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The upgrade of the cryogenics for the HL-LHC will consist of the following: • - The design and installation of two new cryogenic plants at P1 and P5 for high luminosity insertions. This upgrade will be based on a new sectorization scheme aimed at separating the cooling of the magnets in these insertion regions from the arc magnets and considering the newt feedboxes and superconducting links located in underground infrastructures. • - The design and installation of a new cryogenic distribution lines (QXL) at P1 and P5 in the LHC tunnel and in a new underground service galleries. • - The upgrade of the existing cryogenic plant (QSRA and QURA) cooling the LHC sector 3-4 located at P4. • - The cryogenic design support for superconducting devices, such as magnets, crab cavities, superconducting links, and the hollow electron lenses. Some other options such as new cryogenic circuits at P7 for the HTS links and displaced current feedboxes or a new cryoplant in P4 have been discarded., CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Vol. 10 (2020): High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical design report

Applied superconductivity has become a key enabling technology for high-energy particle accelerators, thus making them large helium cryogenic systems operating at very low temperature. The circulation of high-intensity particle beams in these machines generates energy deposition in the first wall through different processes. For thermodynamic efficiency, it is advisable to intercept these beam-induced heat loads, which may be large in comparison with cryostat heat in-leaks, at higher temperature than that of the superconducting magnets of the accelerator, by means of beam screens located in the magnet apertures. Beam screens may also be used as part of the ultra-high vacuum system of the accelerator, by sheltering the gas molecules cryopumped on the beam pipe from impinging radiation and thus avoiding pressure runaway. Space being extremely tight in the magnet apertures, cooling of the long, slender beam screens also raises substantial problems in cryogenic heat transfer and fluid flow. We present sizing rules and technical solutions for such beam screens, as applied to the existing Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its upgrades under study.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) cryogenic system was progressively and successfully run for the LHC accelerator operation period starting from autumn 2009. The paper recalls the cryogenic system architecture and main operation principles. The system stability during magnets powering and availability periods for high energy beams with first collisions at 3.5 TeV are presented. Treatment of typical problems, weak points of the system and foreseen future consolidations will be discussed.

The LHC is starting operation with beam. The primary goal of CERN and the LHC community is to ensure that the collider is operated efficiently and that it achieves nominal performance in the shortest term. Since several years the community has been discussing the directions for maximizing the physics reach of the LHC by upgrading the experiments, in particular ATLAS and CMS, the LHC machine and the CERN proton injector complex, in a phased approach. The first phase of the LHC interaction region upgrade was approved by Council in December 2007. This phase relies on the mature Nb-Ti superconducting magnet technology with the target of increasing the LHC luminosity to 2 to 3 10^34 cm^-2s^-1, while maximising the use of the existing infrastructure. In this report, we present the goals and the proposed conceptual solutions for the LHC IR Upgrade Phase-I which include the recommendations of the conceptual design review.

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) will provide four types of magnets, identified as D1, D2, D3 and D4, for the Insertion Regions of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as part of an international collaboration. These magnets utilize the dipole coil design of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at BNL, for performance, reliability and cost reasons. The magnet cold mass and cryostat have been designed to ensure that these magnets meet all performance requirements in the LHC sloped tunnel using its cryogenic distribution system. D1 is a RHIC arc dipole magnet. D2 and D4 are 2-in-1 magnets, two coils in one cold mass, in a cryostat. D3 is a 1-in-1 magnet, one coil in one cold mass, with two cold masses side by side in a cryostat. D1 and D4 will be cooled by helium II at 1.9 K using a bayonet heat exchanger similar to the main cooling system of LHC. D2 and D3 will be cooled by liquid helium at 4.5 K using a Two-Feed scheme. A detailed description of the cooling scheme for these magnets, their cryostats, special features and interfaces with the LHC distribution system is given.