dibromobenzimidazole (BI) was successfully embedded within the heptazine units of CN via a molecular engineering (Co-polymerization process) approach, and the as-synthesized product was named CN/BIx. Thereafter, as-synthesized materials were employed in the photocatalytic production of hydrogen (H 2) via water splitting and CO 2 reduction into CO under visible light irradiance (λ = 420 nm). Surprisingly, the substituent framework of CN, which was intimidated by the description of BI monomer, acted as a substitution reaction material and lubricated the electronic structure of CN by endorsing charge transition dissociation, which in turn boosted its photocatalytic performance under visible irradiation. The CN/BI 10.0 yields 62.8 mol of CO and 18.1 mol of H 2 for 4 h of the catalyzed reaction upon photooxidation under light irradiation, emphasizing the maximum photocatalytic performance with response to CO 2 +. Correspondingly, the H 2 evolution rate (HER) for bulk CN was estimated as 17.6 mol/h1, whereas it was approximated as 203.7 mol/h1 for CN/BI 10.0 , which is 10 times higher than that of CN. Such a phenomenon also predicts a substantial encroachment in the surface area, energy gap, and chemical properties, along with promotes the effective segregation of photoinduced charge separation from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) of CN, thereby, making it a good alternative for the photocatalytic water and CO 2 reduction reaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]