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1. Imaging individual barium atoms in solid xenon for barium tagging in nEXO

Author

X. S. Jiang, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, T. Tolba, S. Rescia, D. Fairbank, A. Piepke, Y. Y. Ding, O. Zeldovich, D. Kodroff, T. Daniels, J. Echevers, R. DeVoe, M. Hughes, Simon Johnston, R. Saldanha, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Alexis G. Schubert, R. MacLellan, G. St-Hilaire, C. Chambers, I. J. Arnquist, Lorenzo Fabris, J.-L. Vuilleumier, N. Roy, Yuehe Lin, U. Wichoski, L. Cao, David Moore, B. T. Cleveland, John L. Orrell, S. Kravitz, F. Nolet, Veljko Radeka, Jens Dilling, B. Mong, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, T. Ziegler, J. P. Brodsky, T. Bhatta, P. C. Rowson, A.C. Odian, I. Badhrees, M. Heffner, Z. Li, Gerrit Wrede, D. Fudenberg, S. X. Wu, M. Tarka, F. Vachon, G. Li, Douglas H Beck, L. J. Wen, S. Parent, Samuele Sangiorgio, A. House, David Leonard, W. Cree, L. Darroch, J. Todd, G. Gallina, Y-R Yen, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, I. Ostrovskiy, K. S. Kumar, D. A. Harris, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, S. Delaquis, T. Stiegler, A. Kuchenkov, M. J. Dolinski, X. F. Wu, A. Larson, Yunyan Zhou, O. Njoya, E. V. Hansen, Giorgio Gratta, K. Skarpaas, Ethan Brown, A. Iverson, Triveni Rao, M. Weber, Shu Li, A. Karelin, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, T. Rossignol, M. J. Jewell, Qun-Yao Wang, Zhijun Ning, Y. Ito, L. J. Kaufman, Wei Wei, Rejean Fontaine, S. J. Daugherty, F. Bourque, Y. Lan, Liang Yang, R. Tsang, A. Jamil, S. Feyzbakhsh, C. Licciardi, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, Guofu Cao, E. Raguzin, J. Farine, Eric W. Hoppe, Gerard Visser, A. Burenkov, T. Brunner, Arun Kumar Soma, Justin Albert, J. Watkins, V.N. Stekhanov, M. Coon, A. Pocar, Cory T. Overman, T. Tsang, A. Craycraft, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, F. Retiere, Angelo Dragone, Jochen M. Schneider, Qing Xia, X. Zhang, M. Chiu, J. Hößl, P. S. Barbeau, G. S. Ortega, Jean-Francois Pratte, V. A. Belov, M. Oriunno, Serge A. Charlebois, T. I. Totev, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, T. Walton, J. Daughhetee, A. E. Robinson, K. Odgers, M. Côté, Thilo Michel, and Gabriele Giacomini

Subjects
Physics, Sapphire window, Multidisciplinary, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Barium, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, Background level, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Atom, Neutrino, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Author(s): Chambers, C; Walton, T; Fairbank, D; Craycraft, A; Yahne, DR; Todd, J; Iverson, A; Fairbank, W; Alamare, A; Albert, JB; Anton, G; Arnquist, IJ; Badhrees, I; Barbeau, PS; Beck, D; Belov, V; Bhatta, T; Bourque, F; Brodsky, JP; Brown, E; Brunner, T; Burenkov, A; Cao, GF; Cao, L; Cen, WR; Charlebois, SA; Chiu, M; Cleveland, B; Coon, M; Cree, W; Cote, M; Dalmasson, J; Daniels, T; Darroch, L; Daugherty, SJ; Daughhetee, J; Delaquis, S; Mesrobian-Kabakian, A Der; DeVoe, R; Dilling, J; Ding, YY; Dolinski, MJ; Dragone, A; Echevers, J; Fabris, L; Farine, J; Feyzbakhsh, S; Fontaine, R; Fudenberg, D; Giacomini, G; Gornea, R; Gratta, G; Hansen, EV; Heffner, M; Hoppe, EW; Hosl, J; House, A; Hufschmidt, P; Hughes, M; Ito, Y; Jamil, A; Jessiman, C; Jewell, MJ; Jiang, XS; Karelin, A; Kaufman, LJ; Kodroff, D; Koffas, T; Kravitz, S; Krucken, R; Kuchenkov, A; Kumar, KS; Lan, Y; Larson, A; Leonard, DS; Li, G; Li, S; Li, Z; Licciardi, C; Lin, YH; Lv, P; MacLellan, R; Michel, T; Mong, B; Moore, DC | Abstract: The search for neutrinoless double beta decay probes the fundamental properties of neutrinos, including whether or not the neutrino and antineutrino are distinct. Double beta detectors are large and expensive, so background reduction is essential for extracting the highest sensitivity. The identification, or 'tagging', of the $^{136}$Ba daughter atom from double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe provides a technique for eliminating backgrounds in the nEXO neutrinoless double beta decay experiment. The tagging scheme studied in this work utilizes a cryogenic probe to trap the barium atom in solid xenon, where the barium atom is tagged via fluorescence imaging in the solid xenon matrix. Here we demonstrate imaging and counting of individual atoms of barium in solid xenon by scanning a focused laser across a solid xenon matrix deposited on a sapphire window. When the laser sits on an individual atom, the fluorescence persists for $\sim$30~s before dropping abruptly to the background level, a clear confirmation of one-atom imaging. No barium fluorescence persists following evaporation of a barium deposit to a limit of $\leq$0.16\%. This is the first time that single atoms have been imaged in solid noble element. It establishes the basic principle of a barium tagging technique for nEXO.

Published
2019
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2. Measurement of the Spectral Shape of the β -Decay of Xe137 to the Ground State of Cs137 in EXO-200 and Comparison with Theory

Author

T. Tolba, E. V. Hansen, Qing Xia, A. Jamil, A. Pocar, S. Thibado, V. Veeraraghavan, C. Chambers, R. DeVoe, Petr Vogel, David Leonard, R. MacLellan, Thomas Koffas, D. Fudenberg, W. M. Fairbank, M. Coon, J. Davis, M. J. Jewell, T. Daniels, F. Retiere, V.N. Stekhanov, L. J. Kaufman, J. Farine, Jouni Suhonen, A. Piepke, J. Todd, R. Tsang, M. J. Dolinski, Jens Dilling, O. Nusair, L. Darroch, R. Krücken, U. Wichoski, M. Hughes, I. Badhrees, K. Skarpaas, J. Hoessl, V. Belov, A. Robinson, T. Bhatta, A. S. Johnson, T. Ziegler, S. Feyzbakhsh, W. R. Cen, K. Murray, S. Al Kharusi, O. Ya. Zeldovich, G. S. Li, R. Gornea, Martin Breidenbach, M. Wagenpfeil, Gisela Anton, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, P. C. Rowson, S. X. Wu, B. Mong, J. L. Vuilleumier, Arun Kumar Soma, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Yuehe Lin, S. J. Daugherty, A. Odian, L. Yang, David Moore, Y. Lan, S. Delaquis, Z. Li, Guofu Cao, Giorgio Gratta, A. Larson, T. Brunner, C. R. Hall, A. Dolgolenko, Thilo Michel, C. Jessiman, I. Ostrovskiy, P. Nakarmi, A. Craycraft, K. S. Kumar, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, O. Njoya, B. G. Lenardo, J. Watkins, A. Iverson, D. R. Yahne, T. McElroy, A. Karelin, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, D. Fairbank, B. Veenstra, J. Kostensalo, J. Echevers, Peter Fierlinger, T. I. Totev, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, Douglas H Beck, P. S. Barbeau, Y-R Yen, D. Ruddell, J. Runge, and P. Gautam

Subjects
Physics, Spectral shape analysis, General Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear data, Context (language use), Electron, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Ground state, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

We report on a comparison between the theoretically predicted and experimentally measured spectra of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay transition ^{137}Xe(7/2^{-})→^{137}Cs(7/2^{+}). The experimental data were acquired by the EXO-200 experiment during a deployment of an AmBe neutron source. The ultralow background environment of EXO-200, together with dedicated source deployment and analysis procedures, allowed for collection of a pure sample of the decays, with an estimated signal to background ratio of more than 99 to 1 in the energy range from 1075 to 4175 keV. In addition to providing a rare and accurate measurement of the first-forbidden nonunique β-decay shape, this work constitutes a novel test of the calculated electron spectral shapes in the context of the reactor antineutrino anomaly and spectral bump.

Published
2020
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3. Event Reconstruction in a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber with an Optically-Open Field Cage

Author

B. Chana, N. Roy, L. Cao, O. Nusair, G. St-Hilaire, Douglas H Beck, R. Krücken, F. Nolet, E. Raguzin, P. A. Breur, T. McElroy, T. Bhatta, L. J. Kaufman, Gerard Visser, D. Goeldi, M. Coon, Eric W. Hoppe, F. Vachon, Z. Li, C. Chambers, Veljko Radeka, Cory T. Overman, L. J. Wen, J. L. Vuilleumier, Samuele Sangiorgio, L. Darroch, P. Gautam, P. Nakarmi, Kaixuan Ni, K. S. Kumar, A. De St. Croix, R. Tsang, Haijun Yang, E. V. Hansen, P. Lv, E. Caden, S. X. Wu, J. Hößl, P. S. Barbeau, Lorenzo Fabris, I. J. Arnquist, R. Gornea, P. C. Rowson, V.N. Stekhanov, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, A. Jamil, A. House, A. Piepke, J. Todd, G. Gallina, S. Thibado, Y. Y. Ding, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, N. Massacret, M. Heffner, R. MacLellan, S. Viel, M. Worcester, Thilo Michel, V. Veeraraghavan, Qing Xia, M. Hughes, G. Li, Sergio Ferrara, S. Al Kharusi, R. DeVoe, A. Pocar, M. Walent, B. G. Lenardo, Arun Kumar Soma, S. Feyzbakhsh, Y. Lan, G. S. Ortega, B. T. Cleveland, K. Deslandes, T. Brunner, A. Kuchenkov, M. Medina-Peregrina, Serge A. Charlebois, F. Retiere, David Moore, M. Chiu, J. P. Brodsky, M. Tarka, F. Edaltafar, T. Wager, K. G. Leach, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, Qun-Yao Wang, Zhijun Ning, M. Oriunno, Aleksey E. Bolotnikov, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, K. Odgers, B. Mong, M. J. Dolinski, David Leonard, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, T. Tsang, T. Stiegler, Jean-Francois Pratte, Angelo Dragone, M. Elbeltagi, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, Wei Wei, H. Rasiwala, I. Ostrovskiy, Yu-Guang Zhou, S. Rescia, D. Fairbank, Guofu Cao, Mike Richman, O. Njoya, T. I. Totev, A. Iverson, K. Skarpaas Viii, Shu Li, Giorgio Gratta, U. Wichoski, L. Yang, T. Rossignol, M. J. Jewell, A. Craycraft, T. Ziegler, Gabriele Giacomini, J. Echevers, Jens Dilling, C.R. Natzke, I. Badhrees, A. Tidball, M. L. di Vacri, C. Vivo-Vilches, S. Parent, A. Odian, O. Zeldovich, R. Saldanha, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, X. F. Wu, A. Larson, Ethan Brown, A. Karelin, J. Farine, V. Belov, and A. Robinson

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Photon, Time projection chamber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Field (physics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Event reconstruction
Abstract

nEXO is a proposed tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment using liquid ${}^{136}Xe$ (LXe) in a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to read out ionization and scintillation signals. Between the field cage and the LXe vessel, a layer of LXe ("skin" LXe) is present, where no ionization signal is collected. Only scintillation photons are detected, owing to the lack of optical barrier around the field cage. In this work, we show that the light originating in the skin LXe region can be used to improve background discrimination by 5% over previous published estimates. This improvement comes from two elements. First, a fraction of the $\gamma$-ray background is removed by identifying light from interactions with an energy deposition in the skin LXe. Second, background from ${}^{222}Rn$ dissolved in the skin LXe can be efficiently rejected by tagging the $\alpha$ decay in the ${}^{214}Bi-{}^{214}Po$ chain in the skin LXe., Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures

Published
2020
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4. Measurements of electron transport in liquid and gas Xenon using a laser-driven photocathode

Author

R. Saldanha, I. Ostrovskiy, D. Kodroff, M. J. Dolinski, S. Rescia, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, P. Gautam, D. Fairbank, Z. Li, E. Caden, E. V. Hansen, Gerard Visser, J. Watkins, Mike Richman, O. Njoya, R. MacLellan, He-Run Yang, A. Iverson, Triveni Rao, K. Skarpaas Viii, Liang Yang, R. Tsang, Gabriele Giacomini, A. Jamil, Pengpeng Lv, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Shu Li, J. Echevers, Yu-Guang Zhou, Sergio Ferrara, B. Chana, Y. Lan, M. L. di Vacri, U. Wichoski, T. Wager, J. P. Brodsky, C. Vivo-Vilches, I. J. Arnquist, D. Beck, Thilo Michel, Y-R Yen, T. Tsang, T. Tolba, J. Runge, Yuehe Lin, T. Ziegler, Qun-Yao Wang, P. Nakarmi, Guofu Cao, M. Hughes, Jens Dilling, R. Fontaine, David Leonard, M. Heffner, Angelo Dragone, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Walent, S. Al Kharusi, I. Badhrees, M. Tarka, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, B. G. Lenardo, S. Viel, Arun Kumar Soma, T. Brunner, D. Goeldi, L. J. Kaufman, T. Stiegler, Samuele Sangiorgio, Xuan Wu, K. S. Kumar, S. Parent, M. Elbeltagi, M. Coon, K. G. Leach, David Moore, Wei Wei, Qing Xia, J. Farine, G. S. Ortega, Cory T. Overman, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, P. C. Rowson, S. X. Wu, S. J. Daugherty, Serge A. Charlebois, A. House, G. St-Hilaire, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. S. Barbeau, A. Robinson, T. Bhatta, V. A. Belov, A.C. Odian, O. Zeldovich, Eric W. Hoppe, A. Piepke, J. Todd, L. Darroch, Y. Y. Ding, M. Oriunno, C. Chambers, A. Pocar, V.N. Stekhanov, B. T. Cleveland, T. Rossignol, A. Kuchenkov, M. J. Jewell, Veljko Radeka, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, G. Gallina, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, V. Veeraraghavan, A. Fucarino, Giorgio Gratta, M. Chiu, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, K. Odgers, E. Raguzin, J. Hossl, R. DeVoe, W. R. Cen, M. Medina-Peregrina, R. Gornea, F. Retiere, B. Mong, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, M. Ward, G. S. Li, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, A. Larson, A. Craycraft, Ethan Brown, C.R. Natzke, A. Karelin, Jean-Francois Pratte, Z. Ning, T. I. Totev, A. De St. Croix, Lorenzo Fabris, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, T. McElroy, F. Vachon, L. J. Wen, and Marc Weber

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, medicine.disease_cause, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Photocathode, Xenon, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Photoelectric effect, chemistry, Quantum efficiency, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Atomic physics, Ultraviolet
Abstract

Measurements of electron drift properties in liquid and gaseous xenon are reported. The electrons are generated by the photoelectric effect in a semi-transparent gold photocathode driven in transmission mode with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. The charges drift and diffuse in a small chamber at various electric fields and a fixed drift distance of 2.0 cm. At an electric field of 0.5 kV/cm, the measured drift velocities and corresponding temperature coefficients respectively are 1 . 97 ± 0 . 04 m m ∕ μ s and ( − 0 . 69 ± 0 . 05 ) %/K for liquid xenon, and 1 . 42 ± 0 . 03 m m ∕ μ s and ( + 0 . 11 ± 0 . 01 ) %/K for gaseous xenon at 1.5 bar. In addition, we measure longitudinal diffusion coefficients of 25 . 7 ± 4 . 6 cm 2 /s and 149 ± 23 cm 2 /s, for liquid and gas, respectively. The quantum efficiency of the gold photocathode is studied at the photon energy of 4.73 eV in liquid and gaseous xenon, and vacuum. These charge transport properties and the behavior of photocathodes in a xenon environment are important in designing and calibrating future large scale noble liquid detectors.

Published
2019

5. Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset

Author

D. R. Yahne, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, V.N. Stekhanov, C. Chambers, J. Watkins, J. Farine, C. R. Hall, A. Dolgolenko, D. Fudenberg, A. Craycraft, Peter Fierlinger, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, J. Hoessl, Jens Dilling, D. Ruddell, V. Belov, I. Badhrees, L. Darroch, R. MacLellan, A. Robinson, A. Karelin, Qing Xia, Thilo Michel, J. Runge, Yuehe Lin, A. Odian, M. Hughes, R. DeVoe, M. Wagenpfeil, U. Wichoski, L. J. Kaufman, I. Ostrovskiy, Z. Li, B. G. Lenardo, Petr Vogel, A. Pocar, T. Ziegler, M. Danilov, T. Brunner, David Leonard, Giorgio Gratta, A. Piepke, J. Todd, A. Larson, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, P. S. Barbeau, O. Njoya, Thomas Koffas, K. S. Kumar, S. X. Wu, David Moore, J. L. Vuilleumier, W. M. Fairbank, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Iverson, M. J. Dolinski, P. Gautam, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, J. Davis, C. Jessiman, W. R. Cen, B. Mong, Y. Lan, R. Gornea, E. V. Hansen, T. Tolba, M. J. Jewell, F. Retiere, A. S. Johnson, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, M. Coon, Douglas H Beck, T. Daniels, Guofu Cao, Y-R Yen, S. Feyzbakhsh, Arun Kumar Soma, G. S. Li, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, D. Fairbank, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, J. Echevers, B. Veenstra, T. I. Totev, T. McElroy, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, Martin Breidenbach, S. J. Daugherty, T. Bhatta, V. Veeraraghavan, K. Murray, Gisela Anton, P. C. Rowson, and S. Delaquis

Subjects
Physics, Q value, Resolution (electron density), Detector, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Lower limit, ddc, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

A search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) in $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset using a deep neural network to discriminate between $0\nu\beta\beta$ and background events. Relative to previous analyses, the signal detection efficiency has been raised from 80.8% to 96.4$\pm$3.0% and the energy resolution of the detector at the Q-value of $^{136}$Xe $0\nu\beta\beta$ has been improved from $\sigma/E=1.23\%$ to $1.15\pm0.02\%$ with the upgraded detector. Accounting for the new data, the median 90% confidence level $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life sensitivity for this analysis is $5.0 \cdot 10^{25}$ yr with a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr. No statistically significant evidence for $0\nu\beta\beta$ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life of $3.5\cdot10^{25}$ yr at the 90% confidence level., Comment: v1, 7 pages, 5 figures; v2, fix references; v3, update to accepted version

Published
2019

6. Characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs for nEXO

Author

P. Giampa, G. Li, D. Kodroff, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, Eric W. Hoppe, N. Roy, David Leonard, J. Blatchford, Thomas Koffas, E. V. Hansen, W. M. Fairbank, P. Gautam, B. T. Cleveland, K. Odgers, L. Cao, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, S. Rescia, T. Stiegler, E. Raguzin, M. Elbeltagi, R. MacLellan, A. Kuchenkov, Arun Kumar Soma, F. Nolet, X.L. Sun, T. Bhatta, D. Fairbank, J. B. Zhao, T. McElroy, A. Larson, Jean-Francois Pratte, B. Mong, F. Vachon, Marc Weber, G. St-Hilaire, P. Margetak, P. Nakarmi, M. Chiu, J. Farine, J. Echevers, C. Chambers, G. Zhang, M. Oriunno, P. C. Rowson, A. Robinson, I. J. Arnquist, S. X. Wu, Douglas H Beck, Qing Xia, U. Wichoski, Ethan Brown, A. House, K. Murray, Y-R Yen, L. Darroch, G. S. Ortega, R. DeVoe, Gisela Anton, T. Ziegler, O. Zeldovich, J. P. Brodsky, T. I. Totev, M. Heffner, Qun-Yao Wang, T. Tolba, W. R. Cen, S. J. Daugherty, A. De St. Croix, G. Gallina, R. Gornea, Serge A. Charlebois, T. Rossignol, Zhijun Ning, M. Tarka, M. J. Jewell, Lorenzo Fabris, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Walent, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, R. Tsang, B. G. Lenardo, T. Brunner, K. Skarpaas, P. Lv, V. Veeraraghavan, A. Karelin, J. Todd, Y. Y. Ding, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Veljko Radeka, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, M. Hughes, R. Saldanha, S. Al Kharusi, Giorgio Gratta, Martin Ward, He-Run Yang, David Moore, M. Alfaris, S. Feyzbakhsh, A. Craycraft, Y. Ito, L. J. Kaufman, Y. Lan, Yuehe Lin, Z. Li, Samuele Sangiorgio, Wei Wei, F. Retière, K. S. Kumar, J. Hößl, P. S. Barbeau, V. A. Belov, Thilo Michel, J. Kroeger, Xuan Wu, A. Pocar, A. Piepke, V.N. Stekhanov, D. Qiu, M. Coon, Cory T. Overman, T. Tsang, Angelo Dragone, Gabriele Giacomini, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, S. Parent, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, Gerard Visser, Mike Richman, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, Shu Li, J. Watkins, M. Medina-Peregrina, X. S. Jiang, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Yu-Guang Zhou, Liangjian Wen, Luca Doria, Guofu Cao, Rejean Fontaine, and M. J. Dolinski

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Xenon, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Saturation (graph theory), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Photon detection, Dark current
Abstract

In this paper we report on the characterization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the development of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment. Various MPPC features, such as: dark noise, gain, correlated avalanches, direct crosstalk and Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) were measured in a dedicated setup at TRIUMF. MPPCs were characterized in the range 163 K ≤ T ≤ 233 K . At an over voltage of 3 . 1 ± 0 . 2 V and at T = 163 K we report a number of Correlated Avalanches (CAs) per pulse in the 1 μ s interval following the trigger pulse of 0 . 161 ± 0 . 005 . At the same settings the Dark-Noise (DN) rate is 0 . 137 ± 0 . 002 Hz/mm 2 . Both the number of CAs and the DN rate are within nEXO specifications. The PDE of the Hamamatsu VUV4 was measured for two different devices at T = 233 K for a mean wavelength of 189 ± 7 nm . At 3 . 6 ± 0 . 2 V and 3 . 5 ± 0 . 2 V of over voltage we report a PDE of 13 . 4 ± 2 . 6 % and 11 ± 2 % , corresponding to a saturation PDE of 14 . 8 ± 2 . 8 % and 12 . 2 ± 2 . 3 % , respectively. Both values are well below the 24 % saturation PDE advertised by Hamamatsu. More generally, the second device tested at 3 . 5 ± 0 . 2 V of over voltage is below the nEXO PDE requirement. The first one instead yields a PDE that is marginally close to meeting the nEXO specifications. This suggests that with modest improvements the Hamamatsu VUV4 MPPCs could be considered as an alternative to the FBK-LF Silicon Photo-Multipliers for the final design of the nEXO detector.

Published
2019

7. Simulation of charge readout with segmented tiles in nEXO

Author

F. Retière, M. Medina-Peregrina, Venkatesh Veeraraghavan, J. Hößl, Gerard Visser, J. L. Vuilleumier, L. Darroch, M. Chiu, J. Watkins, V. A. Belov, Yang Haibo, A. De St. Croix, V. Radeka, D. Fairbank, T. McElroy, T. Bhatta, A. Pocar, D. S. Leonard, J. Echevers, E. Caden, A. Craycraft, R. DeVoe, Lorenzo Fabris, C. T. Overman, E. Raguzin, C. Vivo-Vilches, Qing Xia, M. J. Jewell, Xiaoyang Sun, R. Gornea, J. Dalmasson, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Gautam, G. S. Ortega, A. Piepke, I. Ostrovskiy, P. Lv, M. Hughes, Thilo Michel, T. Ziegler, C.R. Natzke, Z. Ning, Xuan Wu, F. Vachon, Sergio Ferrara, Serge A. Charlebois, S. X. Wu, V.N. Stekhanov, M. Walent, S. Al Kharusi, J. B. Zhao, A. Larson, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, A. E. Robinson, Mike Richman, B. G. Lenardo, T. Brunner, A. Fucarino, David Moore, N. Roy, L. Cao, F. Nolet, J. Todd, M. Heffner, D. Kodroff, T. Tolba, Jean-Francois Pratte, M. Oriunno, John L. Orrell, T. Daniels, B. Mong, Rejean Fontaine, Ethan Brown, Qian Wang, Y. Lan, K. Murray, G. Giacomini, T. Stiegler, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, K. Skarpaas Viii, Thomas Tsang, R. Saldanha, Shu Li, Y. Y. Ding, Z. Li, Gisela Anton, O. Zeldovich, Marc Weber, E. Hansen, A. Karelin, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Jens Dilling, R. MacLellan, B. Chana, Giorgio Gratta, P. S. Barbeau, Yumei Zhou, I. Badhrees, R. Tsang, Martin Ward, T. I. Totev, D. Goeldi, M. Coon, Liangjian Wen, Douglas H Beck, Guofu Cao, Angelo Dragone, W. R. Cen, S. J. Daugherty, Thomas Koffas, Xiaoshan Jiang, W. M. Fairbank, M. Elbeltagi, Y-R Yen, S. Rescia, M. J. Dolinski, A. Odian, S. Parent, J. Runge, J. P. Brodsky, P. Nakarmi, U. Wichoski, S. Viel, C. Licciardi, G. Gallina, T. Rossignol, M. L. Di Vacri, L. J. Kaufman, Eric W. Hoppe, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, Arun Kumar Soma, Yuehe Lin, Samuele Sangiorgio, Wei Wei, K. S. Kumar, J. Farine, I. J. Arnquist, K. G. Leach, G. St-Hilaire, Wei Wu, R.J. Newby, P. C. Rowson, A. House, M. Tarka, G. Li, B. T. Cleveland, K. Odgers, A. Kuchenkov, M. Wagenpfeil, and C. Chambers

Subjects
Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Charge (physics), Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Anode, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Beta (velocity), Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

nEXO is a proposed experiment to search for the neutrino-less double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) of $^{136}$Xe in a tonne-scale liquid xenon time projection chamber (TPC). The nEXO TPC will be equipped with charge collection tiles to form the anode. In this work, the charge reconstruction performance of this anode design is studied with a dedicated simulation package. A multi-variate method and a deep neural network are developed to distinguish simulated $0\nu\beta\beta$ signals from backgrounds arising from trace levels of natural radioactivity in the detector materials. These simulations indicate that the nEXO TPC with charge-collection tiles shows promising capability to discriminate the $0\nu\beta\beta$ signal from backgrounds. The estimated half-life sensitivity for $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay is improved by $\sim$20$~(32)\%$ with the multi-variate~(deep neural network) methods considered here, relative to the sensitivity estimated in the nEXO pre-conceptual design report.

Published
2019
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8. Measurement of the scintillation and ionization response of liquid xenon at MeV energies in the EXO-200 experiment

Author

E. V. Hansen, D. Fudenberg, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, M. J. Jewell, L. Darroch, M. Wagenpfeil, Giorgio Gratta, M. J. Dolinski, P. Hufschmidt, David A. Sinclair, G. S. Li, Thilo Michel, D. Fairbank, J. L. Vuilleumier, M. Hughes, T. Bhatta, R. MacLellan, A.C. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, A. Larson, T. Tolba, P. C. Rowson, C. Jessiman, A. Pocar, C. Licciardi, J. Echevers, B. Mong, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. Neilson, T. Brunner, S. Delaquis, L. J. Kaufman, T. McElroy, David Moore, A. Karelin, A. S. Johnson, J. Watkins, V. Veeraraghavan, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, Arun Kumar Soma, V.N. Stekhanov, S. X. Wu, D. R. Yahne, C. R. Hall, R. DeVoe, A. Piepke, J. Todd, Martin Breidenbach, David Leonard, S. J. Daugherty, O. Njoya, J. Farine, A. Dolgolenko, A. Craycraft, D. Beck, Thomas Koffas, Qing Xia, D. Tosi, W. M. Fairbank, A. Iverson, C. Chambers, J. Hoessl, P. S. Barbeau, J. Runge, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, M. Coon, Y-R Yen, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, Guofu Cao, A. Robinson, F. Retiere, V. A. Belov, O. Nusair, R. Krücken, Jens Dilling, B. Veenstra, K. Murray, I. Badhrees, T. I. Totev, P. Gautam, T. Daniels, J. Davis, Gisela Anton, Z. Li, U. Wichoski, T. Ziegler, B. G. Lenardo, Peter Fierlinger, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, B. T. Cleveland, A. Kuchenkov, Y. Lan, S. Feyzbakhsh, Yuehe Lin, and K. S. Kumar

Subjects
Physics, Scintillation, Range (particle radiation), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Argon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, chemistry, Electric field, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Liquid xenon (LXe) is employed in a number of current and future detectors for rare event searches. We use the EXO-200 experimental data to measure the absolute scintillation and ionization yields generated by $\gamma$ interactions from $^{228}$Th (2615~keV), $^{226}$Ra (1764~keV) and $^{60}$Co (1332~keV and 1173~keV) calibration sources, over a range of electric fields. The $W$-value that defines the recombination-independent energy scale is measured to be $11.5~\pm~0.5$~(syst.)~$\pm~0.1$~(stat.) eV. These data are also used to measure the recombination fluctuations in the number of electrons and photons produced by the calibration sources at the MeV-scale, which deviate from extrapolations of lower-energy data. Additionally, a semi-empirical model for the energy resolution of the detector is developed, which is used to constrain the recombination efficiency, i.e., the fraction of recombined electrons that result in the emission of a detectable photon. Detailed measurements of the absolute charge and light yields for MeV-scale electron recoils are important for predicting the performance of future neutrinoless double beta decay detectors.

Published
2019
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9. Search for nucleon decays with EXO-200

Author

M. Hughes, E. V. Hansen, A. P. Waite, Simon Johnston, T. Tolba, A.C. Odian, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, C. R. Hall, David Moore, O. Ya. Zeldovich, G. S. Li, T. Didberidze, B. T. Cleveland, L. J. Kaufman, Martin Breidenbach, R. MacLellan, M. Coon, S. J. Daugherty, R. DeVoe, R. H. Nelson, A. Pocar, U. Wichoski, Arun Kumar Soma, C. Chambers, P. C. Rowson, Petr Vogel, P. S. Barbeau, Guofu Cao, M. Danilov, M. J. Jewell, T. Ziegler, W. Cree, Yuehe Lin, David Leonard, V. A. Belov, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, S. Delaquis, F. Retiere, K. S. Kumar, J. Zettlemoyer, S. Feyzbakhsh, V.N. Stekhanov, Douglas H Beck, J. C. Davis, Y-R Yen, A. Craycraft, B. Mong, D. Fudenberg, Samuel Homiller, J. Daughhetee, A. Piepke, K. Graham, M. J. Dolinski, C. Licciardi, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Peter Fierlinger, R. Bayerlein, Gerrit Wrede, A. Johnson, Thilo Michel, A. Karelin, Giorgio Gratta, M. Tarka, J. Farine, A. Dolgolenko, K. Murray, Y. Lan, J. Hoessl, P. Hufschmidt, M. Wagenpfeil, David A. Sinclair, Gisela Anton, A. Robinson, T. Walton, T. Brunner, Alexis G. Schubert, A. Kuchenkov, Justin Albert, R. Tsang, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, R. Krücken, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, T. Daniels, J.-L. Vuilleumier, S. Kravitz, I. Ostrovskiy, O. Njoya, Shu Li, and S. Schmidt

Subjects
Particle physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Hadron, FOS: Physical sciences, Elementary particle, nucl-ex, 01 natural sciences, Atomic, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, Particle decay, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle and Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, Physics, Quantum Physics, Isotope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Molecular, Fermion, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, ddc, Baryon, Nucleon, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

A search for instability of nucleons bound in Xe136 nuclei is reported with 223 kg·yr exposure of Xe136 in the EXO-200 experiment. Lifetime limits of 3.3×1023 and 1.9×1023 yr are established for nucleon decay to Sb133 and Te133, respectively. These are the most stringent to date, exceeding the prior decay limits by a factor of 9 and 7, respectively.

Published
2018
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10. VUV-sensitive Silicon Photomultipliers for Xenon Scintillation Light Detection in nEXO

Author

A. Jamil, T. Ziegler, P. Hufschmidt, G. Li, L. Lupin-Jimenez, T. Michel, I. Ostrovskiy, F. Retiere, J. Schneider, M. Wagenpfeil, A. Alamre, J. B. Albert, G. Anton, I. J. Arnquist, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, F. Bourque, J. P. Brodsky, E. Brown, T. Brunner, A. Burenkov, G. F. Cao, L. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, S. A. Charlebois, M. Chiu, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, M. Cote, A. Craycraft, W. Cree, J. Dalmasson, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Daughhetee, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, Y. Y. Ding, M. J. Dolinski, A. Dragone, J. Echevers, L. Fabris, D. Fairbank, W. Fairbank, J. Farine, S. Feyzbakhsh, R. Fontaine, D. Fudenberg, G. Gallina, G. Giacomini, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, E. V. Hansen, D. Harris, M. Hasan, M. Heffner, J. HoBl, E. W. Hoppe, A. House, M. Hughes, Y. Ito, A. Iverson, C. Jessiman, M. J. Jewell, X. S. Jiang, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, T. Koffas, S. Kravitz, R. Krucken, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, D. S. Leonard, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y. H. Lin, P. Lv, R. MacLellan, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Murray, R. J. Newby, Z. Ning, O. Njoya, F. Nolet, O. Nusair, K. Odgers, A. Odian, M. Oriunno, J. L. Orrell, G. S. Ortega, C. T. Overman, S. Parent, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, J.-F. Pratte, D. Qiu, V. Radeka, E. Raguzin, T. Rao, S. Rescia, A. Robinson, T. Rossignol, P. C. Rowson, N. Roy, R. Saldanha, S. Sangiorgio, S. Schmidt, A. Schubert, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, A. K. Soma, G. St-Hilaire, V. Stekhanov, T. Stiegler, X. L. Sun, M. Tarka, J. Todd, T. Tolba, T. I. Totev, R. Tsang, T. Tsang, F. Vachon, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, G. Visser, J.-L. Vuilleumier, Q. Wang, J. Watkins, M. Weber, W. Wei, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, G. Wrede, S. X. Wu, W. H. Wu, Q. Xia, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O. Zeldovich, X. Zhang, J. Zhao, and Y. Zhou

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Scintillation, Time projection chamber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Noble gas, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Avalanche photodiode, 01 natural sciences, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, Xenon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, business
Abstract

Future tonne-scale liquefied noble gas detectors depend on efficient light detection in the VUV range. In the past years Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a valid alternative to standard photomultiplier tubes or large area avalanche photodiodes. The next generation double beta decay experiment, nEXO, with a 5 tonne liquid xenon time projection chamber, will use SiPMs for detecting the $178\,\text{nm}$ xenon scintillation light, in order to achieve an energy resolution of $\sigma / Q_{\beta\beta} = 1\, \%$. This paper presents recent measurements of the VUV-HD generation SiPMs from Fondazione Bruno Kessler in two complementary setups. It includes measurements of the photon detection efficiency with gaseous xenon scintillation light in a vacuum setup and dark measurements in a dry nitrogen gas setup. We report improved photon detection efficiency at $175\,\text{nm}$ compared to previous generation devices, that would meet the criteria of nEXO. Furthermore, we present the projected nEXO detector light collection and energy resolution that could be achieved by using these SiPMs., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables

Published
2018
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11. Searches for double beta decay of Xe134 with EXO-200

Author

L. J. Kaufman, Yuehe Lin, J. J. Russell, K. S. Kumar, T. Michel, Douglas H Beck, T. Daniels, Y-R Yen, J. Walton, M. Danilov, M. J. Jewell, I. Ostrovskiy, C. R. Hall, Y. Lan, David Leonard, A. S. Johnson, P. C. Rowson, J. Daughhetee, R. DeVoe, J. B. Albert, Petr Vogel, O. Ya. Zeldovich, A. Schubert, R. MacLellan, W. Cree, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, J. Hoessl, O. Njoya, S. Delaquis, A.C. Odian, F. Retiere, P. Hufschmidt, Shu Li, R. Krücken, M. Hughes, Peter Fierlinger, S. Feyzbakhsh, J. Zettlemoyer, A. P. Waite, David A. Sinclair, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, J. L. Vuilleumier, C. Licciardi, M. Tarka, P. S. Barbeau, A. Craycraft, K. Graham, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, C. Chambers, E. Smith, Martin Breidenbach, R. Bayerlein, A. Piepke, A. Karelin, Michael G. Marino, S. J. Daugherty, K. Murray, S. Johnston, David Moore, T. Didberidze, R. H. Nelson, B. T. Cleveland, Gisela Anton, T. Walton, A. Kuchenkov, J. Davis, M. Wagenpfeil, Guofu Cao, U. Wichoski, A. Dolgolenko, B. Mong, Giorgio Gratta, T. Ziegler, T. Tolba, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, D. Fudenberg, M. J. Dolinski, S. Kravitz, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, R. Tsang, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, M. Coon, A. Pocar, J. Farine, V. Belov, V.N. Stekhanov, and T. Brunner

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Isotope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Beta decay, Particle detector, 3. Good health, Nuclear physics, Xenon, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, Nuclear astrophysics, 010306 general physics, Radioactive decay
Abstract

Searches for double beta decay of ^(134)Xe were performed with EXO-200, a single-phase liquid xenon detector designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of ^(136)Xe. Using an exposure of 29.6 kg⋅yr, the lower limits of T^(2νββ_+(1/2) > 8.7×10^(20) yr and T^(0νββ)_(1/2) > 1.1×10^(23) yr at 90% confidence level were derived, with corresponding half-life sensitivities of 1.2×10^(21) yr and 1.9×10^(23) yr. These limits exceed those in the literature for ^(134)Xe, improving by factors of nearly 105 and 2 for the two antineutrino and neutrinoless modes, respectively.

Published
2017
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12. Sensitivity and discovery potential of the proposed nEXO experiment to neutrinoless double beta decay

Author

J. L. Vuilleumier, B. Mong, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Dalmasson, A. Piepke, J. Todd, Y. Y. Ding, M. Heffner, Yuehe Lin, John L. Orrell, E. Raguzin, X.L. Sun, J. B. Zhao, C. T. Overman, R. Krücken, D. Qiu, Z. Li, Giorgio Gratta, A. Burenkov, M. Hasan, Arun Kumar Soma, L. J. Kaufman, R. DeVoe, S. J. Daugherty, Samuele Sangiorgio, M. Hughes, K. S. Kumar, V. Veeraraghavan, Y. Lan, Wei Wei, Petr Vogel, Rejean Fontaine, J. Daughhetee, A. Craycraft, U. Wichoski, Ethan Brown, F. Bourque, M. J. Jewell, M. Coon, D. Harris, Yu-Guang Zhou, T. Ziegler, T. Tolba, G. St-Hilaire, T. Tsang, Qun-Yao Wang, T. Stiegler, M. Chiu, J. P. Brodsky, David Moore, F. Retiere, Y. Ito, J. Zettlemoyer, Douglas H Beck, M. Oriunno, Zhijun Ning, S. Johnston, O. Zeldovich, G. Visser, A. Karelin, J. Hößl, A. Pocar, R. Tsang, T. Didberidze, S. Kravitz, Guofu Cao, T. N. Johnson, J. Schneider, P. Hufschmidt, E. V. Hansen, Y-R Yen, David A. Sinclair, F. Vachon, Ryan Killick, David Leonard, K. Murray, Liang Yang, R. J. Newby, Thomas Koffas, A. Jamil, D. Fudenberg, W. M. Fairbank, Gisela Anton, M. Côté, P. C. Rowson, T. Daniels, K. Graham, G. S. Ortega, B. T. Cleveland, M. J. Dolinski, V.N. Stekhanov, K. Odgers, Angelo Dragone, A. House, S. Rescia, A. Kuchenkov, W. Cree, Jean-Francois Pratte, Veljko Radeka, T. Rossignol, S. Feyzbakhsh, R. Saldanha, S. Delaquis, T. Brunner, W. R. Cen, Serge A. Charlebois, C. Licciardi, G. S. Li, R. Gornea, K. Skarpaas, G. Wrede, I. J. Arnquist, M. Tarka, Wei Wu, X. S. Jiang, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, C. Chambers, A.C. Odian, G. Giacomini, A. Schubert, S. Parent, J. Farine, V. Belov, A. Robinson, L. Cao, F. Nolet, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, S. X. Wu, Lorenzo Fabris, J. B. Albert, R. MacLellan, Thilo Michel, P. S. Barbeau, Jens Dilling, Xuan Zhang, I. Badhrees, I. Ostrovskiy, O. Njoya, A. Iverson, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, T. Rao, N. Roy, and E. W. Hoppe

Subjects
Physics, Time projection chamber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Active medium, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 3. Good health, Nuclear physics, Homogeneous, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Enriched Xenon Observatory, Nuclear Experiment, Order of magnitude
Abstract

The next-generation Enriched Xenon Observatory (nEXO) is a proposed experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay in $^{136}$Xe with a target half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years using $5\times10^3$ kg of isotopically enriched liquid-xenon in a time projection chamber. This improvement of two orders of magnitude in sensitivity over current limits is obtained by a significant increase of the $^{136}$Xe mass, the monolithic and homogeneous configuration of the active medium, and the multi-parameter measurements of the interactions enabled by the time projection chamber. The detector concept and anticipated performance are presented based upon demonstrated realizable background rates., Comment: v2 as published

Published
2017

13. Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay with the Upgraded EXO-200 Detector

Author

M. Wagenpfeil, S. Feyzbakhsh, S. Johnston, Martin Breidenbach, M. Coon, P. Fierlinger, Liangjian Wen, S. J. Daugherty, Guofu Cao, K. Graham, C. Licciardi, S. Kravitz, O. Ya. Zeldovich, R. Bayerlein, A. Piepke, R. H. Nelson, A. Schubert, U. Wichoski, Marc Weber, B. T. Cleveland, E. V. Hansen, B. Mong, P. C. Rowson, Giorgio Gratta, A. Kuchenkov, T. Ziegler, P. S. Barbeau, W. Cree, J. Davis, R. Krücken, S. Delaquis, K. Murray, David Leonard, R. Tsang, M. J. Jewell, A. Karelin, V. A. Belov, Gisela Anton, Liang Yang, A. Jamil, J. J. Russell, J. Farine, J. B. Albert, T. Walton, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, M. Danilov, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, J. Hoessl, Y. Lan, P. Hufschmidt, R. DeVoe, L. J. Kaufman, Douglas H Beck, J. Zettlemoyer, David A. Sinclair, Y-R Yen, J. Daughhetee, Yuehe Lin, C. Chambers, J. L. Vuilleumier, C. R. Hall, R. MacLellan, K. S. Kumar, A. Craycraft, T. Tolba, Thilo Michel, T. Brunner, A. S. Johnson, A. Dolgolenko, V.N. Stekhanov, A. Pocar, D. Fudenberg, M. Hughes, A. P. Waite, David Moore, T. Didberidze, Petr Vogel, F. Retiere, G. S. Li, M. J. Dolinski, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, I. Ostrovskiy, O. Njoya, Shu Li, S. Schmidt, Jens Dilling, I. Badhrees, A. Odian, Gerrit Wrede, M. Tarka, and T. Daniels

Subjects
Cryostat, Physics, Particle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Radon, 01 natural sciences, Confidence interval, High Energy Physics - Experiment, ddc, Nuclear physics, Lead shielding, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Upgrade, chemistry, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Results from a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay $0\nu\beta\beta$ of $^{136}$Xe are presented using the first year of data taken with the upgraded EXO-200 detector. Relative to previous searches by EXO-200, the energy resolution of the detector has been improved to $\sigma/E$=1.23%, the electric field in the drift region has been raised by 50%, and a system to suppress radon in the volume between the cryostat and lead shielding has been implemented. In addition, analysis techniques that improve topological discrimination between $0\nu\beta\beta$ and background events have been developed. Incorporating these hardware and analysis improvements, the median 90% confidence level $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life sensitivity after combining with the full data set acquired before the upgrade has increased 2-fold to $3.7 \times 10^{25}$ yr. No statistically significant evidence for $0\nu\beta\beta$ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life of $1.8\times10^{25}$ yr at the 90% confidence level., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, final version submitted to PRL

Published
2017
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14. Search for2νββdecay ofXe136to the01+excited state ofBa136with the EXO-200 liquid xenon detector

Author

A.C. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, David Leonard, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, O. Ya. Zeldovich, S. Feyzbakhsh, E. Smith, R. Krücken, D. Beck, M. Coon, D. Fudenberg, T. Brunner, J. King, O. Njoya, R. DeVoe, Peter Fierlinger, Justin Albert, K. Graham, Monica Dunford, A. Pocar, R. H. Nelson, U. Wichoski, M. Weber, T. Walton, Petr Vogel, M. Tarka, C. Licciardi, C. R. Hall, T. Tolba, C. Chambers, Q. Y. Xu, Ryan Killick, R. Tsang, M. Danilov, J. Walton, P. C. Rowson, D. J. Auty, A. Kuchenkov, Jens Dilling, J. Chaves, W. Feldmeier, F. Retiere, B. Mong, C.Y. Prescott, A. Craycraft, Martin Breidenbach, S. J. Daugherty, R. Gornea, L. J. Kaufman, T. Daniels, M. Hughes, J. Farine, S. Delaquis, A. P. Waite, Simon Johnston, J. C. Davis, Y-R Yen, Guofu Cao, T. N. Johnson, Yuehe Lin, Giorgio Gratta, J. L. Wood, David Moore, J. J. Russell, T. Didberidze, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, J.-L. Vuilleumier, K. S. Kumar, B. T. Cleveland, Liang Yang, M. J. Dolinski, S. Kravitz, A. Piepke, A. Burenkov, A. Karelin, A. Johnson, V.N. Stekhanov, David A. Sinclair, T. A. Winick, M. J. Jewell, K. Twelker, L. J. Wen, Alexis G. Schubert, R. MacLellan, M. G. Marino, P. S. Barbeau, V. A. Belov, and A. Dolgolenko

Subjects
Semileptonic decay, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Lower limit, Xenon, chemistry, Excited state, 0103 physical sciences, Single phase, Atomic physics, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Ground state
Abstract

EXO-200 is a single phase liquid xenon detector designed to search for neutrinoless ββ decay of ^(136)Xe to the ground state of ^(136)Ba. We report here on a search for the two-neutrino ββ decay of 136Xe to the first 0+ excited state, 0^+_1, of ^(136)Ba based on a 100 kg yr exposure of ^(136)Xe. Using a specialized analysis employing a machine learning algorithm, we obtain a 90% CL half-life sensitivity of 1.7 × 10^(24) yr. We find no statistically significant evidence for the 2νββ decay to the excited state resulting in a lower limit of T^(2ν)_(1/2)(0^+ → 0^+_1) > 6.9 ×10^(23) yr at 90% CL. This observed limit is consistent with the estimated half-life of 2.5 × 10^(25) yr.

Published
2016
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15. An Optimal Energy Estimator to Reduce Correlated Noise for the EXO-200 Light Readout

Author

A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Yuehe Lin, A. Pocar, S. Kravitz, Monica Dunford, C. Y. Prescott, M. Coon, R. Tsang, A. Craycraft, J. L. Wood, V.N. Stekhanov, Liang Yang, K. S. Kumar, W. R. Cen, R. Gornea, K. Graham, J. J. Russell, J. Farine, M. Danilov, Peter Fierlinger, A. Karelin, A. Dolgolenko, R. DeVoe, Douglas H Beck, David Leonard, V. Belov, M. Tarka, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, Y-R Yen, Michael G. Marino, T. Daniels, S. Johnston, T. Brunner, C. G. Davis, O. Ya. Zeldovich, T. Walton, Liangjian Wen, A. S. Johnson, Guofu Cao, Martin Breidenbach, S. J. Daugherty, L. J. Kaufman, A. Burenkov, B. Mong, E. Smith, R. Krücken, F. Retière, J. B. Albert, David A. Sinclair, A. Schubert, Ryan Killick, R. H. Nelson, M. J. Dolinski, U. Wichoski, B. T. Cleveland, P. S. Barbeau, T. Tolba, A. Kuchenkov, S. Feyzbakhsh, Marc Weber, C. Licciardi, C. R. Hall, J. L. Vuilleumier, J. Walton, A. Piepke, Giorgio Gratta, W. Feldmeier, J. Davis, M. Hughes, A. P. Waite, M. J. Jewell, K. Twelker, David Moore, T. Didberidze, T. N. Johnson, D. Fudenberg, R. MacLellan, C. Chambers, P. C. Rowson, S. Delaquis, Jens Dilling, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, and O. Njoya

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Noise (electronics), Particle detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Estimator, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Energy (signal processing), Radioactive decay
Abstract

The energy resolution of the EXO-200 detector is limited by electronics noise in the measurement of the scintillation response. Here we present a new technique to extract optimal scintillation energy measurements for signals split across multiple channels in the presence of correlated noise. The implementation of these techniques improves the energy resolution of the detector at the neutrinoless double beta decay Q-value from $\left[1.9641\pm 0.0039\right]\%$ to $\left[1.5820\pm 0.0044\right]\%$., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Published
2016
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16. Cosmogenic backgrounds to 0νββ in EXO-200

Author

A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, Ryan Killick, B. T. Cleveland, J. Walton, A. Kuchenkov, Douglas H Beck, Y-R Yen, T. Daniels, David A. Sinclair, Peter Fierlinger, E. Smith, M. Tarka, Yuehe Lin, T. Tolba, T. Walton, R. Tsang, J. Davis, A. Craycraft, C. Chambers, M. Danilov, Jens Dilling, D. Fudenberg, M. J. Jewell, J. L. Wood, R. Gornea, K. Twelker, Michael G. Marino, D. J. Auty, A. Pocar, S. Johnston, A. Dolgolenko, David Leonard, A. Odian, K. S. Kumar, R. Krücken, Guofu Cao, R. DeVoe, R. MacLellan, M. Hughes, Thomas Koffas, W. M. Fairbank, I. Ostrovskiy, A. P. Waite, S. Herrin, Monica Dunford, J. L. Vuilleumier, O. Njoya, P. C. Rowson, O. Ya. Zeldovich, T. Brunner, Giorgio Gratta, K. Graham, L. J. Wen, Marc Weber, Martin Breidenbach, David Moore, B. Mong, W. Feldmeier, T. Didberidze, V.N. Stekhanov, R. H. Nelson, U. Wichoski, S. J. Daugherty, S. Delaquis, A. S. Johnson, S. Feyzbakhsh, M. J. Dolinski, L. J. Kaufman, C. Licciardi, J. J. Russell, C. Y. Prescott, M. Coon, C. R. Hall, J. B. Albert, A. Burenkov, T. N. Johnson, A. Schubert, J. Farine, V. Belov, S. Kravitz, Liang Yang, A. Piepke, A. Karelin, F. Retière, and P. S. Barbeau

Subjects
Physics, Radionuclide, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Cosmic background radiation, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, Nuclear physics, Neutron capture, Xenon, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, 010306 general physics
Abstract

As neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments become more sensitive and intrinsic radioactivity in detector materials is reduced, previously minor contributions to the background must be understood and eliminated. With this in mind, cosmogenic backgrounds have been studied with the EXO-200 experiment. Using the EXO-200 TPC, the muon flux (through a flat horizontal surface) underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) has been measured to be Φ = 4.07 ± 0.14 (sys) ± 0.03 (stat) × 10−7cm−2 s−1, with a vertical intensity of Iv = 2.97 −0.13 (sys) ± 0.02 (stat) × 10−7cm−2 s−1 sr−1. Simulations of muon-induced backgrounds identified several potential cosmogenic radionuclides, though only 137Xe is a significant background for the 136Xe 0νββ search with EXO-200. Muon-induced neutron backgrounds were measured using γ-rays from neutron capture on the detector materials. This provided a measurement of 137Xe yield, and a test of the accuracy of the neutron production and transport simulations. The independently measured rates of 136Xe neutron capture and of 137Xe decay agree within uncertainties. Geant4 and FLUKA simulations were performed to estimate neutron capture rates, and these estimates agreed to within ∼40% or better with measurements. The ability to identify 136Xe(n, γ) events will allow for rejection of 137Xe backgrounds in future 0νββ analyses.

Published
2016
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