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We explore the Gaia DR2 proper motions of six young, main-sequence stars, members of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) reported by Moni Bidin et al. (2017). These stars are located in the outskirts of the disk, between 7 and 13 degrees from the LMC's center where there is very low H I content. Gaia DR2 proper motions confirm that four stars formed locally, in situ, while two are consistent with being expelled via dynamical interactions from inner, more gas-rich regions of the LMC. This finding establishes that recent star formation occurred in the periphery of the LMC, where thus far only old populations are known., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters

We report on speckle observations of binary stars carried out at the WIYN Telescope over the period from September 2010 through February 2012, providing relative astrometry for 2521 observations of 883 objects, 856 of which are double stars and 27 of which are triples. The separations measured span a range of 0.01 to 1.75 arc seconds. Wavelengths of 562 nm, 692 nm, and 880 nm were used, and differential photometry at one or more of these wavelengths is presented in most cases. Sixty-six components were resolved for the first time. We also estimate detection limits at 0.2 and 1.0 arc seconds for high-quality observations in cases where no companion was seen, a total of 176 additional objects. Detection limits vary based on observing conditions and signal-to-noise ratio, but are approximately 4 magnitudes at 0.2 arc seconds and 6 magnitudes at 1.0 arc seconds on average. Analyzing the measurement precision of the data set, we find that the individual separations obtained have linear measurement uncertainties of approximately 2 mas, and photometry is uncertain to approximately 0.1 magnitudes in general. This work provides fundamental, well-calibrated data for future orbit and mass determinations, and we present three first orbits and total mass estimates of nearby K-dwarf systems as examples of this potential.

We explore the origins of the young B-type stars found by Casetti-Dinescu et al.(2014) at the outskirts of the Milky-Way disk in the sky region of Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream. High-resolution spectroscopic observations made with the MIKE instrument on the Magellan Clay 6.5m telescope for nine stars are added to the previous sample analyzed by Zhang et al. (2017). We compile a sample of fifteen young stars with well-determined stellar types, ages, abundances and kinematics. With proper motions from Gaia DR2 we also derive orbits in a realistic Milky-Way potential. We find that our previous radial-velocity selected LA candidates have substantial orbital angular momentum. The substantial amount of rotational component for these stars is in contrast with the near-polar Magellanic orbit, thus rendering these stars unlikely members of the LA. There are four large orbital-energy stars in our sample. The highest orbital-energy one has an age shorter than the time to disk crossing, with a birthplace $z=2.5$~kpc and $R_{\rm GC}\sim 28$~kpc. Therefore, the origin of this star is uncertain. The remaining three stars have disk runaway origin with birthplaces between 12 and 25 kpc from the Galactic center. Also, the most energetic stars are more metal poor ([Mg/H] =$-0.50\pm0.07$) and with larger He scatter ($\sigma_{\rm [He/H]} = 0.72$) than the inner disk ones ([Mg/H] $=0.12\pm0.36$, $\sigma_{\rm [He/H]} = 0.15$). While the former group's abundance is compatible with that of the Large Magellanic Cloud, it could also reflect the metallicity gradient of the MW disk and their runaway status via different runaway mechanisms., Comment: 58 pages, 17 figures, 7 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Magnitude differences obtained from speckle imaging are used in combination with other data in the literature to place the components of binary star systems on the H-R diagram. Isochrones are compared with the positions obtained, and a best-fit isochrone is determined for each system, yielding both masses of the components as well as an age range consistent with the system parameters. Seventeen systems are studied, 12 of which were observed with the 0.6 m Lowell-Tololo Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and six of which were observed with the WIYN 3.5 m Telescope (The WIYN Observatory is a joint facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Indiana University, Yale University, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories) at Kitt Peak. One system was observed from both sites. In comparing photometric masses to mass information from orbit determinations, we find that the photometric masses agree very well with the dynamical masses, and are generally more precise. For three systems, no dynamical masses exist at present, and therefore the photometrically determined values are the first mass estimates derived for these components.

First results of a new speckle imaging system, the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument, are reported. The instrument is designed to take speckle data in two filters simultaneously with two independent CCD imagers. This feature results in three advantages over other speckle cameras: (1) twice as many frames can be obtained in the same observation time which can increase the signal-to-noise ratio for astrometric measurements, (2) component colors can be derived from a single observation, and (3) the two colors give substantial leverage over atmospheric dispersion, allowing for subdiffraction-limited separations to be measured reliably. Fifty-four observations are reported from the first use of the instrument at the Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO 3.5 m Telescope9The WIYN Observatory is a joint facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Indiana University, Yale University, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories. in 2008 September, including seven components resolved for the first time. These observations are used to judge the basic capabilities of the instrument.

At the IAU XXVI General Assembly in 2006, the Division I decided to create the Working Group on Astrometry by Small Ground-Based Telescopes (WG-ASGBT). Its scientic goals are to foster the follow-up of small bodies detected by the large surveys including the NEOs; to set-up a dedicated observation network for the follow-up of objects which will be detected by Gaia; to contribute to the observation campaigns of the mutual events of natural satellites, stellar occultations, and binary asteroids; and to encourage teaching astrometry for the next generation. The present report gives the main activities carried out in these areas with small telescopes (diameter less than 2m).

A total of 1067 speckle observations of 345 binary stars are presented. Of these, 161 are double stars first resolved by Hipparcos, 17 are resolved for the first time in the observations presented here, and 21 are stars previously discovered by our program and reported in earlier papers in the series. In 947 cases, a magnitude difference is reported along with the relative astrometry. When comparing to systems with very well-known orbits, we find that the root mean square (rms) deviation in separation residuals is 2.81 ± 0.28 mas, and the rms deviation in position angle residuals is 0.88 ± 0.07°. The magnitude difference measures show no significant deviation from Hipparcos photometry, and have average standard deviation of approximately 0.10 mag as judged from repeat observations. Five important systems discovered by Hipparcos are discussed.

A proper motion study of a field of 20' x 20' inside Plaut's low extinction window (l,b)=(0 deg,-8 deg), has been completed. Relative proper motions and photographic BV photometry have been derived for ~21,000 stars reaching to V~20.5 mag, based on the astrometric reduction of 43 photographic plates, spanning over 21 years of epoch difference. Proper motion errors are typically 1 mas/yr and field dependent systematics are below 0.2 mas/yr. Cross-referencing with the 2MASS catalog yielded a sample of ~8,700 stars, from which predominantly disk and bulge subsamples were selected photometrically from the JH color-magnitude diagram. The two samples exhibited different proper-motion distributions, with the disk displaying the expected reflex solar motion as a function of magnitude. Galactic rotation was also detected for stars between ~2 and ~3 kpc from us. The bulge sample, represented by red giants, has an intrinsic proper motion dispersion of (sigma_l,sigma_b)=(3.39, 2.91)+/-(0.11,0.09) mas/yr, which is in good agreement with previous results, and indicates a velocity anisotropy consistent with either rotational broadening or tri-axiality. A mean distance of 6.37^{+0.87}_{-0.77} kpc has been estimated for the bulge sample, based on the observed K magnitude of the horizontal branch red clump. The metallicity [M/H] distribution was also obtained for a subsample of 60 bulge giants stars, based on calibrated photometric indices. The observed [M/H] shows a peak value at [M/H]~-0.1 with an extended metal poor tail and around 30% of the stars with supersolar metallicity. No change in proper motion dispersion was observed as a function of [M/H]. We are currently in the process of obtaining CCD UBVRI photometry for the entire proper-motion sample of ~21,000 stars., Comment: Submitted to AJ April 17th 2007. Accepted June 8th 2007. 45 pages, 14 figures

In an effort to better understand the details of the stellar structure and evolution of metal-poor stars, the Gemini North telescope was used on two occasions to take speckle imaging data of a sample of known spectroscopic binary stars and other nearby stars in order to search for and resolve close companions. The observations were obtained using the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument, which takes data in two filters simultaneously. The results presented here are of 90 observations of 23 systems in which one or more companions was detected, and six stars where no companion was detected to the limit of the camera capabilities at Gemini. In the case of the binary and multiple stars, these results are then further analyzed to make first orbit determinations in five cases, and orbit refinements in four other cases. The mass information is derived, and since the systems span a range in metallicity, a study is presented that compares our results with the expected trend in total mass as derived from the most recent Yale isochrones as a function of metal abundance. These data suggest that metal-poor main-sequence stars are less massive at a given color than their solar-metallicity analogues in a manner consistent with that predicted from the theory.

We describe a high-precision, deep (to V ~ 19-21) absolute proper-motion survey that samples ~50 lines of sight in the Kapteyn Selected Areas along declination zones -15, 0 and 15 degrees. In many fields the astrometric baseline reaches nearly a century. We demonstrate that these data provide typical per star precisions between ~ 1 and 3 mas/yr to the above magnitude limits, with the absolute reference frame established by numerous extragalactic sources in each survey field. Combined with existing and ongoing photometric and radial velocity surveys in these fields, these astrometric data will enable, among other things, accurate, detailed dynamical modeling of satellite interactions with our Galaxy. In this contribution we describe the astrometric part of our survey and show preliminary results along the trailing tail of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, and in the Monoceros ring region., Accepter for publication in the Astronomical Journal

Position angle and separation measures of 482 primarily southern binary stars are presented. These were obtained from speckle observations taken at the Carlos U. Cesco Observatory, El Leoncito, Argentina, using a multianode microchannel array detector during the period 1994 July to 1996 July. When comparing our measures to the ephemeris predictions in the case of objects with well-determined orbits, we find that our measures have a precision of approximately 13 mas per observation in separation and 075/ρ in position angle, where ρ is the separation in arcseconds. We briefly discuss the photometric properties of the data and highlight four southern binaries of particular interest that emerge from the list presented.

An analysis of 15 speckle observations taken at the Lowell-Tololo Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and 6 speckle observations taken at the WIYN Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory indicates that it is possible to characterize the separations, position angles, and magnitude differences of binary stars down to at least one quarter of the diffraction limit with CCD-based speckle imaging. This is made possible by the fact that CCD-based speckle imaging permits the retrieval of reliable photometric information from speckle data, and therefore the elongation of the speckles due to a blended companion may be reliably measured. When observations in two colors are obtained, atmospheric dispersion, which also affects the speckle shape, can be distinguished from binarity in a large number of cases. A regimen for observing sub-diffraction-limited speckle binaries is proposed that could lead to efficient surveys of small-separation binary stars.

We have determined the absolute proper motion of the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr) from the Southern Proper Motion Catalog 3, by selecting red giant candidates from the Two Micron All Sky Survey. We obtain μl cos b = -2.35 ± 0.20 and μb = 2.07 ± 0.20 mas yr-1. Using the same procedure, we also determine the absolute proper motion of the bulge in the region of the sky that overlaps with Sgr. For the bulge, we obtain μl cos b = -5.86 ± 0.14 and μb = -0.59 ± 0.14 mas yr-1, at l = 76 and b = -212. The absolute proper motions are on the International Celestial Reference System via Hipparcos Catalog stars.

Five hundred seventy-six magnitude difference measures are presented for 260 binary stars. These measures are derived from CCD-based speckle observations taken at the WIYN 3.5 m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory during the period 1997–2000. Separations of the systems range from over 1'' down to near the diffraction limit of the telescope. A study of multiple measures of the same targets indicates that the measures have a typical uncertainty of better than 0.13 mag per 2 minute observation, and that multiple observations can be averaged to arrive at smaller uncertainties. Results presented here are also compared, insofar as it is possible, with measures in the Hipparcos Catalogue and to previous studies using adaptive optics. No major systematic errors were identified.

Using parallaxes and proper motions of a kinematically and spatially unbiased sample of old bright red giant stars from the Hipparcos catalog with measured radial velocities from Barbier-Brossat & Figon (2000), we have re-estimated the surface density of the Galactic disk in the solar neighbourhood within ±0.4 kpc of the Sun. We determine the vertical distribution of the red giants as well as the vertical velocity dispersion of the sample, (14.4±0.26 km/sec), and combine these to derive the surface density of gravitating matter in the Galactic disk. Using these data, we determine the surface density of the galactic disk as a function of the galactic coordinate, z. the surface density of the disk increases from 10.5 ±0.5 M⊙within ±50 pc to 42 ±6 M⊙/pc2 within ±350 pc. The volume density of the galactic disk within ±50 pc is 0.105±0.005 M⊙/pc3, which is only marginally greater (within 2 sigma) than the volume density estimates of observed baryonic matter in the solar neighbourhood.

Spectrophotometric data have been obtained with the 2dF spectrograph at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and with Hydra at the WIYN telescope for nearly 2000 A, F, and G stars toward the south Galactic pole. Using 1305 radial velocities, 2311 uvbyHβ photometric measurements, and 1621 Yale–San Juan SPM (Southern Proper Motion) absolute proper motions, peculiar velocities were derived to determine the galactic gravitational force K(z) perpendicular to the Galactic plane, first described by Oort (published in 1932). Our results in local volume density, as derived from early-type stars (A0–F5) and giants, support Bahcall's ρ = 0.1 M⊙ pc-3, implying that dark matter exists in the galactic disk. Our result for the total surface density derived using late-type stars (G1 and later) is equal to 34 M⊙ pc-2, about 30% smaller than 46 ± 9 M⊙ pc-2 computed by Kuijken & Gilmore, but greater than 23 M⊙ pc-2 listed for the extended halo mass for z < 1.1 kpc (Cox 1999). The derived behavior of K(z) versus distance from the Galactic plane shows a well-known peak at about 400 pc. A second peak at about 1100 pc exhibited by dwarf main-sequence stars, but not for the giants, suggests that this second peak is likely due to a thick-disk population of metal-poor objects.

We have measured the absolute proper motions of four low-latitude, inner-Galaxy globular clusters. These clusters are: NGC 6266 (M62), NGC 6304, NGC 6316 and NGC 6723. The proper motions are on the Hipparcos system, as no background extragalactic objects are found in these high-extinction regions. The proper-motion uncertainties range between 0.3 and 0.6 mas/yr. We discuss the kinematics of these clusters and of three additional bulge clusters -- NGC 6522, NGC 6528 and NFC 6553 -- whose proper motions with respect to bulge stars had been determined previously. We find that all of the clusters have velocities that confine them to the bulge region. Of the three metal poor clusters ([Fe/H] < -1.0), NGC 6522, and NGC 6723 have kinematics consistent with halo membership. The third cluster, NGC 6266 however, appears to belong to a rotationally-supported system. Of the four metal rich clusters ([Fe/H] >= -1.0), NGC 6304 and NGC 6553 also have kinematics consistent with membership to a rotationally-supported system. NGC 6528 has kinematics, metallicity and mass that argue in favor of a genuine Milky-Way bar cluster. NGC 6316's kinematics indicate membership to a hotter system than the bar., 4 figures, 5 tables; accepted for publication in AJ

We combine the Siding Spring Survey of RR Lyrae stars with the Southern Proper Motion Catalog 4, in order to detect and kinematically characterize overdensities in the inner halo of the Milky Way. We identify one such overdensity above the Galactic plane, in quadrant 4 of the Galaxy. The overdensity extends at least 20 degrees in longitude, has an average heliocentric distance of 8 kpc with a depth of 4 kpc, and is confined within 4 kpc of the Galactic plane. Its metallicity distribution is distinct from that of the field population having a peak at -1.3 and a pronounced tail to -2.0. Proper motions indicate a net vertical motion away from the plane, and a low orbital angular momentum. Qualitatively, these orbit properties suggest a possible association with omega Centauri's parent satellite. However, comparison to a specific omega Cen N-body disruption model does not give a good match with observations. Line-of-sight velocities, and more extensive N-body modelling will help clarify the nature of this overdensity., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters

Two hundred thirty nearby main-sequence stars with spectral types in the range of A to G have been observed by way of speckle interferometry using the WIYN 3.5 m telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona. The stars had no previous mention of duplicity in the literature. Of those observed, 14 showed clear evidence of a companion, and 63 were classified as suspected nonsingle based on a power spectrum analysis. The remaining stars discussed show no evidence of duplicity to the limit of the detection system in high-quality observations.

The field of direct imaging is experiencing a considerable growth in the number of available CCD mosaic imagers, especially on large telescopes. To fully exploit the astrometric potential of these imaging devices, we develop a technique, utilizing an astrometric standard, for precision transformation of pixel coordinates into a global coordinate system. We have constructed a new astrometric standard set of 1863 stars in the field of NGC 188 to derive the CCD chip constants for the NOAO CCD Mosaic Imager. The multiple-epoch data on the Mosaic's metrics indicate that this CCD mosaic device may have experienced a one-time nonelastic expansion. We also present a new determination of the pixel scale and the optical field angle distortion constants for the KPNO Mayall 4 m telescope prime focus field corrector. To establish a reliable history of the CCD mosaic imager metrics for current and potential future astrometric applications, we recommend obtaining astrometric calibrations for CCD mosaic imagers on a regular basis. Apart from mechanical positioning of the CCD mosaic camera on the telescope, noticeable changes in the thermal environment of CCD mosaic chips should also prompt new astrometric calibrations. It is shown that, following all precautions, the NOAO CCD Mosaic Imager can produce excellent astrometric results on the Mayall 4 m telescope.

Five hundred twelve relative astrometry measures are presented for 253 double stars, including 53 double stars discovered by Hipparcos. In 15 cases, relative astrometry is reported for the first time for newly confirmed pairs. In addition, 20 high-quality nondetections of companions are reported for stars suspected of being nonsingle by Hipparcos. Observations were taken using a fast-readout CCD camera system at the WIYN 3.5 m telescope at Kitt Peak, Arizona. In comparing these measures with ephemeris predictions for binary stars with very well known orbits, we find that the measurement precision is better than 3 mas in separation and 1° in position angle per individual observation. Measurement precision and detection capabilities are fully discussed, and confirmed orbital motion is reported in four cases of the Hipparcos double star discoveries.

Relative astrometry is presented for 198 observations of 160 double stars. The data were obtained at the 2.15 m telescope at the Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito (Argentina) with a multianode microchannel array (MAMA) detector system. Five high-quality nondetections are also reported. When judged against ephemeris positions for binaries with very well determined orbits, the separation residuals exhibit a root mean square deviation of 13.2 mas and the position angle residuals exhibit rms deviation of 29. Factors affecting the measurement precision are discussed.

We present the absolute proper motion of Nova Velorum 1999=V382 Vel based on photographic plate material from the Yale/San Juan Southern Proper Motion program. The absolute motion, on the system of the International Celestial Reference System, is μαcos δ = -11.5 ± 2.3 and μδ = -1.7 ± 1.9 mas yr−1. This proper‐motion measure adds to the growing number of such measures for novae and will eventually allow the secular parallax for this class of objects to be determined.We also report the preoutburst B and V photometry of V382 Vel. In its quiescent state, the nova has mean values of V = 16.56 and B−V = 0.14. A brightening by 0.5 mag is noted in 1970 (JD 2,440,705.542).

We have compiled a catalog of absolute proper motions of globular clusters from various sources. The sample consists of 38 clusters, from which most of the southern ones (15 clusters) were measured in our previous papers in this series. We have integrated orbits assuming two different Galactic potential models adopted from the literature and have calculated orbital parameters. The uncertainties associated with the orbital parameters were derived in a Monte Carlo approach, and we conclude that, overall, at the present level of measurement errors, orbital differences due to Galactic potential models are not significant. Three metal-poor clusters are found to have orbits similar to prototypical metal-rich disk clusters. These clusters are NGC 6254 (M10), NGC 6626 (M28), and NGC 6752. We interpret this as a potentially significant constraint on the formation of the disk. It is thus possible that part of the inner metal-poor halo is the low-metallicity tail of the thick disk. In this case, the ages of these clusters indicate that the formation of the disk partially overlapped with that of the halo. The clusters classified as young halo or red horizontal-branch by Zinn show a radially anisotropic velocity distribution, their orbits are of high total energy, with apocentric radii larger than 10 kpc and highly eccentric. In this sense they may represent an accreted component of our Galaxy. We also discuss ω Cen's orbit characteristics in the view of an accreted origin. We investigate the effect of the orbital motion on the internal dynamics of clusters. Adopting the formalism from Gnedin & Ostriker and their destruction rates due to two-body relaxation, we find that, in most cases, this internal process is more important than the destruction processes due to disk and bulge shocking. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations argue that NGC 6397's luminosity function is depleted at the faint end, and this is blamed on its high total destruction rate. We propose a list of clusters with similar destruction rates that may also have depleted luminosity functions. We also note the bias toward deriving higher destruction rates in studies that statistically assign tangential velocities based on a kinematic model of the globular cluster system, in contrast to the rates derived from the measured tangential velocities. Clusters prone to such biases are those that have circular orbits (kinematically thick-disk clusters) and some of those with orbits of high total energy.

Absolute proper motions have been measured for 10 clusters, in addition to the sample of five clusters presented in an earlier paper. These newly measured clusters are NGC 1904 (M79), NGC 2298, NGC 4590 (M68), NGC 5139 (ω Cen), NGC 5897, NGC 6093 (M80), NGC 6121 (M4), NGC 6144, NGC 6809 (M55), and NGC 7099 (M30). The correction to absolute proper motion is determined based on galaxies, except for one field with high extinction, for which we used the Hipparcos system. This latter correction proves to be very useful for fields at low Galactic latitude, provided magnitude-dependent systematics are well controlled. The errors in absolute proper motion per cluster range between 0.4 and 1.0 mas yr-1. Space velocities are also determined, and the kinematics are briefly discussed; a companion paper will present a detailed analysis of orbits in conjunction with other physical parameters of clusters.

Two hundred seventy-seven position angle and separation measures of 154 double stars are presented. Three of the systems were previously unknown to be double, and 16 other systems were discovered earlier this decade by the Hipparcos satellite. Measures are derived from speckle observations taken with the Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO (WIYN) 3.5 m telescope located at Kitt Peak, Arizona. Speckle images were obtained using two different imaging detectors, namely, a multianode microchannel array (MAMA) detector and a fast-readout CCD. A measurement precision study was performed on a sample of binaries with extremely well known orbits by comparing the measures obtained here to the ephemeris predictions. For the CCD, the root mean square (rms) deviation of residuals was found to be 3.5 milliarcseconds (mas) in separation and 12 in position angle, while the residuals of the MAMA data varied depending on the magnification used and seeing conditions but can be comparable or superior to the CCD values. In addition, the two cameras were compared in terms of the detection limit in total magnitude and magnitude difference of the systems under study. The MAMA system has the ability to detect some systems with magnitude differences larger than 3.5, although reliable astrometry could not be obtained on these objects. Reliable astrometry was obtained on a system of magnitude difference of 5.3 with the CCD system.

We describe the Yale/San Juan Southern Proper Motion (SPM) Catalog 1.0, which provides positions, absolute proper motions, and photographic BV photometry for 58,880 objects at the South Galactic pole. The sky coverage of the SPM Catalog 1.0 is about 720 deg2 in the magnitude range 5 < V < 18.5. About 55% of all catalog stars are randomly chosen, whereas the remainder contains numerous astrophysically interesting objects drawn from various lists and databases. The accuracy of positions and absolute proper motions is 40–150 mas and 3–8 mas yr-1, respectively, depending on the star's magnitude. The high-end astrometric accuracy applies to the stars brighter than V = 15. A great deal of effort was put into correcting positions and proper motions for the magnitude-dependent systematic errors. The catalog can be used for Galactic structure studies and deep CCD-frame astrometric calibration and as a database for stars, galaxies, and other objects at the south Galactic pole. The catalog is supplemented by calibrated CCD BV photometry in selected 13' × 13' areas.

The M dwarf binary, Wolf 1062 (Gliese 748), has been observed with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Fine Guidance Sensor 3 in the transfer function scan mode to determine the apparent orbit. This is the first orbit defined fully and exclusively with HST, and is the most accurate definitive orbit for any resolved, noneclipsing system. The orbital period is 2.4490 ± 0.0119 yr and the semimajor axis is 01470 ± 00007—both quantities are now known to better than 1%. Using the weighted mean of seven parallax measurements and these HST data, we find the system mass to be 0.543 ± 0.031 M⊙, where the error of 6% is due almost entirely to the parallax error. An estimated fractional mass from the infrared brightness ratio and infrared mass-luminosity relation yields a mass for the primary of 0.37 M⊙, and the secondary falls in the regime of very low mass stars, with a mass of only 0.17 M⊙.

As with virtually all photographic plate material, the astrograph plates from which the Southern Proper Motion (SPM) catalog is being compiled suffer from magnitude-dependent systematic shifts in the image positions, i.e., a magnitude equation. If left uncorrected, these would adversely affect both the primary goals of the SPM catalog, the absolute proper motions, and the faint secondary reference frame. Using the diffraction-grating images present on the plates, a procedure is adopted that allows a spatially variant magnitude equation correction to be derived individually for each SPM plate. Application of the method to ~120 SPM fields, primarily around the south Galactic pole and the -30° and -35° declination zones, demonstrates its effectiveness. Indeed, the method proves superior, in the case of the SPM, to a direct calibration of the magnitude equation using the newly available Tycho Catalogue. The result of the diffraction-grating technique is final SPM positions and proper motions that are largely magnitude equation–free, as verified by numerous internal and external checks.

Strongly interacting galaxies undergo a short-lived but dramatic phase of evolution characterized by enhanced star formation, tidal tails, bridges and other morphological peculiarities. The nearest example of a pair of interacting galaxies is the Magellanic Clouds, whose dynamical interaction produced the gaseous features known as the Magellanic Stream trailing the pair's orbit about the Galaxy, the Bridge between the Clouds, and the Leading Arm, a wide and irregular feature leading the orbit. Young, newly formed stars in the Bridge are known to exist, giving witness to the recent interaction between the Clouds. However, the interaction of the Clouds with the Milky Way is less well understood. In particular, the Leading Arm must have a tidal origin, however no purely gravitational model is able to reproduce its morphology and kinematics. A hydrodynamical interaction with the gaseous hot halo and disk of the Galaxy is plausible as suggested by some models and supporting neutral hydrogen observations. Here we show for the first time that young, recently formed stars exist in the Leading Arm, indicating that the interaction between the Clouds and our Galaxy is strong enough to trigger star formation in certain regions of the Leading Arm --- regions in the outskirts of the Milky Way disk (R ~ 18 kpc), far away from the Clouds and the Bridge., accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters

We have measured the absolute proper motions of globular clusters NGC 6397, NGC 6626 (M 22) and NGC 6656 (M 28) as part of our ongoing Southern Proper-Motion Program. The reference system is the ICRS via Hipparcos stars for these three low galactic latitude clusters. Formal errors range between ~0.3 and 0.7 mas/yr. Notable is the result for NGC 6397 which differs by 2.5 mas/yr from two HST determinations, while agreeing with previous ground-based ones. We determine orbits for all three clusters in an axisymmetric and barred model of the Galaxy and discuss these in the context of globular-cluster formation. M 22 is a well-known cluster with an iron abundance spread; such clusters are now believed to have formed in massive parent systems that can retain ejecta of core-collapsed SNe. We find that the five currently-accepted globular clusters with iron/calcium abundance spread show orbits unrelated to each other, thus suggesting at least five independent, massive progenitors that have contributed to the build-up of the Milky-Way halo., accepted for publication in the AJ

Chemical abundances of eight O- and B-type stars are determined from high-resolution spectra obtained with the MIKE instrument on the Magellan 6.5m Clay telescope. The sample is selected from 42 candidates of membership in the Leading Arm of the Magellanic System. Stellar parameters are measured by two independent grids of model atmospheres and analysis procedures, confirming the consistency of the stellar parameter results. Abundances of seven elements (He, C, N, O, Mg, Si, and S) are determined for the stars, as are their radial velocities and estimates of distances and ages. Among the seven B-type stars analyzed, the five that have radial velocities compatible with membership to the LA have an average [Mg/H] of $-0.42\pm0.16$, significantly lower than the average of the remaining two [Mg/H] = $-0.07\pm0.06$ that are kinematical members of the Galactic disk. Among the five LA members, four have individual [Mg/H] abundance compatible with that in the LMC. Within errors, we can not exclude the possibility that one of these stars has a [Mg/H] consistent with the more metal-poor, SMC-like material. The remaining fifth star has a [Mg/H] close to MW values. Distances to the LA members indicate that they are at the edge of the Galactic disk, while ages are of the order of $\sim 50-70$ Myr, lower than the dynamical age of the LA, suggesting a single star-forming episode in the LA. V$_{\rm LSR}$ the LA members decreases with decreasing Magellanic longitude, confirming the results of previous LA gas studies., Comment: 61 pages, 18 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ

The effect of image reconstruction on the astrometric precision of the Hubble Space Telescope Planetary Camera (WF/PC 1) has been investigated. Depending on the crowded nature and exposure of the stellar images, the reconstruction process may provide benefits for the image centering, especially in terms of the number of stars which can be detected. Unfortunately, there is also evidence that the positions derived from reconstructed images are biased toward the center of individual pixels, an astrometrically unacceptable condition.

Young, OB-type candidates are identified in a ~7900 sq-deg. region encompassing the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC/SMC) periphery, the Bridge, part of the Magellanic Stream (MS) and Leading Arm (LA). Selection is based on UV, optical and IR photometry from existing large-area surveys and proper motions from the Southern Proper Motion 4 catalog (SPM4). The spatial distribution of these young star candidates shows: 1) a well-populated SMC wing which continues westward with two branches partially surrounding the SMC, 2) a rather narrow path from the SMC wing eastward toward the LMC which is offset by 1 to 2 deg. from the high-density H I ridge in the Bridge, 3) a well-populated periphery of the LMC dominated by clumps of stars at the ends of the LMC bar and 4) a few scattered candidates in the MS and two overdensities in the LA regions above and below the Galactic plane. Additionally, a proper-motion analysis is made of a radial-velocity selected sample of red giants and supergiants in the LMC, previously shown to be a kinematically and chemically distinct subgroup, most likely captured from the SMC. SPM4 proper motions of these stars also indicate they are distinct from the LMC population. The observational results presented here, combined with the known orbits of the Clouds, and other aspects of the LMC morphology, suggest an off-center, moderate to highly-inclined collision between the SMC and the LMC's disk that took place between 100 and 200 Myr ago., accepted for publication in the ApJ; a version with high-resolution figures can be found at http://www.astro.yale.edu/dana/Clouds.pdf

The results of 497 speckle observations of Hipparcos stars and selected other targets are presented. Of these, 367 were resolved into components and 130 were unresolved. The data were obtained using the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument at the WIYN 3.5 m Telescope. (The WIYN Observatory is a joint facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Indiana University, Yale University, and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories.) Since the first paper in this series, the instrument has been upgraded so that it now uses two electron-multiplying CCD cameras. The measurement precision obtained when comparing to ephemeris positions of binaries with very well known orbits is approximately 1-2 mas in separation and better than 0°.6 in position angle. Differential photometry is found to be in very good agreement with Hipparcos measures in cases where the comparison is most relevant. We derive preliminary orbits for two systems.

The WIYN Observatory speckle program has been in operation since 1997, taking data mainly with a large‐format, low‐noise CCD detector. However, new instrumentation, first used in 2008, has created the possibility to use two detectors simultaneously, collecting light in two different filters. The program also now has access to two electron‐multiplying CCD cameras, which dramatically improve the limiting magnitude of the diffraction‐limited imaging capabilities. The application of this instrumentation to an ongoing survey of the Hipparcos Double Stars and other projects is discussed.

(abridged) We have measured the absolute proper motions of nine low-latitude, inner Galaxy globular clusters, namely NGC 6273 (M 19), NGC 6284, NGC 6287, NGC 6293, NGC 6333 (M 9), NGC 6342, NGC 6356, NGC 6388 and NGC 6441. These are the first determinations ever made for these clusters. The proper motions are on the ICRS via Hipparcos. The proper-motion errors range between 0.4 and 0.9 mas/yr, and are dominated by the number of measurable cluster members in these regions which are very crowded by the bulge/bar and the thick disk. This samle contains five metal poor ([Fe/H < -1.0) and four metal rich clusters; seven clusters are located within 4 kpc from the Galactic center, while the remaining two, namely NGC 6356 and NGC 6284 are in the background of the bulge at 7.5 kpc from the Galactic center. By combining proper motions with radial velocities and distances from the literature we derive 3D velocities. In a number of cases, distance uncertainties make the kinematical classification ambiguous. The two metal rich clusters NGC 6388 and NGC 6441 have velocities incompatibile with membership in the thick disk or the bar of the Milky Way. They can be though of as members of a kinematically hot system in the inner Galaxy. Curiously, both clusters have similar velocity components. Together with their similar Galactic location and peculiar but similar stellar-population characteristics, these two clusters may share a common origin. Their velocities are also very low indicating that the two clusters are now at/near apocenter, and they will not leave the inner ~4 kpc of the Galaxy., to be published in AJ

We present results from a WIYN/OPTIC photometric and astrometric survey of the field of the open cluster NGC 188 ((l,b) = (122.8\arcdeg, 22.5\arcdeg)). We combine these results with the proper-motion and photometry catalog of Platais et al. and demonstrate the existence of a stellar overdensity in the background of NGC 188. The theoretical isochrone fits to the color-magnitude diagram of the overdensity are consistent with an age between 6 and 10 Gyr and an intermediately metal poor population ([Fe/H] = -0.5 to -1.0). The distance to the overdensity is estimated to be between 10.0 and 12.6 kpc. The proper-motions indicate that the stellar population of the overdensity is kinematically cold. The distance estimate and the absolute proper motion of the overdensity agree reasonably well with the predictions of the Pe\~{n}arrubia et al. model of the formation of the Monoceros stream. Orbits for this material constructed with plausible radial-velocity values, indicate that dynamically, this material is unlikely to belong to the thick disk. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the newly-found overdensity is part of the Monoceros stream., Comment: accepted by AJ

The calibration of luminosities using trigonometric parallaxes introduces well-known errors that are a function of the ratio of the parallax error to the parallax, when the sample is chosen from stars with measured parallaxes larger than some minimum parallax. In this paper it is shown that similar errors are also introduced into the mass axis of the mass-luminosity relation (MLR) and can result in a biased MLR. The bias is shown to be related to the Lutz-Kelker correction to the absolute magnitude, as extended by Hanson for the case of selection effects in the data sample. The size of the correction in the mass axis is substantial and for the case of a uniform distribution in space, it can amount to a multiplicative factor of 1.17 in the mass for a ten sigma (σ/π = 0.10) parallax and a factor of 1.62 for a five sigma (σ/π = 0.20) parallax.

We present absolute proper motions in Kapteyn Selected Area (SA) 103. This field is located 7 degrees west of the center of the Virgo Stellar Stream (VSS, Duffau et al. 2006), and has a well-defined main sequence representing the stream. In SA 103 we identify one RR Lyrae star as a member of the VSS according to its metallicity, radial velocity and distance. VSS candidate turnoff stars and subgiant stars have proper motions consistent with that of the RR Lyrae star. The 3D velocity data imply an orbit with a pericenter of 11 kpc and an apocenter of ~90 kpc. Thus, the VSS comprises tidal debris found near the pericenter of a highly destructive orbit. Examining the six globular clusters at distances larger than 50 kpc from the Galactic center, and the proposed orbit of the VSS, we find one tentative association, NGC 2419. We speculate that NGC 2419 is possibly the nucleus of a disrupted system of which the VSS is a part., Comment: ApJL accepted

We have measured the absolute proper motion of the candidate Canis Major dwarf galaxy (CMa) at $(l,b) = (240\arcdeg, -8\arcdeg)$. Likely main-sequence stars in CMa have been selected from a region in the color-magnitude diagram that has very little contamination from known Milky Way components. We obtain $\mu_{l} cos b = -1.47 \pm 0.37$ and $\mu_{b} = -1.07 \pm 0.38$ mas yr$^{-1}$, on the ICRS system via Hipparcos stars. Together with the radial velocity of 109 km s$^{-1}$, and the assumed distance of 8 kpc, these results imply a space motion of $(\Pi, \Theta, W) = (-5 \pm 12, 188 \pm 10, -49 \pm 15)$ km s$^{-1}$. While CMa has in-plane rotation similar to the mean of thick disk stars, it shows significant $(3\sigma)$ motion perpendicular to the disk, and differs even more $(7\sigma)$ from that expected for the Galactic warp. The $W$ velocity lends support to the argument that the CMa overdensity is part of a satellite galaxy remnant., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

We discuss the nature of eleven Possible Open Cluster Remnants (POCRs) by using absolute proper motions from the Southern Proper Motion (SPM) Program 3 (Girard et al. 2004) combined with near infrared photometry from 2MASS. The analysis is done by considering the distribution of stars in the Color-Magnitude and the Vector Point diagrams. We successfully probed the capabilities of the SPM catalog to detect a physical group by looking at the open cluster Blanco~1. However, within the uncertainties of the SPM3 catalog and basing on 2MASS photometry we conclude that only one -ESO282SC26- out of eleven objects turns out to be a probable physical group. We suggest it is an open cluster 1.3 Gyr old and located 1.4 kpc from the Sun., 9 pages, 18 eps figures, in press in Astronomy and Astrophysics

The predictions from a Galactic Structure and Kinematic model code are compared to the color counts and absolute proper-motions derived from the Southern Proper-Motion survey covering more than 700 $��^2$ toward the South Galactic Pole in the range $9 < B_{\rm J} \le 19$. The theoretical assumptions and associated computational procedures, the geometry for the kinematic model, and the adopted parameters are presented in detail and compared to other Galactic Kinematic models of its kind. The data to which the model is compared consists of more than 30,000 randomly selected stars, and it is best fit by models with a solar peculiar motion of +5 km s$^{-1}$ in the V-component (pointing in the direction of Galactic rotation), a large LSR speed of 270 km s$^{-1}$, and a (disk) velocity ellipsoid that always points towards the Galactic center. The absolute proper-motions in the U-component indicate a solar peculiar motion of $11.0 \pm 1.5$ km s$^{-1}$, with no need for a local expansion or contraction term. The fainter absolute motions show an indication that the thick-disk must exhibit a rather steep velocity gradient of about -36 km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$ with respect to the LSR. We are not able to set constraints on the overall rotation for the halo, nor on the thick-disk or halo velocity dispersions. Some substructure in the U & V proper-motions could be present in the brighter bins $10 < B_{\rm J} < 13$, and it might be indicative of (disk) moving groups., 24 double-column pages, 12 tables, AAS Latex macros v4.0, 19 B&W figures, 1 color figure. Accepted for publication on The Astronomical Journal

Predictions from a Galactic Structure and Kinematic model are compared to the absolute proper-motions of about 30,000 randomly selected stars with $9 < B_{\rm J} \le 19$ derived from the Southern Proper-Motion Program (SPM) toward the South Galactic Pole. The absolute nature of the SPM proper-motions allow us to measure not only the relative motion of the Sun with respect to the local disk, but also, and most importantly, the overall state of rotation of the local disk with respect to galaxies. The SPM data are best fit by models having a solar peculiar motion of +5 km~s$^{-1}$ in the V-component (pointing in the direction of Galactic rotation), a large LSR speed of 270 km~s$^{-1}$, and a disk velocity ellipsoid that points towards the Galactic center. We stress, however, that these results rest crucially on the assumptions of both axisymmetry and equilibrium dynamics. The absolute proper-motions in the U-component indicate a solar peculiar motion of $11.0 \pm 1.5$ km~s$^{-1}$, with no need for a local expansion or contraction term. The implications of the large LSR speed are discussed in terms of gravitational mass of the Galaxy inferred from the most recent and accurate determination for the proper-motion of the LMC. We find that our derived value for the LSR is consistent both with the mass of the Galaxy inferred from the motion of the Clouds ($3 - 4 \times 10^{12} M_\odot$ to $\sim 50$ kpc), as well as the timing argument, based on the binary motion of M31 and the Milky Way, and Leo I and the Milky Way ($\ge 1.2 \times 10^{12} M_\odot$ to $\sim 200$ kpc)., 7 pages (AAS Latex macro v4.0), 2 B&W postscript figures, accepted for publication on ApJ, Letters section

Space-based interferometry already exists. We describe our experiences with on-orbit calibration and scientific observations with Fine Guidance Sensor 3 (FGS 3), a white- light interferometer aboard Hubble Space Telescope. Our goal, 1 millisecond of arc precision small-field astrometry, has been achieved, but not without significant challenges. These included a mechanically noisy on-orbit environment, the self-calibration of FGS 3, and significant temporal changes in our instrument. Solutions included a denser set of drift check stars for each science observation, fine- tuning exposure times, overlapping field observations and analyses for calibration, and a continuing series of trend- monitoring observations. HST FGS 3 will remain a competitive astrometric tool for faint targets in crowded fields and for faint small-separation binaries until the advent of large- aperture, ground-based and longer-baseline space-based interferometers.

A design for a new-concept speckle imaging system is presented. The instrument, now under construction at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), will be able to use any large- format scientific-grade CCD as the imager. The high quantum efficiency, low noise, and linear response of current CCDs are attractive characteristics when compared with traditional photon-counting speckle imaging systems. The RIT system consists of an optics package, placed between the telescope and the imager, that contains a piezoelectric tip-tilt mirror capable of executing a timed sequence of movements to place many speckle patterns over the active area of the CCD. The system will either (a) place a series of speckle images in a row and then use the CCD electronics to periodically shift charge toward the serial register or, if the CCD electronics do not allow, (b) have the mirror perform a serpentine step- and-scan motion over the entire CCD. When the entire CCD is full of speckle images, the chip is read out as normal. This kind of 'burst mode' speckle data collection effectively uses the large area of the CCD as a memory cache of speckle data frames, allowing large format scientific-grade CCDs that already exist at many observatories to be used efficiently and inexpensively in speckle imaging. The expected performance of the system, which is dependent on the CCD imager, is discussed. CCD speckle observations at the WIYN* 3.5-m telescope and simulation results indicate that, when used with a very low noise CCD, this system could obtain speckle data that are superior to those of even the best photon-counting cameras at the fainter magnitudes where such cameras are currently used.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Five hundred thirty-one speckle measures of binary stars are reported. These data were taken mainly during the period 2008 June through 2009 October at the WIYN 3.5 m Telescope at Kitt Peak and represent the last data set of single-filter speckle observations taken in the WIYN speckle program prior to the use of the current two-channel speckle camera. The astrometric and photometric precision of these observations is consistent with previous papers in this series: we obtain a typical linear measurement uncertainty of approximately 2.5 mas, and the magnitude differences reported have typical uncertainties in the range of 0.1-0.14 mag. In combination with measures already in the literature, the data presented here permit the revision of the orbit of A 1634AB (= HIP 76041) and the first determination of visual orbital elements for HDS 1895 (= HIP 65982).