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The photoionization of H atoms irradiated by few-cycle laser pulses is studied numerically. The variations of the total ionization, the partial ionizations in opposite directions, and the corresponding asymmetry with the carrier-envelope phase in several pulse durations are obtained. We find that besides a stronger modulation on the partial ionizations, the change of pulse duration leads to a shift along carrier-envelope (CE) phase in the calculated signals. The phase shift arises from the nonlinear property of ionization and relates closely to the Coulomb attraction of the parent ion to the ionized electron. Our calculations show good agreement with the experimental observation under similar conditions.

The photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) from above-threshold ionization of atoms irradiated by one-cycle laser pulses satisfy a scaling law. The scaling law denotes that the main features of the PADs are determined by four dimensionless parameters: (1) the ponderomotive number up = Up/ω, the ponderomotive energy Up in units of laser photon energy; (2) the binding number eb = Eb/ω, the atomic binding energy Eb in units of laser photon energy; (3) the number of absorbed photons q; (4) the carrier-envelope phase 0, the phase of the carrier wave with respect to the envelope. We verify the scaling law by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, compared to that in long-pulse case. A possible experimental test to verify the scaling law is suggested.

We study the microlaser in an optical standing-wave cavity injected with two-level atoms. The results have shown the obvious influence of atomic centre-of-mass motion on the microlaser, such as the photon distribution, the linewidth and the frequency shift. It was found that when the momentum of atoms is comparable to that of photons, the influence of atomic motion is dominated and the number of photons in the microlaser can be greatly enhanced, owing to part of the atomic kinetic energy being transferred to the resonator. This work provides a comparison of the related studies on the atomic motion under special assumptions.

Dynamics of a moving two-level atom with fine structure interacting with an electromagnetic field is studied. The fine structure increases the damping rate induced by the atomic momentum distribution. When the field is in a Fock state, the Rabi oscillation becomes very complicated; when the field is in a superposition state, the collapse-revival phenomenon disappears for the wider atomic wavepackets. In the presence of the fine structure, each atomic level splits into three sublevels when the field is in a Fock state and the atom has a definite momentum.

Dynamics of a two-level atom moving in an electromagnetic field is studied. The atomic motion gives rise to a momentum-dependent detuning which holds back the atomic transition, and leads to a momentum-dependent Rabi oscillation which causes an overlapping among different Rabi oscillations. When the field is in a Fock state, the atomic population and the mean momentum of the atom exhibit damping oscillation, the damping rate is related to the momentum distribution; the collapse-revival phenomena of the atomic population and the mean momentum will occur if the atomic momentum has some special distribution. When the field is in a superposition state, the collapse-revival phenomena are modified by the atomic momentum distribution and disappear for the wider atomic momentum wavepackets. We also find that each atomic level will split into two sublevels with the same energy difference when the field is in a Fock state and the atom has a definite momentum.

In this paper we investigate the distance between density operators in multiphoton processes. We study the distances between the time-evolved states of the atom, of the field, and of the total system and their respective reference states, compare them with the atomic inversion as well as the purity of the field, disclose their corresponding relations in various multiphoton processes. The physical interpretations are given by using a fully quantized Bloch equation in the two-photon process.

In this paper the dynamics of a trapped two-level atom interacting with a beam of electromagnetic wave of circular polarization is studied. In a frame rotating with the atomic transition frequency ω0, the motion of the atom is governed by a nonlinear coupled Jaynes-Cummings (JC) Hamiltonian. By means of this nonlinear Hamiltonian, we study the atomic inversion, squeezing effect of the vibration mode and that of the atomic dipole, and the phase property as well as its fluctuation of the vibration mode. In the Lamb-Dicke limit, we get the results similar to those of the JC model; beyond the Lamb-Dicke limit, we find the evolution of these quantities becomes very complicated. The nonlinearity weakens the collapse-revival phenomenon of the atomic inversion and the squeezing effect; the evolution of the cosine phase operator becomes less predetermined with its fluctuation not enlarged.

In this paper we study the correlation between the external and the internal state of the trapped atoms by means of the nonlinear Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian, in which we pay special attention to the influence of the nonlinearity. We find that the correlation is reflected by the entropy of the vibration mode, which is strongly affected by the nonlinearity. The nonlinearity, embodied by the nonlinear Rabi frequency, exhibits various effects, of which the most important feature is the appearance of the second local minimum value of the entropy in each collapse-revival cycle of the atomic inversion.

The broadening effect in photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) observed by Freeman et al. is studied theoretically. Using a nonperturbative scattering theory developed for multiphoton ionization with the inclusion of spontaneous emission, we calculate the PADs for above-threshold ionization (ATI) peaks. The numerical calculations from our theory reproduce the kinetic-energy dependence and the laser-intensity dependence of PADs of ATI peaks observed by Freeman et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 (1986) 3156] and provide an evidence for the existence of the ponderomotive momentum of intense laser fields.

When an atom moves in an optical cavity, the total momentum of the atom does not remain constant. We study a two-level atom moving slowly in an optical cavity, and give the time dependence of its mean momentum. It is found that when the initial momentum of the atom is larger than that of the photon, the mean momentum oscillates around a value less than the initial value. But, if the initial momentum is less than the momentum of the photon, the mean momentum of the atom is greater than its initial value in most cases.

The interaction of circularly polarized pulses with atoms is studied in the frame of nonperturbative scattering theory, and the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) of atoms ionized in various pulse-lengths are obtained. Our study shows that, due to multichannel transitions, the PADs in circularly polarized short pulses are not isotropically, and the ejected electrons are not equal in the opposite directions. The optimal emission is related to the initial phase of the ultrashort pulses, which makes it possible to control the motion of the ejected electrons by the initial phase of pulses.

By developing a full quantum scattering theory of high-order above-threshold ionization, we study the energy spectra and the angular distributions of photoelectrons from atoms with intense laser fields shining on them. We find that real rescattering can occur many times, and even infinite times. The photoelectrons from the rescattering process form a broad plateau in the kinetic-energy spectrum. We further disclose a multiple-plateau structure formed by the high-energy photoelectrons, which absorb many photons during the rescattering process. Moreover, we find that both the angular distributions and the kinetic-energy spectra of photoelectrons obey the same scaling law as that for directly emitted photoelectrons.

The emission spectra of a two-level atom moving in an electromagnetic field are studied. We find that there is a shift in the peak position and that each peak splits into double peaks. The shift is due to the detuning induced by the atomic motion, and the splitting is caused by the atomic energy change due to the exchange of photons.

When positronium is generated in super intense laser fields irradiated by an intense laser field, it breaks up into an electron and a positron. The momentum of the electron as well as that of the positron depends on the relative direction with respect to the laser propagation. Thus, the photoelectron angular distributions show inversion asymmetry. The inversion asymmetry becomes notable for higher kinetic energy of electrons.