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When electrons in a solid are excited with light, they can alter the freeenergy landscape and access phases of matter that are beyond reach in thermalequilibrium. This accessibility becomes of vast importance in the presence ofphase competition, when one state of matter is preferred over another by only asmall energy scale that, in principle, is surmountable by light. Here, we studya layered compound, LaTe$_3$, where a small in-plane (a-c plane) latticeanisotropy results in a unidirectional charge density wave (CDW) along thec-axis. Using ultrafast electron diffraction, we find that afterphotoexcitation, the CDW along the c-axis is weakened and subsequently, adifferent competing CDW along the a-axis emerges. The timescales characterizingthe relaxation of this new CDW and the reestablishment of the original CDW arenearly identical, which points towards a strong competition between the twoorders. The new density wave represents a transient non-equilibrium phase ofmatter with no equilibrium counterpart, and this study thus provides aframework for unleashing similar states of matter that are "trapped" underequilibrium conditions.

Complex systems, which consist of a large number of interacting constituents, often exhibit universal behavior near a phase transition. A slowdown of certain dynamical observables is one such recurring feature found in a vast array of contexts. This phenomenon, known as critical slowing-down, is well studied mostly in thermodynamic phase transitions. However, it is less understood in highly nonequilibrium settings, where the time it takes to traverse the phase boundary becomes comparable to the timescale of dynamical fluctuations. Using transient optical spectroscopy and femtosecond electron diffraction, we studied a photoinduced transition of a model charge-density-wave (CDW) compound LaTe_{3}. We observed that it takes the longest time to suppress the order parameter at the threshold photoexcitation density, where the CDW transiently vanishes. This finding can be captured by generalizing the time-dependent Landau theory to a system far from equilibrium. The experimental observation and theoretical understanding of dynamical slowing-down may offer insight into other general principles behind nonequilibrium phase transitions in many-body systems.

Upon excitation with an intense ultrafast laser pulse, a symmetry-brokenground state can undergo a non-equilibrium phase transition through pathwaysdissimilar from those in thermal equilibrium. Determining the mechanismunderlying these photo-induced phase transitions (PIPTs) has been along-standing issue in the study of condensed matter systems. To this end, weinvestigate the light-induced melting of a unidirectional charge density wave(CDW) material, LaTe$_3$. Using a suite of time-resolved probes, weindependently track the amplitude and phase dynamics of the CDW. We find that aquick ($\sim\,$1$\,$ps) recovery of the CDW amplitude is followed by a slowerreestablishment of phase coherence. This longer timescale is dictated by thepresence of topological defects: long-range order (LRO) is inhibited and isonly restored when the defects annihilate. Our results provide a framework forunderstanding other PIPTs by identifying the generation of defects as agoverning mechanism.

Domain walls (DWs) are singularities in an ordered medium that often host exotic phenomena such as charge ordering, insulator-metal transition, or superconductivity. The ability to locally write and erase DWs is highly desirable, as it allows one to design material functionality by patterning DWs in specific configurations. We demonstrate such capability at room temperature in a charge density wave (CDW), a macroscopic condensate of electrons and phonons, in ultrathin 1T-TaS2. A single femtosecond light pulse is shown to locally inject or remove mirror DWs in the CDW condensate, with probabilities tunable by pulse energy and temperature. Using time-resolved electron diffraction, we are able to simultaneously track anti-synchronized CDW amplitude oscillations from both the lattice and the condensate, where photoinjected DWs lead to a red-shifted frequency. Our demonstration of reversible DW manipulation may pave new ways for engineering correlated material systems with light.