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Zirconium (Zr)-doped ZnO samples (ZZO) have been successfully prepared by the solid-state reaction (SSR) method at different doping levels. Thermal stability and weight changes were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. A negligible weight loss of 0.0894 mg/wt% was observed during degradation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed the hexagonal structure of ZZO samples. Zr ions were well doped into ZnO lattices, with no secondary phases detected. Doping Zr resulted in a slight shift toward smaller angles and lattice parameter expansion. High doping leads to crystal disorder and reduced crystallite size. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed that Zr content follows the stoichiometric ratio. Particle size decreases with increasing doping concentration. Increasing Zr content enhances optical transmittance in the visible range; a 9 wt% doping level produced the highest average optical transmittance at 69%. An empirical law for band gap variation has been proposed and compared to the literature. Electrical impedance spectroscopy data with frequencies varying between 1 Hz and 1 MHz were measured at 300 K. The Nyquist diagram shows the impedance response, with semi-circles at different frequencies corresponding to bulk, electrode, and grain boundary contributions. The Randles equivalent circuit has been successfully used to reconcile impedance measurements with the theoretical model. Impedance spectroscopy analysis reveals dielectric behavior deviation from ideal Debye, and both dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreased with frequency. Dielectric parameters increased with Zr doping while the loss values were in the order of 10−1. It was demonstrated that ZZO's structural properties greatly influence its electrical conductivity. At room temperature, the Zr doping element enhanced AC conductivity in the mid- and high-frequency domains, with a significant change of around 5 wt%. The observed results proved a significant correlation between the physiochemical and electrical properties of ZZO samples synthesized by SSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastewater is one of the dirtied water coming about because of different human exercises, the improvement of modern cycles today has prompted the tainting of water, soil, and residue with risky substances and misuse of weighty metals, which is a consequence of modern exercises, for example, minig mining, refining, electroplating, and a few enterprises. the significance of the human wellbeing perspective is focused on exceptional consideration by the pertinent services and divisions, so the flow study was led on a few physical and compound properties of modern wastewater for the modern zone in Kirkuk Governorate for a time of five months from (25/2 to 24/6/2023). The results showed water temperatures ranging between (20.4 - 21.5°C). The electrical conductivity ratio was limited to (µS/cm 692.2-1455.6). The percentage of dissolved solids ranged between (450-973.2 µS/cm), and for turbidity, the rates ranged between (30.6-200.2NTU). A turbidity unit. The values of the pH function ranged between (6.68-7.36). It was found that total hardness is high in most study stations at rates ranging from (mg/L 445.2--682.6). The calcium and magnesium hardness ranged at a rate of (217.4-457.4 mg/L) and (180.4--237.8 mg/L) respectively, while the total basicity ranged between (194.6-300 mg/L) during the current study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for new and novel materials for various thermo‐physical applications, we have reported the magnetic, electronic, mechanical, thermal, and thermoelectric transport properties of two full Heusler alloys (HAs), Ru2MnV and Ru2MnNb. In order to obtain a stable structure, volume optimization was carried out in the Fm‐3m (225) and F43‐m (216) space groups. The Fm‐3m space group was found to be a stable phase for both alloys. Electronic results show the metallic nature of these alloys. Ferromagnetic moments of 4.06 and 4.18 μB were obtained for Ru2MnV and Ru2MnNb, respectively. Mechanical results show a brittle nature for Ru2MnV and a ductile nature for Ru2MnNb with a high melting temperature for Ru2MnV. Thermoelectric properties such as figure of merit along with Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, power factor, and thermal conductivity have also been calculated. Furthermore, the thermodynamic results of the studied materials have also been evaluated to understand the nature of various thermodynamic parameters with respect to temperature and pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Hard Cyclic Viscoplastic Deformation has become a new effective SPD method for studying the evolution of the structure and properties of Cu-alloys without changing the dimensions of the workpieces up to their destruction during processing at room temperature. Linear compression-tension of the material in the viscoplastic region is carried out in the strain control mode in the range from ε = ±0.2% to ±3% at a constant frequency of f = 0.5 to 2Hz with a total number of 20-40 cycles in each test series. This method can be used also to improve and stabilize the ultrafine grained microstructure, and also allows you to study changes in the mechanical, physical and functional properties of coarse grained, ultrafine grained, and nanocrystalline metallic materials. Can also to be used to study the stability and viability of metallic materials and predict their suitability over time in harsh environments such as space and military applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azolla has caused environmental problems due to its rapid growth and high biomass production in wetlands of Guilan province. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using composted Azolla instead of peat in Begonia rex production. The plant was grown for 5 months under greenhouse in a peat + perlite (2: 1 v/v) (P: PE) and composts (25, 50, 75 and 100%) instead of peat in P: PE. Begonia is generally purchased and enjoyed by people for its spectacular foliage. The results showed that compost increased all nutrients in the growth medium, but in the leaves of the plant only potassium increased. By increasing the amounts of compost between 25 and 100%, the bulk density of the growing medium decreased (0.12-0.07 g/cm3) compared to the control (0.21 g/cm3). The amount of potassium in the growth media containing 25% and 75% Azolla compost increased significantly compared to the control. Substitution of 25% compost instead of peat compared to the control, caused a significant increase (p = 0.05) in leaf number (13.91), leaf fresh weight (50.08 g), leaf dry weight (2.01 g), root wet weight (2.23 g) and root length (33.66 cm). Substitution of 25-100% compost increased pH and Electrical conductivity of growth media. With regard to the high relative price of peat with respect to compost, 25% compost is economically preferred. According to the results, compost is a good alternative to peat, but this does not mean the application of high levels of compost in the growth media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of metal doping on the structural and physical properties of AgSnO 2 contactors were investigated using simulations and experiments based on first-principles calculations. The electrical contact test system was tested for 20,000 electrical contacts to check the physical properties under 24 V/15 A DC resistive load and analyze the relationship between the parameters. The erosion morphology of the contact material was characterized by a 3D surface profilometer, and the mechanism of the molten pool force, material transfer, and arc erosion behavior was studied in detail. The results show that metal doping can improve the thermal stability, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the materials, and significantly affect the crystalline and electronic structure of the materials, resulting in better stability and resistance to arc erosion. The best arc erosion performance of AgSnO 2 –Y is related to its superior thermal stability and electrical properties, while the better arc erosion performance of AgSnO 2 –Cu is probably related to its good mechanical properties. In addition, metal doping has a significant effect on the arc formation and interruption of AgSnO 2 contactors and leads to a change in the material transfer mode. This study provides a feasible method for the analysis of metal doping to improve the erosion performance of contact materials and provides a valuable reference for the further development of research on arc erosion resistance of contactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, changes in some physico-chemical properties of Anatolian buffalo milk during lactation were investigated. The study was carried out on 30 Anatolian buffalos and 462 milk samples were analyzed. As a result, the general average dry matter value of buffalo milk samples analized was 15.74%, fat content 6.49%, protein 4.30%, milk salts 0.77%, lactose 5.40%, pH 6.72, specific gravity 1.030, freezing point -0.62°C, electrical conductivity 2.73 mS/cm and somatic cell count 152760 cells/mL. Dry matter values of the samples were higher at the end of lactation (P <0.05). The highest fat value was observed in September and October (P <0.05). Lactose values were high in July. Specific gravity ranged from 1.029 to 1.033. The conductivity values increased up to 2.95 mS/cm in August. Freezing point values decreased until July and increased in the following months (P <0.05). Somatic cell counts were highest in May (P <0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) (70/30) blend and blend‐based nanocomposites with carbon nanotube (CNT) as a nanofiller were fabricated by conventional melt mixing. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the blend had a biphasic morphology, and CNTs were selectively distributed in the dispersed TPEE domains in the composites. The presence of CNTs induced the agglomeration and shape modification of TPEE domains, consequently influencing the examined properties. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the crystallizability of PLA was improved after blending with TPEE, and further CNT incorporation increased the crystallization temperature of TPEE during cooling. The elongation at break (EB) and notched impact strength (IS) of PLA were evidently improved in the blend and composites. In particular, the EB and IS in the composites increased by up to 290% and 43%, respectively. The electrical resistivity of neat components and the blend decreased by up to eight orders of magnitude after 3 phr CNT loading due to double percolation in TPEE domains and dispersed CNTs. A percolation threshold at ca. 1 phr CNT loading for electrical conductivity was determined. Rheological property analysis suggested the formation of a pseudo‐network structure, which was attributed to the CNTs increasing the viscosity of the TPEE domains in the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag/ZnO:M (doped ZnO by metallic dopants) can be utilized as a novel material for low-temperature rise in the field of new energy. However, the doping strategy and mechanism of this material to reduce the temperature rise need further clarification. In this work, the effects of metal ion (K+, Li+, Cu2+, Al3+) doping on the contact resistance and temperature rise of Ag/ZnO electrical contact materials have been investigated. The results indicate that the primary factor in reducing temperature rise is to decrease contact resistance, which is predominantly influenced by the conductivity and dispersion of the second phase. Doping ZnO with low electronegativity metal ions increases the carrier concentration and enhances the electrical conductivity of the powder. This process also reduces agglomeration and improves dispersion by inhibiting OH adsorption. Consequently, doping low electronegativity metal elements into ZnO has proven to be an effective method for achieving a lower temperature rise. This work presents an innovative approach to designing novel Ag/ZnO electrical contact materials by doping metal ions to overcome the temperature rise bottleneck in the new energy field. • The greater the electronegativity difference between the dopant element and Zn, the lower the resistivity of ZnO powder. • Low electronegativity metal ion doping improves the dispersion of ZnO in Ag matrix. • The temperature rise of the Ag/ZnO electrical contact material decreases with decreasing dopant element electronegativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of different axial strains on the physical properties of coal were studied. • The study was carried out at the atomic level using first principles. • Coal is most significantly affected by stress in the Y direction. • Strain changes the electrical, optical and other physical properties of coal. The effects of different directional strains on the physical properties of coal were studied using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the effect of strain on the physical properties of coal is mainly in the range of 0–8 % strain and greater than 8 % strain. When the strain is less than 8 %, in the elastic range, strain leads to an increase in the strain energy and stress of the coal, a decrease in deformation resistance, and better thermal stability. The bandgap of coal is 1.42 eV; the bandgap width decreases and the electrical conductivity increases with an increase in strain. Charge transfer in coal mainly occurs around O and N atoms due to their stronger electronegativity; strain has a great effect on the relative positions of the atoms. In this range, the effect of strain on the optical properties of coal is regular. With strain exceeding 8 %, the coal structure loses stability and is in the plastic range. This leads to significant changes in the mechanical properties, stability, electronic structure, and optical properties of coal with poor regularity. The results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the relationship between the molecular structure of coal and its macroscopic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite has recently gained scientific and industrial attention due to its high electrical conductivity. In the current endeavor, a new way to fabricate novel and multifunctional nanocomposites using functional graphite (FG) as filler is presented. The fabrication of multilayered conducting composites of PANi/PMMA/PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG was carried out via in situ polymerization, using polyaniline (PANi), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and block copolymer as matrices in the presence of FGfiller. The growth of PANi chains is manifested by PMMA due to the formation of H-bonding between imine and carbonyl groups of PANi and MMA units, respectively, and are responsible for ion exchange sites. FTIR spectroscopy was used for structural elucidation of composites while elemental analysis was accomplished by XPS and EDX spectroscopy. The morphology of the prepared PANi/PMMA/PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG@FG composites was inspected by the SEM. The structure and crystallinity of the composites was investigated via XRD. The improved thermal stability and properties of the nanocomposites were observed using TGA and DSC. The conductivity measurements were used to characterize the electrical conductivity performance of the resulting composites. The presence of functional filler as well as polyaniline shows a significant contribution towards the enhancement of electrical conductivity of PANi/PMMA/PPG-b-PEG-b-PPG@FG nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, thin films with a ZnO:Al/Ag/ZnO:Al multilayer structure were deposited by radio frequency (RF) and pulsed DC sources in a magnetron sputtering system on glass substrates at 50 °C with different deposition times of the Ag layer. The results showed that the thin films' properties improved with increasing the deposition time of the silver metallic interlayer and with thermal treatment at 300 °C for one hour. The highest average transmittance in the visible range was 89 %. The best values of resistivity and conductivity were 10-4 Ω·cm and 103 Ω-1 cm-1, respectively. Finally, the XRD patterns showed that with an increase in the Ag layer's deposition time, the plane's peak (111) belonging to the Ag plane was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of pure ionic liquids (ILs), as environmentally green and soft chemical solvents, is restricted in the CO2 capture industry due to their high viscosity and fair conductivity. In this paper, the novel comprehensive models were developed for accurate estimation of density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, and electrical conductivity of a novel protic amino acid‐functionalized IL, namely monoethanolamine glycinate, [MEA][GLY], in the temperature range of 303.15–323.15 K at two different intervals of water content (5–20 wt%, and 25–100 wt%). The results of the suggested models revealed that the density, viscosity, and surface tension of [MEA][GLY] decline substantially with rising temperature, while the electrical conductivity presents an adverse trend. Additionally, the impact of varying the concentration on the density and viscosity of the IL solution is more significant than the solution temperature, particularly at high concentrations of the IL. Moreover, a second‐order polynomial equation was suggested to depict the equilibrium pressure dependence of CO2 loading capacity of aqueous [MEA][GLY] in IL, at various equilibrium pressures of 1–7 bar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to study the pHysical and chemical properties of agricultural soils and their role in establishing an economically feasible agricultural investment in the eastern regions of Maysan Governorate, which lies within the international border belt with the Republic of Iran. The results of laboratory analyzes conducted for (36) models of the first two depths (0-30 cm) revealed ) and the second (31-60 cm). It included the pHysical properties (soil texture, porosity, moisture content), chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, Ec, total organic carbon, Toc), as well as some nutrients dissolved in the soil solution (nitrogen N, pHospHorous Po4, potassium K), which Together, they contribute to influencing the reality of agricultural investment in the region. And it became clear that there is a diversity in the soils of the region, as it represents the soils of the eastern hills, alluvial fans, the soils of the rivers and their basins, as well as the soils of the marshes and sand dunes. agricultural investment in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to study the pHysical and chemical properties of agricultural soils and their role in establishing an economically feasible agricultural investment in the eastern regions of Maysan Governorate, which lies within the international border belt with the Republic of Iran. The results of laboratory analyzes conducted for (36) models of the first two depths (0-30 cm) revealed ) and the second (31-60 cm). It included the pHysical properties (soil texture, porosity, moisture content), chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, Ec, total organic carbon, Toc), as well as some nutrients dissolved in the soil solution (nitrogen N, pHospHorous Po4, potassium K), which Together, they contribute to influencing the reality of agricultural investment in the region. And it became clear that there is a diversity in the soils of the region, as it represents the soils of the eastern hills, alluvial fans, the soils of the rivers and their basins, as well as the soils of the marshes and sand dunes. agricultural investment in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]