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Light-response curves reveal the photosynthetic properties of plants. Depending upon the methodology selected they can be used to characterize CO 2 assimilation, photochemistry, photoacclimation, photoinhibition, and kinetics of photoprotective mechanisms in response to changing light conditions. They are widely used to describe the ontogeny and range in physiological plasticity of plants. Here we describe methods for acquiring light-response curves using CO 2 gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements that are applicable to a wide range of land plants.

Photosynthesis characteristics of winter wheat under different tillage practices during fil-ling stage are vital for dry matter accumulation, transfer, and yield development. A field experiment, including no-till with residue removal (NT), no-till with residue retention (NTS), rotary tillage with residue removal (RT), rotary tillage with residue retained (RTS), subsoiling with residue removal (DT), subsoiling with residue retained (DTS), plow tillage with residue removal (CT), and plow tillage with residue retained (CTS) was conducted at Wuqiao experimental station of China Agricultural University since October 2008. The diurnal variation of photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf, photosynthetic response curve, and crop yield under different tillage practices were evaluated during winter wheat filing stage in this study. The results showed thatthe net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of flag leaf both diurnally varied with the bimodal curve, and the net photosynthetic rates were higher under treatments with residue retained than those under with residue removal. Diurnal variation of intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was observed with a "V-shaped wide mouth" bimodal curve under all treatments. Daily transpiration rate exhibited "double peak curve", except for the "single peak curve" under DTS, RTS and RT. The stimulated net photosynthetic rate was increased by 20.0%, 21.7%, 19.7%, 21.5%, 0.8%, 12.1% and 4.2% under NT, DT, RT, CT, CTS, RTS, and CTS, compared with DTS, respectively. Photosynthetic response curves were fitted better under treatments with residue retained than under treatments with residue removal. As for crop grain yields, the highest one was observed under DTS, following by RTS and CTS, and the lowest under CT. Crop grain yield was increased by 10.8%, 1.3%, 2.1%, 5.4%, 11.9%, 12.4%, and 12.6% under DTS, compared with NTS, RTS, CTS, NT, DT, RT, and CT, respectively. Thus, residue retaining under different tillage practices (e.g. NTS and DTS) could mitigate the mid-day depression of photosynthesis, maintain a high photosynthetic rate of winter wheat, and improve the dry matter accumulation and crop production.

This work introduces a new experimental method for the comprehensive description of the physiological responses to light of photosynthetic organisms. It allows the integration in a single experiment of the main established manipulative chlorophyll fluorescence-based protocols. It enables the integrated characterization of the photophysiology of samples regarding photoacclimation state (generating non-sequential light-response curves of effective PSII quantum yield, electron transport rate or non-photochemical quenching), photoprotection capacity (running light stress-recovery experiments, quantifying non-photochemical quenching components) and the operation of photoinactivation and photorepair processes (measuring rate constants of photoinactivation and repair for different light levels and the relative quantum yield of photoinactivation). The new method is based on a previously introduced technique, combining the illumination of a set of replicated samples with spatially separated actinic light beams of different intensity, and the simultaneous measurement of the fluorescence emitted by all samples using an imaging fluorometer. The main novelty described here is the independent manipulation of light intensity and duration of exposure for each sample, and the control of the cumulative light dose applied. The results demonstrate the proof of concept for the method, by comparing the responses of cultures of Chlorella vulgaris acclimated to low and high light regimes, highlighting the mapping of light stress responses over a wide range of light intensity and exposure conditions, and the rapid generation of paired light-response curves of photoinactivation and repair rate constants. This approach represents a chlorophyll fluorescence 'protocol of everything', contributing towards the high throughput characterization of the photophysiology of photosynthetic organisms., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The frequent occurrence of monsoon winds usually leads to the formation of inverted soybean leaves. However, the effect of leaf inversion on photosynthetic capacity remains unclear. The responses of leaf anatomical traits, chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters, photosynthetic capacity, and nonstructural carbohydrates of fully expanded leaves to inversion of leaves in two soybean cultivars were studied. Leaf inversion decreased the stomatal size and thickness of developed leaves. The net photosynthetic rate was significantly reduced under leaf inversion, which resulted from reduced excitation energy trapping and electron transport of PSII reaction center. Leaf inversion increased leaf temperature 10 d after leaf inversion but reduced the instantaneous water-use efficiency compared to normally oriented leaves. Due to the decreased light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, the soluble sugars of light-sensitive cultivar decreased significantly. In summary, leaf inversion deactivated the PSⅡ reaction centers, reduced photosynthesis and nonstructural carbohydrates in upper canopy soybean leaves.

The frequent occurrence of monsoon winds usually leads to the formation of inverted soybean leaves. However, the effect of leaf inversion on photosynthetic capacity remains unclear. The responses of leaf anatomical traits, chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters, photosynthetic capacity, and nonstructural carbohydrates of fully expanded leaves to inversion of leaves in two soybean cultivars were studied. Leaf inversion decreased the stomatal size and thickness of developed leaves. The net photosynthetic rate was significantly reduced under leaf inversion, which resulted from reduced excitation energy trapping and electron transport of PSII reaction center. Leaf inversion increased leaf temperature 10 d after leaf inversion but reduced the instantaneous water-use efficiency compared to normally oriented leaves. Due to the decreased light-saturated net photosynthetic rate, the soluble sugars of light-sensitive cultivar decreased significantly. In summary, leaf inversion deactivated the PSII reaction centers, reduced photosynthesis and nonstructural carbohydrates in upper canopy soybean leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: High nitrogen supply prevents dynamic photoinhibition in Guazuma ulmifolia seedlings and improves their morphophysiological quality during the high-light acclimation in the nursery.Abstract: Acclimation under full sun is an important step in the production of tree seedlings in nurseries because it increases plant resistance to stressful conditions. Thus, the development of management techniques that improve high-light acclimation could facilitate the production of higher-quality seedlings. Given the importance of nitrogen (N) for plant growth and photosynthetic metabolism, here we evaluated whether supplementation with high N levels (HN) could positively affect the high-light acclimation of seedlings of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., a tree species widely used in reforestation programs in the neotropics. We compared the morphophysiological parameters of seedlings transferred from the shaded sector of the nursery to full sun that were supplemented with or without HN. HN supply prevented the midday depression of both photosystem II (PSII) activity and the CO2 assimilation rate, suggesting the avoidance of dynamic photoinhibition by HN. This effect was related to HN-induced increases in the electron transport rate of PSII, carboxylation efficiency and mesophyll conductance to CO2 and not to reduced stomatal limitation. A decrease in excess excitation energy in PSII resulting from energy-demanding N assimilation, as suggested by increases in the light saturation points of the CO2 assimilation and PSII electron transport rates, might also contribute to the protective effect of N. In addition, HN treatment increased seedling biomass accumulation and stem base diameter, enhancing the Dickson quality index of the acclimated seedlings. Overall, these results indicate that HN supply during high-light acclimation in the nursery improves the morphophysiological quality of G. ulmifolia seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to correlate changes of photosynthesis activity vs. growth in Chlorella vulgaris R-117 (CCALA 1107), fast-growing and robust microalga cultured in an internally illuminated 10-L photobioreactor (PBR). The cultures were grown at high output irradiance provided by four LED light sources submerged in the culture when the light path was short, between 25-30 mm. The culture of Chlorella R-117 grown under 2,500 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 attained a doubling time of 3.5 d and biomass density of 3.5 g(DM) L-1 after about 10-d period. When grown under 3,500 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1, the culture reached a doubling time of 1.7 d, and biomass density of ~5.5 g L-1 before entering the stationary phase. Electron transport rate changes correlated well with the culture growth demonstrating the usefulness of chlorophyll fluorescence for photosynthesis monitoring. This can be crucial for potential scale-up to large indoor PBRs to optimise culture growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread Mediterranean Pinus pinea showed exceptionally low genetic diversity and low differentiation between traits in the adult phase. We explored the adaptation potential of seedlings from four main Iberian provenances during their regeneration phase. We assessed the variability of shoot growth, allometry, physiological traits, and phenotypic plasticity to the interactive effect of light and water environments during 8-month moderate water-stress cycle and after one-week heat wave. The effect of shade and drought was mainly orthogonal whatever the provenance. The inland La Mancha provenance showed higher shoot growth and biomass compared to the southern coastal Depresión-del-Guadalquivir provenance. Following the heat wave, La Mancha presented higher net photosynthetic rates, a lower decrease in maximal quantum efficiency of PSII, and a higher accumulated relative height growth, thus, showing an adaptive advantage. The observed differences corroborated the ecological grouping of the provenances along latitudinal and inland-coastal gradients. We confirmed the high adaptive plasticity of Pinus pinea to the unpredictable Mediterranean environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic responses to light environment can be useful measurements to determine favorable habitat conditions for the conservation and cultivation of medicinal species. The eight models are used to explore the best model for describing light-response curves in two Bergenia species. The results show that the light-response curves of Bergenia tianquaninsis and Bergenia purpurascens were best described by the modified exponential model, the Pmax and Rd calculated by the modified exponential model were more accurate than those calculated by other models in two Bergenia. This model may be widely applicable to light-response curves of other Bergenia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the Theobroma genus are primarily known by their commercially valuable seeds, especially, T. cacao is one of the most important tropical perennial crops. Beside T. grandiflorum, T. bicolor, and T. angustifolium, T. cacao is the only species of the genus that has been better studied to obtain physiologically relevant information. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the leaf gas exchange in seedlings of seven species of the Theobroma genus, seeking to identify characteristics that could be used in T. cacao breeding programmes. The study was realized under greenhouse conditions using six-month-old seedlings, in which net photosynthetic rate ( P), stomatal conductance ( g), transpiration ( E), as well as parameters derived from light curves ( P vs. photosynthetically active radiation) were evaluated. T. cacao, along with T. microcarpum, showed the lowest values of P, g, and E, while the highest values were presented by T. speciosum, which showed higher saturation irradiance and lower intrinsic and instantaneous water-use efficiencies, being considered the species less conservative in water use. Therefore, the parameters shown by the different evaluated species could serve to design T. cacao genotypes, through introgression of genes for specific environments such as the cabruca system widespread in southern Bahia, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) regeneration originating from layering is generally considered to be more shade tolerant than that of seed origin. In this study, we examined photosynthetic light-use efficiency, an important component of shade tolerance, of these two forms of regeneration using light-response curves of 1-year-old rooted cuttings of layers and seedlings grown under low (20% of full sun) and high (>90% of full sun) light conditions Northern white-cedar showed a strong potential for photosynthetic acclimation to light availability, as indicated by significant differences in the light compensation point (LCP), dark respiration (Rd), apparent quantum efficiency (PE), and light saturation point (Qsat) but not light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis (Amax) between cuttings grown under high and low light. Values of LCP, and PE did not differ between layers and seedlings grown under high and low light, but layers had higher Amax and Qsat than seedlings when grown under high light. This result may reflect a comparatively lower capacity for photosynthetic acclimation of seedlings to high light conditions, perhaps because of their younger physiological age. A lower capacity for photosynthetic acclimation to light in seedlings could limit the repair and recovery of their photosynthetic systems from damage associated with the more extreme microenvironments of open, recently disturbed sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified exponential model was used to describe light-response curves of Nicotiana tabacum L. The accuracies of an exponential model, a nonrectangular hyperbola model, a rectangular hyperbola model, a modified rectangular hyperbola model and the modified exponential model were evaluated by Mean square error (MSE) and Mean absolute error (MAE). The tests MSE and MAE of the modified exponential model were the lowest among the five models. The light saturation point (LSP) obtained by the exponential model, the nonrectangular hyperbola model and the rectangular hyperbola model were much lower than the measured values, and the maximum net photosynthetic rates ( P) calculated from these models, were greater than the measured values. P at LSP of 1,077 μmol m s calculated by the modified exponential model was 12.34 μmol(CO) m s, which was more accurate than the values obtained from the modified rectangular hyperbola model. The results show that the modified exponential model is superior to other models for describing light-response curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. In this paper we determine whether interspecific variation in entire photosynthetic light–response curves correlates with the leaf traits of the ‘leaf economics spectrum’ (LES) and the degree to which such traits can predict interspecific variation in light–response curves. This question is important because light–response curves are included in many ecosystem models of plant productivity and gas exchange but such models do not take into account interspecific variation in such response curves. 2. We answer this question using original observations from 260 leaves from 130 plants of 65 different species of herbaceous (25) and woody (40) angiosperms. Herbs were grown in growth chambers and gas exchange measurements were taken in the laboratory. Leaf traits and gas exchange measurements for the woody plants were taken in the field. Leaf traits measured were leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen concentration (N) and leaf chlorophyll concentration (Chl). We fitted the Mitscherlich and Michaelis–Menten equations of the light–response curve separately for each leaf. This gave (for the Mitscherlich equation) the light compensation point ( ϕ), the quantum yield at the light compensation point ( q( ϕ)), and maximum net photosynthesis ( Amax) and (for the Michaelis–Menten equation), the maximum gross photosynthesis ( Gmax), the half saturation coefficient ( k) and the dark respiration rate ( Rd). 3. Amax and q( ϕ) were highly correlated with the measured leaf traits but ϕ was not. All three parameters of the Michaelis–Menten equations were correlated with the leaf traits. Allometric equations predicting the parameters of the Mitscherlich and Michaelis–Menten equations by N and LMA are presented. Replacing the leaf-specific parameters by these general allometric equations based on leaf N and LMA gave good predictions of net photosynthetic rates over the entire range of irradiance ( r = 0·79–0·98) but with a downward bias for the herbs when the most general allometric equations are used. 4. These results further extend the generality of the LES and may allow available information from large leaf trait data bases to be incorporated into ecosystem models of plant growth and gas exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ecophysiology of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) along a vertical canopy gradient was studied in a mixed species plantation for the first (2007) and second (2008) growing seasons after thinning to understand response mechanisms to increased resource availability. Parameters were affected by the thinning treatment in 2008 only. Thinned trees showed increased light-saturated maximum photosynthesis (A max) from 2007 to 2008 compared to non-thinned trees. This response was likely due to increased light levels near thinned trees (vs. changes in water or nutrient status), because thinning did not affect midday leaf water potential (Ψ md), average daily soil water content (SWC), or leaf nitrogen content per unit area (N a). Plantation thinning did not increase relative diameter growth during the experimental period. This may be due to low thinning intensity and mortality prior to thinning that reduced competition from first-tier neighbors. Certain leaf traits such as leaf mass per unit area (LMA) and N a increased from the bottom to the upper canopy position, but did not influence thinning responses. Distribution patterns of photosynthetic parameters through the vertical canopy gradient were less defined than leaf structural traits such as LMA and N a. Findings reflect black walnut''s large variability in response to thinning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We compared hydraulic architecture, photosynthesis and growth in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), a shade-intolerant species, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), a shade-tolerant species, to study the temporal pattern of release from suppressive shade. In particular, we sought to determine whether hydraulic architecture or photosynthetic capacity is most important in constraining release. The studywas conducted at two sites with mixed stands of 10- to 20-year-old Douglas-fir and western hemlock. At one site, the stand had been thinned allowing release of the understory trees, whereas at the other site, the stand remained unthinned. Douglas-fir had lower height growth (from 1998-2003) and lower relative height growth (height growth from 1998 to 2003/height in 1998) than western hemlock. However, relative height growth of released versus suppressed treeswas higher in Douglas-fir (130%) than in western hemlock (65%), indicating that, although absolute height growthwas less, Douglas-fir did release from suppression. Release seemed to be constrained initially by a limited photosynthetic capacity in both species. Five years after release, Douglas-fir trees had 14 times the leaf area and 1.5 times the leaf nitrogen concentration (Narea) of suppressed trees. Needles of released western hemlock trees had about twice the maximum assimilation rate (Amax) at ambient [CO2] as needles of suppressed trees and exhibited no photoinhibition at the highest irradiances. After release, trees increased in leaf area, leafN concentration and overall photosynthetic capacity. Subsequently, hydraulic architecture appeared to constrain release in Douglas-fir and, to a lesser extent, in western hemlock. Released trees had significantly less negative foliar δ13C values than suppressed trees and showed a positive relationship between leaf area:sapwood area ratio (AL/AS) and δ13C, suggesting that trees with more leaf area for a given sapwood area experienced a stomatal limitation on carbon gain. Nonetheless, these changes had no significant effects on leaf specific conductivities of suppressed versus released trees of either species, but leaf specific root conductancewas significantly lower in released Douglas-fir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]