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Cyclocarya paliurus is commonly used for the prevention and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and inflammation in South China. Although research on the anti-inflammatory effects of C. paliurus leaves has been reported, no active anti-inflammatory compounds have been identified. In the present study, RAW 264.7 cells were used to establish a bioactivity-guided identification model to verify the inhibitory effects of C. paliurus leaves on inflammation and identify the anti-inflammatory constituents. The active fraction was isolated to yield 18 dammarane triterpenoid saponins, including 11 new 3,4- seco -dammarane triterpenoid saponins ( 1-11 ), the structures of which were identified on the basis of analyses of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) and comparison with literature data. Compounds 7 , 8 , 10 , and 11 showed strong inhibition on nitric oxide (NO) productions, with IC 50 values ranging from 8.23 to 11.23 μM. These four compounds significantly decreased the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, compound 7 decreased the expression of the proteins cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB/p65). In addition, the structure-activity relationships of the isolates were investigated. The results suggest that 3,4- seco -dammarane triterpenoid saponins may be used as potential anti-inflammatory drugs and warrant further investigation.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Mallotus conspurcatus croizat (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to Jinxiu in Guangxi, is popularly used in folk medicine to treat pelvic inflammatory disease. The anti-inflammatory activities of the compounds obtained from M. conspurcatus root were evaluated in this study., Aim of the Study: This study explored the major anti-inflammatory components of this plant., Materials and Methods: The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract from M. conspurcatus was separated using chromatographic techniques. The structures of the isolates were elucidated from NMR, MS and X-ray data as well as from ECD. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates from M. conspurcatus were evaluated using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell models. The production of NO, TNF-α and PGE-2 was determined by ELISA and Griess tests. The expression levels of COX-2, NF-κB/p65 and iNOS were measured by western blotting., Results: Two new diterpenoids, malloconspur A (1) and malloconspur B (2), and sixteen known terpenoids (3-18) were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. Malloconspur B (2) and 17-hydroxycleistantha-12,15-dien-3-one (3) substantially inhibited the release of NO with IC 50 values of 10.47 μM and 9.32 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 markedly decreased the secretion of PGE 2 and TNF-α (P < 0.01) by LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 2 and 3 markedly decreased iNOS, NF-κB/p65 and COX-2 protein expression., Conclusions: Our identification of these diterpenoids provides strong evidence for the use of M. conspurcatus among the Yao people as a medicinal plant for the treatment of inflammation. The dramatic differences in the chemical structures of the active diterpenoids of this plant from those on the market suggest these compounds have potential as anti-inflammatory lead compounds for follow-up research., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Based on anti-inflammatory activity to evaluate the effects to the release of NO, bio-assay guided separation of the bark of Streblus zeylanicus led to identify fifteen compounds, including four new terpenes (1 , 2 , 9 , and 10), one new pentanoid glycoside (12), one new rumenic ester (13), together with nine known compounds (3–8 , 11 , 14 , and 15). Their structures were elucidated using extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data analyses. The stereochemistry of compound 10 was established by comparing the calculated and experimental ECD spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition on nitric oxide (NO) production, with IC 50 values of 10.21 μM and 15.53 μM, respectively. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]