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The current work was developed focusing on the synthesis of new polymeric latexes through the in reactor oxidative polymerisation of chia oil alkyd resins using the miniemulsion process. These latexes have potential applications, primarily in coating applications. Initially, an oil length mixture was obtained from chia oil through saponification and acidification reactions. The resulting mixture was characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, confirming the presence of unsaturation and the characteristic functional groups associated with this compound. Phthalic anhydride and glycerol (esterification reaction) were used in the synthesis of alkyd resin. Alkyd resins were obtained by varying the oil length content in its composition: 30% wt% oil length alkyd resin is called short alkyd resin, 43% wt% oil length is medium resin and 64% wt% is the long alkyd resin. The 1H NMR spectra of alkyd resins showed peaks indicative of the presence of groups coming from phthalic anhydride and glycerol, as well as unsaturations that varied in intensity according to the size of the resin (short, medium or long). The miniemulsions were obtained from alkyd resins demonstrating colloidal stability over 90 days and with stable miniemulsions the oxidative polymerisation of the alkyd resins was carried out in a high-pressure reactor with temperature and pressure control and in the presence of the radicalinitiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and oxygen. Based on 1H-NMR analysis, polymers are formed through the oxidative polymerisation of alkyd resins from chia oil using the miniemulsion process. These polymers can be used as a paint base with a low solvent fraction or no solvent, depending on the application, and without using heavy metals-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to the depletion of natural resources and raising environmental and economic concerns regarding petroleum derivatives, the creation of novel ecologically friendly and sustainable materials made from bio-based and renewable resources is gaining popularity. Alkyd resins are synthetic resins in which both renewable (fatty acids, glycerol, oil, etc.) and nonrenewable (maleic anhydride, pentaerythritol, phthalic anhydride, etc.) raw materials are used in their production. Due to their superior performance (good aging, greater weather resistance and high heat resistance, outstanding gloss, etc.) over other resins, easy application, low cost, and varied use, in the coating and paint industries, they are commonly used. This review covers the studies on bio-based monomers used instead of nonrenewable ones in the production of alkyds. The effects of substituted bio-based monomers on the final properties (adhesiveness, drying times, hardness, tackiness, etc.) of produced alkyds and coatings are also discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alkyd resin is prepared from a renewable raw material Acacia auriculiformis seed oil (ASO), which has a high content of linoleic acid. Long oil alkyd resins have been synthesized by alcoholysis followed by the poly-esterification method using oil, glycerol, pentaerythritol (PE), sorbitol, phthalic anhydride (PA), and maleic anhydride (MA) in proportions according to alkyd formula calculation. The various physicochemical properties of ASO like acid value, saponification value, iodine value, etc, and fatty acid composition were determined. Physico-chemical properties of alkyd resins like viscosity, acid value, nonvolatile matter, etc. were determined and compared with soybean oil-based alkyd resins. The structural characterization of the resins was carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. These resins were cured by drier and their film properties were determined. The drying properties of the alkyd resins had been improved remarkably in the case of ASO-based resin. The performance of coating film produced by these alkyd resins were characterized by drying time, gloss measurement, hardness test, cross-cut adhesion test, and chemical resistance test. Analysis of these alkyds proved that ASO can be used as a new potential raw material for surface coating application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New, highly rigid bio‐based building blocks were synthesized from renewable raw materials. In a first reaction step, an imide was made from citraconic anhydride and the amino acid glycine. This imide was subsequently reacted with sorbic acid using Diels–Alder chemistry, furnishing a double‐ring structure. This new, very rigid renewable building block was then incorporated into alkyd resins by standard polycondensation chemistry and technology. The resulting, >80 wt% renewable, alkyd resins were evaluated as white paints in a preliminary way by solvent casting from xylene. The properties of the renewable coatings look promising, some even outperforming those of standard commercial alkyd resins. For further enhancing the sustainability of the systems discussed, turning these highly bio‐based alkyd resins into stable aqueous emulsions is a must. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colloidal Mg(OH)2/MgO nanoparticles were successfully produced in glycerol medium in the presence of hydrazine and subsequently was characterized by XRD. The as-prepared colloidal suspension in glycerol was used for the glycerolysis reaction with palm oil succeeded by polyesterification reaction with phthalic anhydride to prepare the palm oil-based alkyd resin nanocomposite where the Mg(OH)2/MgO nanoparticles catalysed the reactions. The well-dispersion of Mg(OH)2/MgO nanoparticles in the reaction mixture formed a stable suspension which effectively elevated the rate of reaction of both alcoholysis and polyesterification as compared to conventional NaOH catalysed reactions. The optimum reaction condition of the catalysts was observed at 0.04 wt% of Mg(OH)2/MgO. Alkyd resin nanocomposite formation was verified through FTIR, 13C NMR and 1H NMR. The presence of the Mg(OH)2/MgO nanoparticles in the resin matrix significantly improved the antimicrobial activity as evidenced by Kirby–Bauer Method. Thereby, the formulation of Mg(OH)2/MgO nanoparticles in glycerol medium was proved to be an effective route as compared to traditional NaOH homogeneous base catalyzed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glycerol phase, obtained as a by-product during the production of biodiesel from sunflower seeds, was utilized for preparation of alkyd paints. Using appropriate treatment, free fatty acids and crude glycerol were obtained from all organic substances in the glycerol phase. Medium and long oil alkyd resins were prepared by esterification of phthalic anhydride with the free fatty acids and crude glycerol. By the way of comparison, two reference types of alkyd resins with sunflower oil fatty acids, glycerol, and phthalic anhydride were prepared. Some basic properties of alkyds were determined. Their structure was confirmed by FTIR. All alkyd resins were used for formulation of white paints. Some properties such as color, adhesion, solid content, hardness, drying time, and chemical resistance were evaluated. Results showed that all organic substances in the glycerol phase can be successfully used for preparation of alkyd paints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis, characterization, and properties of a short oil length chain–stopped(rapid) alkyd resin is investigated. Gum rosin modified alkyd resin (RA-GR) was prepared using soybean oil, phthalic anhydride, glycerin and gum rosin acid. An alkyd modified with benzoic acid (RA-BA) was also prepared for comparison. FTIR analyses and GPC measurements of the alkyds were used for characterization. Other properties such as the viscosity, acid value, and solid content of the final resins were determined. Separately, the synthesized resins were used in paint formulations without any changes in other parameters such as filler, airdrying agents, solvents, etc. Paints were applied to metal and glass surfaces and the effect of gum rosin was investigated by looking at touch and hard drying times, adhesion to metals and gloss changes. Compared to the benzoic acid modified resin (RA-BA), gum rosin modified resin (RA-GR) exhibited remarkable positive effects on the paint with a better adhesion to the metals, and short drying times without any loses in the glosses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkyd-based printing ink vehicles were successfully prepared from waste frying oil. Three alkyd resins were synthesized using different ratios of phthalic anhydride. Properties of the 3 prepared resins were measured and compared with virgin oil alkyd resin and commercial alkyd resin. Viscosities of the obtained ink vehicles ranged from 8.6 to 34.9 poises. The vehicles were also completely compatible with carbon black for formulating black printing inks. Preliminary properties of the 3 formulated inks were evaluated and compared with black printing ink prepared from virgin oil alkyd and commercial alkyd. The formulated inks had satisfactory viscosity and tackiness as properties suitable for a variety of printing applications. The 3 synthesized inks had rub resistance values ranging from 4.61 to 5.75%, slightly higher than the rub resistance of virgin oil alkyd ink and commercial alkyd ink. Particle fineness and water tolerance properties of the 3 formulated inks were comparable with virgin oil alkyd ink and commercial alkyd ink. Results suggested that waste frying oil has potential application as a raw material in the printing ink industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using a NaOH catalyst was carried out. Two phases were obtained. The lighter phase contains the main product fatty acids methyl esters, which was used without purification. The heavier phase (glycerol phase) was purified by acidification with phosphoric acid to give crude glycerol with a glycerol content of 81%. Two medium oil alkyds were prepared - one based on sunflower fatty acids methyl esters, crude glycerol and phthalic anhydride and one reference based on sunflower oil, crude glycerol and phthalic anhydride. The results of the studies showed that the alkyd based on sunflower fatty acids methyl esters was obtained at a lower temperature for almost two times less time and its properties exceed the properties of the reference alkyd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility properties of alkyd resins from phthalic and maleic anhydrides, glucitol and rubber seed oil (RSO) as raw materials were examined. Four types of glucitol-based medium oil length alkyd resins (ALKYD A–D, two for each acid anhydride) samples were formulated with phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, glucitol aqueous solution, and RSO. The physical, chemical, and film characteristics of the glucitol-modified alkyd resins were examined, and the result was compared with the standard alkyd resins and soybean-based alkyd resin. It was observed that all samples were soluble in xylene and butoxyethanol but not water. All of the samples have varying solubilities in water/xylene ratio (%) and complete solubility in water/butoxyethanol (%) ratio of 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40, respectively. ALKYD A is soluble in all solvents except water where it was sparingly soluble at room temperature. The spectral analysis revealed the polyesterification reaction and hydrogen-bonding integrity of the alkyd resins and the polybasic acid. The physical and chemical properties and the performance indices of the glucitol-based alkyd resin results show that they possess acceptable drying properties, chemical resistance, and mechanical properties. Performance of ALKYD A and C gave nearly the same result as the standard alkyd resins and soybean-based alkyd resin. It has potential as a choice waterborne binder for alkyd resin paint and can help in reducing VOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A hybrid material was obtained from alkyd resin by modification with GPOSS. • Film of hybrid material had excellent alkali resistance and good thermal stability. • LA-GPOSS-5 sample showed excellent film properties and could be used as a binder. Abstract A simple strategy was developed for the modification of linseed oil-based alkyd resin with glycidyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (GPOSS) to obtain a hybrid material. The incorporation of GPOSS into alkyd resin was done by simultaneous reactions between hydroxyl groups coming from ring-opened epoxides of GPOSS and partial glycerides and carboxylic acid groups of phthalic anhydride. The obtained hybrid material has significantly improved film properties and thermal stabilities compared to unmodified neat alkyd resin. Notably, the samples containing 5% GPOSS showed better film properties such as flexibility, adhesion, drying time, resistances to alkali, acid and water. Thus, this product can be used as an oil-based binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research work describes the value-added use of residual glycerol from biodiesel production process via the optimized synthesis of alkyd resins. Response surface methodology based on central composite response surface design was used for the optimization of alkyd resins synthesis. Various reaction parameters including phthalic anhydride to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and rate of stirring were optimized to obtain the optimum yield of alkyd resin by using alcoholysis-polyesterification method. The optimized reaction parameters to obtain the highest alkyd resin yield (84%) were depicted to be 0.4:1 molar ratio (phthalic anhydride to oil), 0.6% catalyst concentration, 250 °C reaction temperature, 7.5 h reaction time and 650 rpm rate of stirring. Elucidation of the chemical structure of alkyd resin was done through FT-IR analysis which confirmed the presence of ester links and aromatic C C which resulted from polymerization reaction. Physico-chemical properties, chemical resistance and adhesive properties of synthesized alkyd resins were also evaluated which depicted that the resin films were highly resistant to brine, water and acid. These results ascertained technical compatibility of the synthesized alkyd resin for potential uses comparable to standard alkyd resins with additional eco-friendly benefits due to its biodegradability and biocompatible nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High oil length alkyd resin was synthesized. • Structures of the alkyd resin were investigated by FTIR and 1H NMR. • Dehydrate castor oil and acrylic pimaric acid were used. Alkyd resin (AR) has been widely used for paint applications due to its good adhesion, flexibility and durability. They were polymerized from three different kinds of monomers: polyols, aromatic diacids and vegetable oils or fatty acids. In this work, acrylic pimaric acid (APA) was evaluated as an bio-based substitute for the aromatic diacid monomer including phthalic anhydride (PA) in the synthesis of high oil length (65 % oil by weight) alkyd resins (HOARs). APA was synthesized from the Diels-Alder reaction between rosin acid (RA) and acrylic acid (AA). The resins were characterized in terms of gloss, pencil hardness, impact strength, alkali resistance and thermal stability. APA can be incorporated when the polyesterification reaction is performed in two-stages, that is, it is only added with ethylene glycol (EG) in the first stage polyesterification reaction, because the reactivity of APA is weaker than that of PA. The structure of the prepared HOARs was investigated by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results show that HOAR having 9 % APA has good gloss, pencil hardness and impact strength and excellent alkaline resistance. The price is decreased by about 20 % compared to conventional AR and it can be widely used as a binder in the field of the protective paint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-based self-emulsifying alkyd resins were prepared from soya oil fatty acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, benzoic acid, and polyols with different functionality viz. 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propane diol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, and di-pentaerythritol. Dimethylol propionic acid was used as internal emulsifier. The resin was neutralized with triethylamine, and finally dispersed in water to obtain water-based self-emulsifying alkyd resins. The effect of functionality of polyols used in synthesis, on various properties of water-based alkyd resins shows that, as the functionality increases surface coating properties viz. drying time, hardness, chemical and solvent resistance, has improved while flexibility and impact resistance decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Highlights: [•] Py-GC/MS with double-shot technique, THM-GC/MS as well as GC/MS methods were applied for the characterization of drying and degradation of alkyd paints. [•] Oxidization products such as aldehyds were detected. [•] The formation of free phthalic anhydride during aging was found. [•] The possibility for the identification of alkyd components by those techniques was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The curing reaction for the mixtures of alkyd resins based on ricinoleic acid, phthalic anhydride and three polyols (glycerin, trimethylolpropane or ethoxylated pentaerythritol) with two different commercial melamine resins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The curing kinetics analysis was performed using the isoconversional methods (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger- Akahira-Sunose and Friedman). Isoconversional methods were carried out with three heating rates (5, 10 and 20 °C/min) in a scanning temperature range from 40 to 250°C. It was found that the curing activation energy of resin mixtures is influenced by alkyd and melamine resin type due to the catalytic effect of hydroxyl group on the reactions. The dependence of apparent curing degree on time, which was obtained by mathematical transformations of dynamic DSC data using Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method, describes well the isothermal DSC experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Acrylic monomers were grafted onto alkyds via free radical chemistry. The alkyd was a medium oil soya-based alkyd with glycerol, phthalic anhydride, and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA) as the other components. To identify the specific graft locations, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques were utilized. Gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (gHMQC) 2D NMR was required to assign the chemical shifts of the 1D carbon and proton NMR spectra. Three acrylic monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and methacrylic acid (MAA) were grafted to the alkyd, resulting in either MMA, BA, or MAA modified alkyds. Two-dimensional gHMQC spectra for each system confirm grafting at doubly allylic hydrogens located on the fatty acid chains and the polyol segment of the alkyd backbone. The gHMQC spectra show no evidence of grafting across double bonds on either pendant fatty acid groups or THPA unsaturation sites for any of the monomer choices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A method for the one-step synthesis of alkyd resins based on glycerol, phthalic anhydride, and vegetable oils using new sulfonated cation-exchangers and Ti-containing metal-polymer nanocomposites as catalysts has been developed. The film-forming properties, composition, structure and molecular weight characteristics of the synthesized resins have been studied by IR, NMR spectroscopy, and gel chromatography. The possibilities of regulating the molecular-weight distribution of the obtained alkyd resins depending on the nature of the catalyst and the reaction conditions have been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bio-based polyester resins are made from itaconic acid, camphoric acid, and 1,6-hexanediol. • New synthetic procedure was developed to circumvent side reactions. • First time use of camphoric acid in UV-curing polyester resins. • Thorough study of the influence of camphoric acid on the material properties. Polymer resins, such as polyester-, polyurethane- and alkyd resins are frequently applied as binder component in paints, printing inks, coatings or materials for additive manufacturing. Besides aliphatic building blocks with different chain lengths, cyclic monomers are used as starting materials, to increase the hardness of the resulting coatings materials. For this, mostly aromatic compounds derived from petrochemical sources, such as phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid are being used. Monomers from renewable resources with similar chemical structures and chemical properties are scarce. In this study, (1 R ,3 S)-(+)-camphoric acid is used as alternative building block for UV-curing polyester resins derived from itaconic acid and 1,6-hexanediol. The properties of both resins and final materials are compared to similar resins derived from isophthalic acid. In both cases, the incorporation of the cyclic monomer led to an increase in glass transition temperature, as well as viscosity of the resins. Thermal as well as mechanical properties of the cured materials were also improved in comparison to a resin without any cyclic building block incorporated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]