1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Photomicrobicidal Cellulose Paper.
- Author
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Carpenter BL, Scholle F, Sadeghifar H, Francis AJ, Boltersdorf J, Weare WW, Argyropoulos DS, Maggard PA, and Ghiladi RA
- Subjects
- Anti-Infective Agents administration & dosage, Anti-Infective Agents chemical synthesis, Cellulose administration & dosage, Cellulose chemical synthesis, Enterococcus faecium drug effects, Humans, Klebsiella pneumoniae drug effects, Light, Paper, Photosensitizing Agents chemical synthesis, Porphyrins administration & dosage, Porphyrins chemical synthesis, Porphyrins chemistry, Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug effects, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Anti-Infective Agents chemistry, Cellulose chemistry, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Photosensitizing Agents chemistry
- Abstract
Toward our goal of scalable, antimicrobial materials based on photodynamic inactivation, paper sheets comprised of photosensitizer-conjugated cellulose fibers were prepared using porphyrin and BODIPY photosensitizers, and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, inductively coupled plasma optical emission) and physical (gel permeation chromatography, elemental, and thermal gravimetric analyses) methods. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-2913), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ATCC-2320), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC-19606), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-9027), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC-2146). Our best results were achieved with a cationic porphyrin-paper conjugate, Por((+))-paper, with inactivation upon illumination (30 min, 65 ± 5 mW/cm(2), 400-700 nm) of all bacterial strains studied by 99.99+% (4 log units), regardless of taxonomic classification. Por((+))-paper also inactivated dengue-1 virus (>99.995%), influenza A (∼ 99.5%), and human adenovirus-5 (∼ 99%). These results demonstrate the potential of cellulose materials to serve as scalable scaffolds for anti-infective or self-sterilizing materials against both bacteria and viruses when employing a photodynamic inactivation mode of action.
- Published
- 2015
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