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Introduction:Vernonia amygdalina Delile (VAD), also known as bitter leaf, is widely utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, including cancer. The presence of bioactive compounds in VAD is believed to be responsible for its characteristic bitterness. In Ghana, it is a common practice to mitigate the bitterness of VAD by combining it with Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (lime) juice extracts, although this method lacks scientific evidence and documentation. Therefore, the antioxidant and anticancer activities of VAD and lime juice extracts (V5) and their combined effects were evaluated in vitro. Method: The antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects of VAD extracts were determined against Jurkat, MCF‐7, HepG2, and PNT2 cells using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to quantify antioxidant activity and the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to assess cytotoxicity. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism 8.0. Linear regression was employed to determine the correlation between the concentration and the percentage of antioxidant activity, while p values were calculated using Student's t‐test. Results: The laboratory analysis focused on the extracts V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5. Briefly, V1 and V2 contained equal amounts of saponins and terpenoids. Among these, V2 exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity, as indicated by an EC50 value of 2.14 ± 0.06 mg/mL. V2 also demonstrated cytotoxicity against the MCF‐7, HepG2, Jurkat, and PNT2 cell lines. On the other hand, V3 and V4 did not show any cytotoxic effects across all tested cell lines. In contrast, V5 was toxic to HepG2 and MCF‐7 cells but had no cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cell lines. V2 exhibited dose‐dependent cytotoxicity (0–1000 μg/mL), with the strongest inhibition observed against Jurkat cells (IC50 value = 96.341 μg/mL) and a selective index of 3.567. The difference in activity between the extracts from different parts of the plant and the extract combined with lime juice was significant (p < 0.05), indicating a synergistic effect of the phytochemicals in both VAD and lime juice. Conclusion: V2 and V5 demonstrated a remarkable antioxidant property, and they are effective in inhibiting cancer cell lines, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provide updated data on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of original dry extracts from Lavandula angustifolia herb of Ukrainian origin. The aim - provide new data on the antimicrobial activity of original dry extracts of lavender herb of Ukrainian origin and their chemical composition.. Materials and methods. The objects of the study are dry extracts obtained from the lavender herb with purified water and ethanol solutions (40 and 70 %). The main biologically active substances (BAS) of the extracts were determined by the Thin-layer chromatography and Absorption spectrophotometry methods. The microbiological properties of the test samples of the investigated plant extracts were studied in vitro by the two-fold serial dilutions method. The ability of microorganisms to form a biofilm was determined by the method of adhesion to polystyrene in flat-bottomed plastic plates. The optical density of the initial bacterial suspension was measured on the Densi-La-Meter device, and the density of inoculated bacterial cells on the Multiskan EX photometer at a wavelength of 540 nm. The study of the antimicrobial activity of water and ethanol extracts of lavender herb in a wide range of concentrations was carried out by the agar diffusion method in the "wells" modification, which is commonly used in microbiological practice. Results. Water and water-ethanol extracts of lavender of Ukrainian origin were obtained. Terpenoids (linalool, linylyl acetate and traces of 1,8-cineol), flavonoids (hyperoside, isoquercitrin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic, chlo- rogenic acids) were identified in the extracts. The total content of phenolic compounds is 2.02-2.60 mg/g, flavonoids - 1.46-3.17 mg/g. The largest amount of BAS was extracted with 70 % ethanol. According to the results of experimental studies, the extracts of the lavender herb, obtained by extraction with a water-ethanol solution (40 and 70 % ethanol) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, have antimicrobial properties against a wide range of infectious agents (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans). Studies of the influence of test samples of lavender extracts at a concentration of 1 mg/ml on the ability of microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) to form biofilms demonstrated that the highest inhibitory activity against biofilm formation was found in the case of the action of test of a sample of phytoextract obtained by extraction with a water-ethanol solution (40 % ethanol), which accounted for S. aureus - 57.8 %, P. aeruginosa - 66.7 %. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial action was established for the tested lavender phytoextracts under the conditions of application of the concentration range of 10-60 fig/ml. The best spectrum of antimicrobial action and the highest activity corresponds to the lavender extract, obtained by extraction with 70 % ethanol, with the effect depending on the concentration. Conclusion. The lavender herb of Ukrainian origin is a promising and affordable source of potential antimicrobial active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Water-ethanol lavender extract (70 % ethanol), according to research results, has shown high antimicrobial and antifungal potential. According to preliminary data, antimicrobial activity correlates with the content of phenolic compounds. The obtained results may be useful for the search for original substances for the complex correction of symptoms of neurological deficits of infectious etiology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Salmonella are bacteria that cause numerous illnesses in humans and animals. In poultry farming, they cause major economic losses for farmers. In fact, during the poultry production cycle, poultry are frequently infected by Salmonella and are exposed to oxidative stress. To deal with these problems, farmers use antibiotics. Unfortunately, overuse of these molecules has led to resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of the leaves from Anogeissus leiocarpus in Salmonellosis induced in broiler chicks. For the experimental study, 4 batches of 25 broiler chicks each were produced, including : - Batch 1 : uncontaminated chicks not treated with plant extract (NC-NT). - Batch 2 : chicks contaminated and not treated with plant extract (C-NT). - Batch 3 : chicks contaminated and treated with plant extract (C-T. extr). -Batch 4 : chicks contaminated and treated only with a standard antibiotic, oxytetracycline (C-T.OTC). The aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus gave the best results compared with oxytetracycline. These include the significant improvement in average weight gain and biomarkers of oxidative stress. The results obtained from this study show that the aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has increasingly become a worldwide epidemic, as demonstrated by epidemiological and clinical studies. Obesity may lead to the development of a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. In addition to hypertension, there are other cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) such as visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, elevated levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, and others, all of which increase the risk of CVD events. The mechanisms involved between obesity and CVD mainly include insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and adipokine dysregulation, which cause maladaptive structural and functional alterations of the heart, particularly left-ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Natural products of plants provide a diversity of nutrients and different bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, minerals, fibers, and others, which possess a wide range of biological activities including antihypertensive, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and other activities, thus conferring cardiometabolic benefits. In this review, we discuss the main therapeutic interventions using extracts from herbs and plants in preclinical and clinical trials with protective properties targeting CRFs. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of herb and plant extracts for the prevention and treatment of CRFs are also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the problem of incomplete wounds affecting the skin, which leads to tearing and damage to its parts in accidents, investigation and discovery of effective medicines for wounds affecting the skin has become an important aim. Therefore, it is necessary to continue studying and experimenting with new and effective medicines, including effective substances and the discovery of effective nanomaterials. To reach efficient treatments to treat such injuries. In this study, Nano-Quercetine was prepared by grinding. This material was examined by (FTIR), (XRD) and then (FE-SEM) was used, and the results obtained were on the nanoscale with sizes ranging between (13.40-44.66 nanometers). The effectiveness and effect of the materials prepared from nanoparticles and Mirabilis Jalapa plant were studied in the living body and at different concentrations (10, 50, 100) mg on wounds in the skin of laboratory mice. The results of the study showed the effectiveness and speed of healing of wounds that affect the skin of laboratory mice using a Nano-Quercetine preparation supported by Mirabilis Jalapa plant extract. The result of wound healing was significant (p<0.05) on the eighth day of the experiment, as the average and standard deviation of healing were (1.66±0.577) for the concentration of 10 mg, (0.00±0.000) for the concentration of 50 mg, (0.00±0.000) for the concentration of 100 mg, compared to the second day of the experiment, which was (28.00± 0.005, 26.96± 0.398, 25.07±0.887) for concentrations 10 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg, respectively. The results of the study showed effective activity and rapid healing of wounds affecting the skin of laboratory mice using the nano-complex of the alcoholic extract of the Mirabilis Jalapa plant fortified with quercetin. It is one of the medicinal plants that have great therapeutic value and are important vital sources. When the active substances are loaded onto the surfaces of Nano-Quercetine, it leads to their reaching the target, as plant materials are natural compounds that have enormous potential as antioxidants and are of great importance in providing health benefits against many diseases. Each part of the plant has its medicinal properties that possess different types of secondary metabolites that play an important role in treating different types of diseases, including wounds that affect humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WHO (World Health Organization) reports from recent years warn about the growing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, there is an urgent need to constantly search for new substances effective in the fight against microorganisms. Plants are a rich source of chemical compounds with antibacterial properties. These compounds, classified as secondary metabolites, may act independently or support the action of currently used antibiotics. Due to the large number of metabolites isolated from the plant kingdom and new plant species being studied, there is a need to develop new strategies/techniques or modifications of currently applied methods that can be used to select plant extracts or chemical compounds isolated from them that enter into positive, synergistic interactions with currently used antibiotics. One such method is the dual-disk synergy test (DDST). It involves the diffusion of active compounds in the agar environment and influencing the growth of microorganisms grown on it. The method was used to assess the interaction of extracts from the fruit and shoots of some cultivated varieties of Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis with selected antibiotics. The research was conducted on strains of bacteria pathogenic to humans, including Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, and Candida albicans, showing synergy, antagonism, or lack of interaction of the tested substances—plant extract and antibiotic. As a result, it was found that the diffusion method is useful in screening tests to assess the impact of antibiotic–herbal substance interactions on Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanacetum vulgare is a perennial plant growing wild along roadsides, pastures, and agricultural fields. Its prevalence is due to several factors: good climatic adaptability, high self-seeding potential, phenotypic plasticity, multiplying via underground rhizomes and its allelochemicals, which influence the seed germination, root development and the overall vegetation of the surrounding plants. The phytochemistry of tansy extracts and their allelopathic activity on the seed germination and growth of garden pepper cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were investigated. The major volatile compounds, 1,8-cineole, camphor and borneol were determined in tansy flower extracts. The leaf extracts contained appreciable amounts of 1,8-cineole and borneol. Feruloylquinic, (di)ferulic and dehydrocaffeoyl-5-caffeoylquinic acids, acacetin, ludovicin C and tanacetin were determined both in leaf and inflorescence extracts. Root extracts contained minor quantities of some terpenoids and polyphenols. Extracts of T. vulgare's aerial parts showed strong allelopathic effects on model plants. The flower and leaf water extracts inhibited lettuce and pepper cress seed germination and growth the most. According to the fractions, the acidic solution had the strongest effect, followed by neutral and alkaline solutions. At the highest relative concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 tansy leaf acidic fraction, lettuce seed germination and growth decreased by 89.93% (from 35.07 ± 4.79 to 3.53 ± 2.10 mm) and by 98.46% (from 35.07 ± 4.79 to 0.57 ± 0.98 mm) compared to the control, respectively. Tansy root extracts showed weak effects. Our results demonstrated that the allelopathic inhibitory potential of tansy extracts was higher on garden pepper cress than on lettuce. The presence of allelochemicals in T. vulgare may have a significant impact on plant communities and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado tree wilt is a disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Recently, this disease has been associated to Pythium amazonianum, another causal agent. Avocado tree wilt is being currently controlled with synthetic fungicides that kill beneficial microorganisms, polluting the environment and leading to resistance problems in plant pathogens. The current research work aims to provide alternative management using extracts from Proboscidea parviflora W. and Phaseolus lunatus L. to control the development of mycelia in P. amazonianum in vitro. Raw extracts were prepared at UAAAN Toxicology Laboratory, determining the inhibition percentages, inhibition concentrations and inhibition lethal times. Several concentrations of the plant extracts were evaluated using the poisoned medium methodology, showing that both extracts control and inhibit mycelial development, in particular P. lutatus, which inhibits mycelial growth at concentrations lower than 80 mg/L, being lower than P. parviflora extracts. These extracts are promising candidates for excellent control of Pythium amazonianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts can be a valuable source of biologically active compounds in many cosmetic preparations. Their effect depends on the phytochemicals they contain and their ability to penetrate the skin. Therefore, in this study, the possibility of skin penetration by phenolic acids contained in dogwood extracts of different fruit colors (yellow, red, and dark ruby red) prepared using different extractants was investigated. These analyses were performed using a Franz chamber and HPLC-UV chromatography. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of the tested extracts were compared and their impact on the intracellular level of free radicals in skin cells was assessed. The cytotoxicity of these extracts towards keratinocytes and fibroblasts was also analyzed and their anti-inflammatory properties were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analyses showed differences in the penetration of individual phenolic acids into the skin and different biological activities of the tested extracts. None of the extracts had cytotoxic effects on skin cells in vitro, and the strongest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were found in dogwood extracts with dark ruby red fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus have shown nematophagous activity as it produces many chemical compounds and enzymes affecting parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to extract the inhibitory activity of the five strains of the fungus Pleurotus spp. It was evaluated against eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The extract of P. ostreatus obtained the highest level of inhibition of eggs at 97.6% (1341 μg/mL) followed by P. pulmonarius (EPP) at 81.2% (774 μg/mL). The extract selected for evaluation against larvae was P. pulmonarius, showing no effect for L3 larvae, but for L4 larvae an immobility effect of 56.93% was observed at 900 μg/mL. The protein profile showed the presence of 23 protein bands in the extract. The crude extract of P. pulmonarius showed degradation of tissues both inside the eggs and larvae L1. Metabolites produced by Pleurotus mushrooms can consider using in agriculture sustainable by utilizing in producing of ovicidal and larvicidal against H. contortus instead of chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:A two-phase aqueous extraction method was established to prepare tobacco waste extracts. The effects of different extraction conditions on the yield of upper phase polyphe nols were studied. The antioxidant activity and UV absorption chaoracteristic were also discussed. The results indicated when the solid-liquid ratio of tobacco waste was 1:60, the stirring time was 30 min, the mass fraction of (NH4)2SO4 was 23.3% and the ethanol was 23.5%, the extraction rate of upper phase polyphenols was the highest, and the content of polyphenol was 48.59 mg/g. The tobacco waste extracts showed good antioxidant activity, and the scavenging rate of DPPH free radical was 98% and ABTS free radical was 78% at the mass concentration of 2 mg/mL. When the mass concentration of the extracts was 0.5 mg/mL, the extracts had good UV absorption and a certain effect of light protection. When the mass concentration of the extracts was within the range of 0~1.2 mg/ mL, the extracts had no cytotoxicity to HaCat cells and were expected to become a natural and non-irritating functional cosmetic raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assessed the larvicidal activity of aqueous extracts obtained from the leaves and roots of Plantago major L. and Plantago lagopus L. on fourth instar Culex pipiens L. larvae. Plant material was collected from two regions in Tunisia, Beja and Bizerte. The resulting extracts were prepared at concentrations of 10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm. The toxicity of the extracts was monitored over a 24-hour period. Our findings indicated that leaf extracts from Plantago lagopus L. collected in Bizerte exhibited higher toxicity compared to those collected in Beja up to 12 h, although these differences became insignificant at the 24-hour mark. Furthermore, extracts from the roots of Plantago lagopus L. from Bizerte demonstrated higher toxicity than those from Beja. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences (P = 0.056) in the toxicity of leaf extracts at 100 ppm between the two species after 24 h of exposure. The root extracts exhibited lower toxicity, resulting in mortality rates ranging from 40 to 70% after 24 h. Specifically, the leaf extracts of Plantago major L. from Bizerte yielded a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 16.068 ppm ± 8.440. Additionally, the quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids revealed distinct variations between species, plant organs, and geographical origins. Root and leaf extracts from Plantago major L. collected in Beja exhibited higher concentrations compared to those from Bizerte. Conversely, root extracts from Plantago lagopus L. collected in Bizerte displayed the highest concentrations. These preliminary findings provide a foundation for the development of a novel natural biocide for mosquito control, utilizing the distinct larvicidal properties of Plantago species extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is an invasive and widely dispersed pest in the Neotropical region. It is a species of economic importance in coconut palm plantations, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae), necessitating the search for new management alternatives with lower risks to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of "pepper" Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Myrtaceae), "culan tro" Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae) an d "basil" Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) against R. indica under laboratory conditions. R. indica females were exposed to the plant extracts at dilutions of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1% (v/v). Each experimental unit consisted of a group of 10 female mites confined on a portion of coconut palm leaflet, previously impregnated with plant extract or distilled water (control). Each treatment consisted of a total of 100 mites (10 replicates). Mite mortality was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h. The R. indica mortality percentages increased due to the increase in both the concentration of the extracts and the exposure time. All extracts at the 1% dilution and 72 h exposure time caused the highest mortality percentages: for P. dioica 92%, E. foetidum 81% and O. basilicum 77%. Fractions of total phenols and tannins were the most abundant compounds in the three plant extracts. Both groups of compounds could be primarily responsible for the acaricidal activity of these plant extracts against R. indica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The extracts obtained from Helichrysum arenarium contain different bioactive substances which have potential application in medicine due to its bioactive properties. Objective: The objective of this research was to elucidate the potential of essential oils and extracts from these species as reservoirs for innovative and potentially beneficial medicinal compounds. Methods: The essential oil was isolated through hydrodistillation, and the oil extracts were obtained using two extraction methods, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction. The isolated essential oil underwent analysis using a Hewlett Packard GC-MS spectrometry. Results: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was characterized by the predominance of sesquiterpenes (54%) and monoterpenes (24%). Other compounds were present in smaller amount, monoterpene oxides (0.5%), monoterpene alcohols (3.7%), monoterpene esters (7.9%), non-terpene compounds (2.8%), sesquiterpene alcohol (2.8%) and sesquiterpene ketone (4.3%). From the comparison of influential substances, it can be noted that a higher amount of substances a-longipinen and humulene is obtained with the ultrasound assisted extraction compared to the extract obtained from the Soxhlet extraction. Conclusion: The findings outlined in this paper confirm the intriguing diversity of chemical content in the essential oil of H. arenarium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The phytochemical evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the plant, Gymnostachyum febrifugum Benth. (Acanthaceae family) was carried out to evaluate its therapeutic potential. Despite being part of traditional medicine, not much research has been done on the plant. Materials and Methods: The study aimed to understand the plant's phytochemistry and evaluate its therapeutic potential. For this purpose, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Total Antioxidant Assay, MTT Assay, and HR-LCMS techniques were employed. Results: Major secondary metabolites in the ethanolic extract were flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, and steroids. The free radical scavenging capacity of the ethanolic extract of the plant was evaluated using four different methods, proving the plant to possess high antioxidant properties. Hence, the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract was evaluated using an MTT assay on Hep G2 cells induced with hepatotoxicity using Acetaminophen. When treated with ethanolic extract, the cell viability was found to be 85.32% at 12.5 µg/mL concentration. IC50 for ethanolic extract was attained at 75.77 µg/mL. Also, chemical characterization of the extract was performed using the HR-LCMS technique. Around 64 compounds were obtained in chromatogram using positive ESI mode, of which 24 are unknown and 40 are known compounds. Out of 37 compounds obtained in the negative ESI mode, 27 were known, and 10 were unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, our objective was to investigate the combined impact of microbial extracts and chemical fungicides on Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), which is induced by Exserohilum turcicum, and the growth-promoting effect of the crude extracts was also determined. NCLB poses a serious threat to global maize production, necessitating sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Mycelial growth rate assays were used to assess the single or synergistic effects of microbial crude extracts and chemical fungicides, and the seed-soaking and root irrigation method was used to detect the growth-promoting effect of the crude extracts on maize seedlings. The results revealed an 84.60% inhibition rate of B. amyloliquefaciens gfj-4 against E. turcicum, and with an EC50 of 49.01 mg·L−1 for the crude extracts. Chemical fungicides demonstrated varying toxicity levels, with fludioxonil exhibiting the highest potency. The mixture of the crude extracts and pyraclostrobin at an 8:2 volume ratio displayed the highest toxicity ratio of 1.24, indicating a synergistic effect. The selected combinations exhibited strong synergistic effects. Soaking maize seeds with 80 mg·L−1 of the crude extracts followed by root irrigation with 40 mg·L−1 produced the most significant growth-promoting effect on maize seedlings. This study highlights the potential of microbial crude extracts to enhance the control of NCLB when combined with pyraclostrobin, along with its growth-promoting effects on maize seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roots of Gentiana lutea L. are utilized in the preparation of various beverages and herbal remedies, serving as a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal ailments. The spasmolytic activity that could substantiate the traditional use of G. lutea root had not been investigated. The main objective goal of the study was to determine the validity of its use as a traditional remedy. The extraction of G. lutea root was performed using a 50% hydroethanolic solvent with three different extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), heat-assisted extraction, and percolation. The spasmolytic activity was tested on isolated rat ileum. The mechanism of action was monitored using the models of spontaneous contractions and acetylcholine-, histamine-, CaCl2-, Bay K8644-, L-NAME-, ODQ-, apamin-, BaCl2-, charybdotoxin-, glibenclamide-, TRAM-34-, and quinine-modified contractions. UAE, having the best bioactivity, was further subjected to a liquid–liquid extraction fractionation. HPLC phytochemical analysis was performed for all tested extracts and fractions. Gentian root extracts were rich in secoiridoids, xanthones, and flavonoids. The UAE has shown better results on spontaneous contractions in comparison to its fractions, leading to the more detailed testing of its spasmolytic mechanism of activity. The extract's activity is primarily mediated through intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, voltage-sensitive K+ channels, and mechanisms that activate Ca2+ channels. Overall, the G. lutea root shows great potential in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study rigorously investigates the bioactive properties and characteristics of extracts derived from the flowers and bark of four distinct Magnolia species: Magnolia champaca, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia grandiflora and Magnolia officinalis. The primary objective is to evaluate the potential application of these extracts in cosmetics and other relevant industries. We used ethanol to extract compounds from these plants and conducted various tests, including spectrophotometry, HPLC, GC-MS, and microbiological analyses. The extracts, particularly rich in polyphenols (55.18 mg GAE/g), displayed significant antioxidant capabilities, with IC 50 values ranging between 9.99 mg/mL and 23.23 mg/mL. We quantified different compounds: phenolic acids (6.259 to 27.883 mg/g dry weight), aglycone flavonoids (61.224 to 135.788 mg/g dw), glycosidic flavonoids (17.265 to 57.961 mg/g dw), and lignans (150.071 to 374.902 mg/g dw). We identified 76 volatile compounds, predominantly oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, which contribute to the antibacterial effectiveness of the extracts. These extracts showed greater inhibitory potential against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. The diverse chemical compounds and their demonstrated activities suggest these extracts could be valuable in the cosmetics industry, pharmaceutical industry, or other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search of materials valid for direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing and with special interest for the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, the development of bioactive inks for DIW is of great interest. For that purpose, in this work bioactive waterborne polyurethane–urea inks were prepared by addition of natural extracts (logwood, chestnut, and alder buckthorn) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The rheological behavior of the inks proved to be strongly dependent on the extract type and content, and the addition route used. Inks prepared by ex-situ incorporation of the extracts showed a strong gel-like behavior, as did inks prepared with chestnut and alder buckthorn extracts, which, in turn, hindered a continuous flow during the printing process, resulting in 3D printed parts with poor shape fidelity. On the other hand, inks prepared in-situ and with logwood extract showed more facility to flow and higher homogeneity, which translated in better printability and better shape fidelity, further enhanced for CNF containing inks. 3D printed composites showed reinforced mechanical behavior, as well as in materials with enhanced antibacterial behavior. Overall, the possibility to successfully prepare bioactive inks valid for 3D printing was proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common health care-acquired infections. The dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance of C. difficile isolates has led to growing demand to seek new alternative medicines against CDI. Achillea millefolium L. extracts exhibit strong biological activity to be considered as potential therapeutic agents. In this work, the inhibitory effects of A. millefolium, its decoction (DEC) and ethanol (ETOH) extracts, were investigated on the growth of C. difficile RT001 and its toxigenic cell-free supernatant (Tox-S) induced inflammation and apoptosis. Methods: Phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed by HPLC and GC analysis. The antimicrobial properties of extracts were evaluated against C. difficile RT001. Cell viability and cytotoxicity of Caco-2 and Vero cells treated with various concentrations of extracts and Tox-S were examined by MTT assay and microscopy, respectively. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of extracts were assessed in Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells by RT-qPCR. Results: Analysis of the phytochemical profile of extracts revealed that the main component identified in both extracts was chlorogenic acid. Both extracts displayed significant antimicrobial activity against C. difficile RT001. Moreover, both extracts at concentration 50 µg/mL had no significant effect on cell viability compared to untreated cells. Pre-treatment of cells with extracts (50 µg/mL) significantly reduced the percentage of Vero cells rounding induced by Tox-S. Also, both pre-treatment and co-treatment of Tox-S stimulated Caco-2 cells with extracts significantly downregulated the gene expression level of IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, iNOS, Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 and upregulated the expression level of Bcl-2. Conclusion: The results of the present study for the first time demonstrate the antimicrobial activity and protective effects of A. millefolium extracts on inflammatory response and apoptosis induced by Tox-S from C. difficile RT001 clinical strain in vitro. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential application of A. millefolium extracts as supplementary medicine for CDI prevention and treatment in clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Euphorbiaceae is a large family of flowering plants that includes a wide spectrum of useful plants, from edible plants to toxic and medicinal plants. They are cosmopolitan plants that have very different shapes, from little herbaceous plants to big trees and cactus-like forms. This review article focuses on the potential anticancer activity of extracts, isolated compounds, and nanoparticles generated from the plants of the Euphobiaceae family based on in vitro and in vivo experiments. Possible mechanisms of action are also discussed. The number of cancer cases will reach 24 million in 2040, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Current treatments for cancer are not effective and selective for most patients; for this reason, new anticancer drugs need to be developed and researched enough. There are potentially useful drugs for cancer isolated from plants that are being used in the clinic. Available information about phytochemistry, traditional uses, in vitro and in vivo experiments with plants, and pure compounds isolated from the Euphorbiaceae family indicates that this family of plants has the potential to develop anticancer drugs. This review examines selected species from the Euphorbiaceae family and their bioactive compounds that could have potential against different types of cancer cells. It reviews the activity of crude extracts, isolated compounds, and nanoparticles and the potential underlying mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Simarouba glauca on the growth, haematology, immunological and biochemical parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. Concentrations ranging from 2500mg /kg to 7500mg/kg were supplemented through diet. Fishes were fed with C1(2500 mg of plant extract/kg of basal diet), C2 (5000 mg/kg of basal diet) and C3 (2500 mg/kg of basal diet), each with two replicates for 60 days. The results showed that fish-fed dietary Simarouba glauca gained more weight in C1 (83.14 ±1.11 g) than control (P< 0.01). Fish fed with C1 had a higher level of haematological content, while C3 showed the highest value of WBC (33.79±3.11). Significant increase in glucose level and decrease in protein level is reported at C1. Better results were reported in fish fed with diets 2500mg/kg and 5000mg/kg, revealing that at lower specific concentrations, these can be used as a feed supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of Hovenia dulcis Thunbergii (H. dulcis) were compared according to parts (fruit, branch, leaf) and extraction solvents (water, ethanol). Antioxidant activity tended to increase in a concentration-dependent manner in all plant parts and extracts. In the case of the extraction solvent, the ethanol extract showed a higher level of antioxidant activity compared to the water extract. As a result of treating primary hepatocytes with water and ethanol extracts from each part of the plant at concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 μg/mL, no toxicity was observed at any concentration. The cell viability decreased to 79.6% due to the toxicity induced by 10 mM acetaminophen. However, a higher survival rate was observed in the group treated with H. dulcis extract compared to the untreated group. Simultaneous treatment with H. dulcis extracts and acetaminophen resulted in decreased levels of HDL, ALT, and AST compared to samples treated with acetaminophen alone. The study found that the ethanol extract from the fruit exhibited a high level of antioxidant activity, while the water extract from the fruit showed a strong hepatoprotective effect. These results are expected to provide fundamental data for selecting the appropriate plant parts and extraction solvents for developing crude drug formulations and functional food materials with antioxidant and liver protection properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to reveal the antifungal properties of Ferulago pauciradiata plant. In this context investigated the effects of methanol (FPM), ethanol (FPE), hexane (FPH) and water (FPW) extracts of the F. pauciradiata plant on the prevention of losses caused by gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers) in vitro. The effects of FPM, FPE, and FPH 10, 25, 50, 100, 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 μL doses were determined by mycelium growth, germ tube elongation, and spore germination in vitro. The water extract didn't show antifungal activity against B. cinerea. Compared to the control, both FPM and FPH caused 100% inhibition at the dose of 2000 μL by suppressing mycelial growth due to dose increases, while FPE had a 97.3% effect on the same parameter at the dose of 2000 μL. While there was no elongation at the 2000 μL dose of FPM and FPH, there was an elongation of 8.4 gm at the same dose of FPM. In spore germination, 0% germination was observed in FPM and FPH 2000 μL dose, while 17.5% germination was observed in FPE. These results show that F. pauciradiata extracts, which are of biological origin and are not environmentally toxic, are a good alternative for use in the control of B. cinerea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant parts have unfathomable potential in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The current study was designed for the photosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (NC-AgNPs) using bark extract of N. cadamba. Different analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. HR-TEM analysis identifies the formation of multi-shaped NC-AgNPs like spherical, quasi-spherical, rod-shaped, trigonal, square, pentagonal, and hexagonal with a size range of 18-91 nm. The crystallize size of NC-AgNPs was found to be 27.6 nm. The catalytic effectiveness of NC-AgNPs in degrading Crystal violet (CV) dye is remarkable. Important parameters such as the effect of catalyst dose and pH were investigated. Dose-dependentantioxidant activity of NC-AgNPs was determined by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Low-cost synthesis and eco-friendly reagents were the salient features that made NC-AgNPs more attractive toward catalytic and antioxidant activities. N. cadamba bark was used the first time as a green source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesis of different shapes of nanoparticles in one-step synthesis. The study of NC-AgNPs for their catalytic and antioxidant activities is reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the study of the phytochemical composition of subcritical extracts of the underground part of aconite high (Aconitum septentrionale L.). The samples of roots and rhizomes of Aconitum septentrionale grown in the Altai Republic were studied. The quality characteristics of plant biomass were determined: moisture content, ash content, quantitative content of biologically active substances extracted by methods of sequential extraction and sequential processing of plant materials under subcritical conditions. The group composition of biologically active substances of Aconitum septentrionale has been established. The quantitative content of biologically active substances of alkaloid nature isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Aconitum septentrionale by different methods was determined. It is shown that the content of alkaloids extracted under subcritical conditions for 2 h is higher than those extracted by maceration for 16 h. A formulation has been developed to create a cream gel based on extracts of Aconitum septentrionale extracted in various ways. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed and the effectiveness of cream-gels developed using extracts obtained by various methods from the roots and rhizomes of high aconite was revealed. The data presented in the article are of interest for the creation of biologics based on extracts of Aconitum septentrionale, promising for use in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine the effect of geographical distribution on morphological characteristics of plants and some chemical compounds such as polyphenols. Moreover, we explore the contact toxicity of ethanolic and methanolic extracts from Urginea maritima bulbs and Asphodelus microcarpus tubers collected from three localities in the North West of Tunisia against Tribolium castaneum adults. The toxicity results demonstrated that both of the studied plant extracts had an effective control against T. castaneum at concentration 7.5 µL/L air, thus total mortality reached. In addition, results showed plant extracts with methanol exhibited high mortality percentage of T. castaneum. On the other hand, results revealed that chemical composition of U. maritime bulbs and A. microcarpus tuber extract depends on the soil components and geographical distribution of plants. The present investigation confirmed that A. microcarpus and U. maritima may be recommended as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticide against T. castaneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ethanol (60 %) root extracts had better antimicrobial activity than 11 % ethanol extracts. • IL-6 levels were also significantly reduced by the higher ethanol extracts. Pelargonium extracts with high polyphenol levels had the best antimicrobial activity. • Geographical area of root harvest affected levels of extracted constituents. MIC levels positively correlated with polyphenol content but not umckalin content. • Polyphenol content indicates antimicrobial activity better than umckalin levels. Pelargonium sidoides DC. (Geraniaceae) is an important indigenous medicinal plant in South Africa, historically employed by various ethnic groups to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments. The proprietary herbal tincture, Umckaloabo®, utilizes an ethanolic extract (EPs® 7630) from the roots of P. sidoides , and has demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of respiratory infections. P. sidoides roots contain numerous highly oxygenated coumarins and phenolic metabolites, notably the marker compound umckalin. While Umckaloabo® is prepared using 11 % ethanol extraction, the South African commercial market predominantly employs 60 % ethanol extraction due to its consistent umckalin yield and antimicrobial activity. The effects of these extraction methods on chemical composition and in vitro pharmacological activity remain poorly understood. This study confirmed superior antibacterial and antifungal activity in the 60 % ethanol extracts prepared from six root samples compared to the 11 % ethanol extracts. MIC values for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria ranged from 0.078 to 2.5 mg/mL in the 60 % extracts. Remarkably, two of the root extracts exhibited excellent to very good activity against C. albicans and C. neoformans with MIC values of 0.039 and 0.078 mg/mL, respectively. A positive correlation was identified between total minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels and polyphenol content, rather than umckalin levels. The influence of these extracts on the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was assessed. Both 60 % and 11 % root extracts of P. sidoides at 100 µg/mL significantly reduced IL-6 production, with the 60 % extracts demonstrating a more pronounced effect (p = 0.008). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between 11 % and 60 % ethanol extractions in terms of average MIC overall, average Gram-negative MIC, average Gram-positive MIC, fungal MIC, and IL-6 levels. Extracts with higher polyphenol values exhibited superior antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential, suggesting that polyphenol content may serve as a more reliable indicator of antimicrobial activity than umckalin levels. Additionally, polyphenol levels in the roots may vary with altitude and other environmental factors, warranting further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiment was to study the use of yucca extract with different concentrate to coarse ratios to reduce methane production. This study included four experiments to investigate the interaction between yucca extract and the ratio of dietary concentrate to concentrate on methane production in vitro fermentation. In trials 1, 2, and 3, 0, 55, 110, 220, and 440 mg/kg of yucca extract were added to the low concentrate to coarse ratio (10∶90), medium concentrate to concentrate to coarse ratio (50∶50) and high concentrate to coarse ratio (90∶10) diets, respectively. In experiment 4, yucca extract group (110 mg/kg) was added to the fermentation substrate of low, medium and high concentrate to coarse ratio diets. The results showed as follows: ① in trials 1, 2, and 3, 110 mg/kg yucca extract had the most obvious inhibitory effect on methane in the low, medium and high concentrate to concentrate ratio diets (P<0.05), and excessive yucca extract (440 mg/kg) could decrease gas yield and increase delay time (P<0.05); ② trial 4: there was no interaction between yucca extract and concentrate to concentrate to coarse ratio in affecting methane and rumen fermentation (P>0.10). According to the above results, yucca extract can significantly inhibit the methane production in vitro of different concentrate to concentrate to coarse ratio diets, and the optimal dosage is 110 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different plant part extracts of cherry laurel [Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae)] were investigated for the acaricidal and repellent activity against Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae). The leaf, flower, and seed aqueous extracts of cherry laurel were prepared for efficacy bioassays. The tested concentrations of each extract were 1% (volume/volume, v/v), 5% (v/v), 10% (v/v), 20% (v/v) and 30% (weight/volume, w/v). Distilled water and a mixed formulation of 228.6 g/L spiromesifen + 11.4 g/L abamectin were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. It can be concluded that the flower and leaf extract of P. laurocerasus at 30% concentration and the seed extract at 10% or greater concentrations have the potential to control P. latus in the egg stage. Although spiromesifen+abamectin caused extremely low egg mortality (9.5%), all larvae died shortly after hatching (indirect ovicidal effect). In contrast, all adult mites died within 20 hours after spraying. Moreover, the adult mortalities (92%-98%) associated with seed extract at 30% during the experimental period, and the leaf (93.78%) and flower (91.11%) extract at 30% 72-h after exposure were statistically similar to that of spiromesifen+abamectin (100%) application. All extracts at 20% and seed extract at 10% or greater concentrations may also have a great potential for repelling P. latus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaves ethanol extract contains several bioactive compounds that might function as an antiinflammatory agent. Coating technology through the encapsulation of bioactive compounds is necessary and much research has been carried out to increase the utilization of plant extracts as medicinal preparations or supplements. The specific aim of this study was to observe changes in the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract and encapsulated preparations of the ethanol extract of jeruju leaves as anti-inflammatory agents using mice. The research method begins with preparing samples to be extracted with ethanol solvent, phytochemical screening tests, extract encapsulated formulations, percent yield and solubility of the encapsulated extract, and anti-inflammatory tests. This research used maltodextrin coating material for encapsulated, carried out using the freeze-dryer method, and and using SEM and FTIR to analyze the results of the encapsulated extract. The anti-inflammatory test was carried out on 60 male white mice aged 2-3 months with a body weight of approximately 15-30 grams and the test was carried out using the rat hind paw edema method or the formation of artificial inflammation on the soles of the mice's left paws using carrageenan. Edema volume was measured using a plethismometer every 60 minutes for 330 minutes. This research shows that the secondary metabolite compounds contained in jeruju leaves ethanol extract are flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Several extract encapsulation formulations obtained the highest yield of 58.81%, and the highest solubility of 98.76 The average percent inhibition of each dose administered is calculated based on the data results and the high average percent inhibition obtained for Na-diclofenac is 80%. In the research encapsule 1:12, the 120 mg/KgBW dose had a significant percentage of inhibition of 75.55%, with Na-diclofenac dose of 10 mg/KgBW being 80%. This study highlights the potential of jeruju leaf extract as an effective anti-inflammatory agent when encapsulated, presenting a promising avenue for further research and applications in medicinal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to study the metabolite content, in vitro DPPH scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis). The extract contains phenolic (346 mg/g), total flavonoids (50 mg/g), alkaloid (29 mg/g), steroid (43 mg/g), and saponin (8 mg/g). Metabolite profiles reveal that there are 19 compounds with major substances provisionally identified as caryophyllene, a selinene, ß selinene, guaia-1(10),11-diene, selina-3,7(11)-diene, à-acorenol, humulene, isoleden, ethyl iso-allocholate, and caryophyllene-oxide. The extract has a potent antioxidant property and an anti-inflammatory capacity with an IC50 of 19.22 mg/ml and 73 mg/ml respectively. Plant extracts were found to have antimicrobial activity adjacent to Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli at a minimum concentration of 1,000 ppm. This study concludes that the ethanolic extract of T. merguensis has a perspective as a novel of natural antioxidant and antibacterial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of fungus Alternaria solani to plant extracts originating from the Fabaceae family and orange oil was investigated by a modified in vitro method of Thornberry. The sensitivity of the pathogen to five different extracts at a concentration of 1 ml/l, 2 ml/l, and 3 ml/l was accessed. The results showed that an orange oil extract (number 7) has the strongest inhibitory effect on the mycelium growth when compared to the other extracts. The effect of this extract has also been observed with all used concentrations. The insignificant effect on mycelium growth was obtained for extract 4; at dose of 1 ml/l since the inhibitory effect reached 25% and at 2 ml/l - 25.45%. Over 50% of inhibitory effect was found for extract number 3. The percentage distribution of the tested products at the lowest dose (1 ml/l) showed that the orange oil extract has the strongest inhibitory effect on mycelium growth when compared to the other plants extracts – 36%. The effect of extract number 4 and number 9 was relatively weak, only 11% and 12%, respectively. Compared to the highest administered dose, the best limiting effect was observed with orange oil – 31%, and with treatment with plant extract number 3 – 26%. It has been shown that the increased concentration of plant extracts increased the sensitivity of the pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum is the causative agent of tomato wilt and is an important disease of tomato crops worldwide. Management through chemical fungicides causes serious environmental damage and human health. This study assesses the antifungal potential of biochemical compounds of Azadirachta indica and Balanites aegyptiaca seeds extracts identified by GC-MS analytical method against F. oxysporum. Acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of A. indica and B. aegyptiaca at 15, 30 and 60 μL/mL concentrations and synthetic fungicide (3.33 g/L) were tested in vitro in triplicate. Mycelial growth and Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50, MIC90) were evaluated 8 days after inoculation (DAI). As results, 55 and 34 phytochemical compounds were identified in seed extracts of A. indica and B. aegyptiaca respectively. Methanol extract of A. indica and B. aegyptiaca at 60 μL/mL concentration showed a total inhibition (100%) of F. oxysporum mycelial growth. Low MIC50 values were obtained with aqueous extract of A. indica (8.77 μL/mL) and methanol extract of B. aegyptiaca (17.91 μL/mL). The tentative action mode showed that the methanol extract of both plants induced wall lysis of F. oxysporum. These results suggest that A. indica and B. aegyptiaca seed extracts have potent antifungal activity and could be used as an alternative to control F. oxysporum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) can be synthesized by green methods using plant extracts. These methods are more environmentally friendly and offer improved properties of the synthesized NPs in terms of biocompatibility and functional capabilities. Traditional medicine has a rich history of utilization of herbs for millennia, offering a viable alternative or complementary option to conventional pharmacological medications. Plants of traditional herbal use or those with medicinal properties are candidates to be used to obtain NPs due to their high and complex content of biocompounds with different redox capacities that provide a dynamic reaction environment for NP synthesis. Other synthesis conditions, such as salt precursor concentration, temperature, time synthesis, and pH, have a significant effect on the characteristics of the NPs. This paper will review the properties of some compounds from medicinal plants, plant extract obtention methods alternatives, characteristics of plant extracts, and how they relate to the NP synthesis process. Additionally, the document includes diverse applications associated with CuNPs, starting from antibacterial properties to potential applications in metabolic disease treatment, vegetable tissue culture, therapy, and cardioprotective effect, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With both antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant bacteria, the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals was assessed. The activity of leaves of Lantana camara was found by using two different solvents i.e. petroleum ether, and ethanol. Lantana camara is a traditional medicinal plant that was determined against two bacterial strains both the solvent extracted by using the Soxhlet apparatus. Its activity tested against two organisms they are Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The activity was determined by inhibition zone by using a standard drug [Amoxicillin]. The extract used inhibited the growth of two organisms to a maximum level. An analysis of the phytochemistry reveals the presence of terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. These substances are thought to be in charge of the leaf extracts' broad-spectrum activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of bioactive phytochemicals with yogurt in the form of plant extracts or essential oils stimulates the scientific community's interest and consumers' preferences. Extracts from guarana are considered bioactive agents and have important health protective properties. In this study, concentrations of guarana aqua extracts 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% w/w were added to milk and yogurt fermentation kinetics, acidity, color, water-holding capacity, hardness, and microstructure and were evaluated. The presence of guarana aqua extract reduced the time needed for the completion of yogurt fermentation compared to the control samples. A drop in L ∗ and an increase in a ∗ parameters were also observed with increased guarana aqua extract concentrations. The lowest concentration of guarana aqua extract decreased titratable acidity, hardness, and syneresis. While different casein networks were observed in microscopy, yogurt without and yogurt with 3% w/w guarana extract had the same acidity and hardness. Finally, this research indicates the suitability of guarana extracts in the production of functional set-type yogurt and increases the knowledge on the effects of plant extracts on milk fermentation and yogurt quality characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate different parts of the plant Capparis spinosa L. extracts for their phytochemical compounds by two different solvents (ethanol &hexane) . The current results showed the superiority of the ethanolic extracts by their quantity and quality of active compounds compared to the hexane extracts. The yield percentage of ethanolic Capparis spinosa L extracts ranges between (3-31%), and color range between Dark brown, and olive with oily texture. Whereas, the yield of the hexane extract ranges between (1-27.9%) and it takes a longer time for extract with difficult to obtain, Ultimately, the results of the phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of numerous active compounds with higher degree of the sediment color in ethanol extracts such as: alkaloids, Phenols, Glycosides, Tannins, flavonoids and Saponin comparing with hexane extracts with lower color strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation technology using endophytes is considered a potential alternative approach for producing pharmaceutical compounds like podophyllotoxin (PTOX). In this study, fungus TQN5T (VCCM 44284) was selected from endophytic fungi isolated from Dysosma versipellis in Vietnam for PTOX production through TLC. The presence of PTOX in TQN5T was further confirmed by HPLC. Molecular identification indicated TQN5T as Fusarium proliferatum with 99.43% identity. This result was asserted by morphological characteristics such as white cottony, filamentous colony, layer and branched mycelium, and clear hyphae septa. Cytotoxic assay indicated both biomass extract and culture filtrate of TQN5T presented strong cytotoxicity on LU-1 and HepG2 with IC50 of 0.11, 0.20, 0.041, and 0071, respectively, implying anti-cancer compounds were accumulated in the mycelium and secreted into the medium. Further, the production of PTOX in TQN5T was investigated in the fermentation condition supplemented with 10 µg/ml of host plant extract or phenylalanine as elicitors. The results revealed a significantly higher amount of PTOX in the PDB + PE and PDB + PA at all studied time points in comparison with PDB (control). Especially, after 168 h of culture, PTOX content in the PDB with plant extract reached the peak with 314 µg/g DW which is 10% higher than the best yield of PTOX in previous studies, denoting F. proliferatum TQN5T as a promising PTOX producer. This is the first study on enhancing the PTOX production in endophytic fungi by supplementing phenylalanine—a precursor for PTOX biosynthesis in plants into fermented media, suggesting a common PTOX biosynthetic pathway between host plant and endophytes. Key points: • Fusarium proliferatum TQN5T was proven for PTOX production. • Both mycelia extract and spent broth extract of Fusarium proliferatum TQN5T presented strong cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines LU-1 and HepG2. • The supplementation of 10 µg/ml host plant extract and phenylalanine into fermentation media of F. proliferatum TQN5T improved the yield of PTOX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brittle wort (Chara corallina), a widespread freshwater green macroalga found in southern Thailand, is one of the most widely consumed edible species. Recently, many studies revealed potential of freshwater algae for use as a dietary supplement. This study aimed to screen the phytochemicals and assess the biological activity of C. corallina as an anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant, as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Samples of C. corallina was extracted using ethanol and distilled water. Crude extracts were screened for the phytochemicals as well as evaluated for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity. The yields of the aqueous and ethanolic crude extracts were 10.84% and 12.27%, respectively. The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, whereas anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids were identified in the aqueous extract. Aqueous extract had higher total phenolic content (9.3±0.2 mg gallic acid equivalent·mg-1 crude extract) and total flavonoid content (1.9±0.2 mg quercetin equivalent·mg-1 crude extract) compared to ethanolic extract. Through DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, the biological activities of C. corallina aqueous extract demonstrated its potential as an antioxidant whereby tyrosinase inhibition activities showed an IC50 of 231.6±3.8 µg·mL-1 and 555.8±12.1 and 611.5±8.7 µg·mL-1, respectively. The present study suggests that C. corallina is the potential source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase substances and is vital in the development of new skin-lightening substance for the cosmetics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, communities have used medicinal plants to treat various diseases, such as Sansevieria trifasciata (Asparagaceae), for wound healing. However, a study on the wound-healing activity of this plant has not been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the hydrogel formulations of S. trifasciata extract (HESt) and its activity in wound healing. The HESt formulations were subjected to physical examination, pH measurement, spreading coefficient, rheological study, stability test, and wound-healing activity. Furthermore, the HPMC and carbopol 940 gel-forming agents were used to obtain this formulation. In the incision wound model, the experiment was divided into 5 groups, each consisting of 4 mice. Groups 1 and 2 served as a negative and positive control (octenidine gel), while 3, 4, and 5 were given HESt formulations of 15%, 20%, and 25% (w/w), respectively, for 15 days. Based on the wound healing activity test, HESt 20% and 25% (w/w) groups showed significant (p < 0.05) wound closure area on day 4 and from day 2 to 16. However, the HESt 15% (w/w) group showed no significant difference in wound-healing activity but had a higher closure than the negative control. Based on the evaluation of the hydrogel, all HESt formulations were reported to have fulfilled the standard requirements. The HESt formulations were also reported to be stable at various temperatures in the stability test. Therefore, S. trifasciata leaves extract has the potential to be developed as a wound-healing drug derived from herbal plants formulated into hydrogel preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, many scientists and doctors have used various herbs to treat diseases. Conventional drugs often have side effects, and pathogens are becoming resistant to these types of drugs. In such circumstances, the study of traditional medicinal plants is an effective and logical strategy for finding new herbal medicines. One such herb is Plantago major, a perennial plant in the Plantaginaceae family that is found throughout the world. The Plantago major plant has been used as a medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Studies have shown that plant extracts of Plantago major exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and have wound-healing properties. This review collects and presents the results of various studies of Plantago major plant extracts with antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, which demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic possibilities of Plantago major plant extracts and have a huge potential for use as a medicinal raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to maximize the extraction of gymnemic acid (GA) from Phak Chiang Da (PCD) leaves, an indigenous medicinal plant used for diabetic treatment in Northern Thailand. The goal was to overcome the low concentration of GA in the leaves, which limits its applications among a larger population and develop a process to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder. The solvent extraction method was employed to extract GA from PCD leaves. The effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were investigated to determine the optimum extraction conditions. A process was developed to produce GA-enriched PCD extract powder, and its properties were characterized. In addition, color analysis (L*, a*, and b*) was performed to evaluate the overall appearance of the PCD extract powder. Antioxidant activity assay was conducted to assess the ability of the PCD extract powder to neutralize DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the concentration of 50% (v/v) ethanol at 70 °C for 2 h resulted in a higher GA concentration of 8307 mg/kg from dried PCD leaves. During the drying process, the use of maltodextrin at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) was found to produce PCD extract powder with the maximum GA concentration. The color analysis revealed that the PCD extract powder had a dark greenish tint mixed with yellow. The antioxidant activity assay showed that 0.1 g of PCD extract powder was able to neutralize 75.8% of DPPH free radicals. The results concluded that PCD extract powder could potentially be used as a source of nutraceuticals or as a functional food ingredient. These findings suggest the potential value of GA-rich PCD extract powder in various applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]