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One of the most significant and difficult jobs in food sustainability, is to make use of waste in the vegetable and fruit processing sectors. The discarded fruits along with their waste materials, is anticipated to have potential use for further industrial purposes via extraction of functional ingredients, extraction of bioactive components, fermentation. As a result of its abundant availability, simplicity and safe handling, and biodegradability, pineapple waste is now the subject of extensive research. It is regarded as a resource for economic development. This vast agro-industrial waste is being investigated as a low-cost raw material to produce a variety of high-value-added goods. Researchers have concentrated on the exploitation of pineapple waste, particularly for the extraction of prebiotic oligosaccharides as well as bromelain enzyme, and as a low-cost source of fibre, biogas, organic acids, phenolic antioxidants, and ethanol. Thus, this review emphasizes on pineapple waste valorisation approaches, extraction of bioactive and functional ingredients together with the advantages of pineapple waste to be used in many areas. From the socioeconomic perspective, pineapple waste can be a new raw material source to the industries and may potentially replace the current expensive and non-renewable sources. This review summarizes various approaches used for pineapple waste processing along with several important value-added products gained which could contribute towards healthy food and a sustainable environment. • Exploitation of pineapple waste and conversion of valuable bio product is reviewed. • Microbial biotechnology approaches is discussed. • Pineapple waste as low-cost raw material to produce a variety of high-value-added product is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of agricultural wastes such as pineapple waste into valuable product such as biochar will be of great advantage. Biochar is a black carbon produced by pyrolysis which can act as good adsorbent for organic substances due to the high porosity characteristic. Due to the instability and the non-recyclability factor of free enzymes, the use of immobilized enzyme is getting more attraction. Furthermore, biochar or activated carbon (AC) has been widely used in industries to adsorb pollution such as dye. In this study, process pyrolysis was used to convert pineapple waste biomass (PWB) into useful adsorbent such as biochar (BC) and activated carbon (AC) for lipase immobilization and RBBR dye adsorption. Several steps such as impregnation of PWbB with nitric acid, and process pyrolysis of pineapple waste at various temperatures and residence time have been performed. Studies of characterization of biochar such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer – Emmett – Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were accomplished to analyze the differences in performance. The performance of BC in lipase immobilization and RBBR dye adsorption were investigated by varying parameters i.e. initial concentration, physical size of PWB (grounded and non-grounded pineapple waste (PW) biomas) and physical size of BC (crushed and non-crushed BC). The achievements of generated BC were compared with commercial AC. The result shows the highest amount of protein adsorbed during immobilization was achieved at F500 1 h PWbB (92.99%). Meanwhile, the maximum dye removal was achieved at F 600.5 h PWbB (83.59%). Adsorption kinetics studies insinuate that the overall process follows the pseudo-first-order where the process was influenced by intraparticle and film diffusion while equilibrium isotherm studies is best described by Langmuir isotherm models. As a conclusion, the conventional liability burden of pineapple waste is possible to be transformed into valuable commodity especially for waste treatment. • Activated carbon synthesized from pineapple waste is potentially used as dye removal and lipase immobilization. • Biochar activated by nitric acid provides more effective activated carbon as compared to the non-functionalized biochar. • The enlarged surface-active sites and porosity positively contribute to increase the biochar yield. • The pineapple waste-derived biochar has the highest thermal stability and biochar yield as compared to other biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]