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The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous methanolic extract of Aerva javanica. For measuring analgesic activity, writhing test, hot plate method and formalin test were performed and abdominal writhing was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of 0.2ml of 3% acetic acid. While in formalin test, pain was experimentally induced by injecting 25 µl of 2.5% formalin in left hind paw. In hot plate method, pain was induced thermally by keeping the animals on a hot plate with temperature of about 51°C. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageen an induced mice paw edema. The results showed that the extract had significant analgesic activity (p<0.05- p<0.001) and anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.01-p<0.001). Therefore, it was concluded from this study that the extracts of Aerva javanica may be used against pain and inflammation.

This study was conducted to identify antimicrobial potential of Kalanchoe laciniata. The plants were extracted with 30-70% aqueous-methanol and n-hexane. The antimicrobial activities were examined using agar well diffusion method against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and fungi (Candidaalbicans). Results showed that E. coli were more sensitive than Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The largest zone of inhibition (52 mm) was recorded against E. coli with the n-hexane extract of Kalanchoe laciniata.

Background: Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) is a valuable resource due to its traditional uses in the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation, but no sufficient scientific literature is available online to confirm its traditional uses in these ailments., Objectives: This study was carried out to validate the traditional uses of T. cordifolia in treating pain, inflammation and pyrexia, using albino mice as an experimental animal model., Material and Methods: The analgesic effects of T. cordifolia extract were assessed by using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test and tail-flick test. The carrageenan test was performed to assess anti-inflammatory potential, and anti-pyretic activity was evaluated by the brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia method., Results: The results showed that the T. cordifolia extract exhibited significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in the three pain models tested. The extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced inflammation test and antipyretic effects in the brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia test in dose-dependent manner compared to the effects observed in the control group animals., Conclusions: From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that T. cordifolia extract has strong analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects. Further studies are required to investigate the therapeutic activities of the phytochemical constituents of T. cordifolia against pain, inflammation and pyrexia.

Background: According to an estimation of the WHO, almost 80% of people globally are treated by traditional medicine., Objectives: We evaluated the anti-ulcerogenic potential of Salmalia malabarica extract in rats using aspirin-, alcohol- and pylorus ligation-induced ulcer models., Material and Methods: Two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of Salmalia malabarica extract was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to all 3 ulcer-induced models for 5 consecutive days. The anti-ulcerogenic potential in rats treated with 2 doses of Salmalia malabarica extract and omeprazole (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was determined and compared to the control groups., Results: Salmalia malabarica extract showed a significant decrease in ulcer index as compared to the control group in a dose-dependent manner. Salmalia malabarica extract also showed protection of 66.22% and 74.54% in asprin-, 73.79% and 78.14% in alcohol- and 68.94% and 78.84% in pylorus ligation-induced ulcers. However, omeprazole showed protection of 84.73%, 85.5% and 86.12% in aspirin-, alcohol- and pylorus ligation-induced ulcers, respectively. Furthermore, Salmalia malabarica extract significantly decreased the volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity, whereas it increased gastric pH when directly compared to the control group., Conclusions: Conclusively, Salmalia malabarica possesses anti-ulcerogenic, antisecretory, and cytoprotective potential and can be used as a supplement for the treatment of gastric ulcers in a dose dependent manner.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The barks of Acacia leucophloea (Fabaceae) are used in Pakistan traditional medicine as an astringent, a bitter, a thermogenic, a styptic, a preventive of infections, an anthelmintic, a vulnery, a demulcent, an expectorant, an antipyretic, an antidote for snake bites and in the treatment of bronchitis, cough, vomiting, wounds, ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery, internal and external hemorrhages, dental caries, stomatitis, and intermittent fevers and skin diseases., Materials and Methods: A study was carried out for the possible elucidation of mechanisms justifying the traditional medicinal uses of A. leucophloea (Fabaceae) in gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. In vitro experiments were carried out over isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum in order to determine spasmolytic and bronchorelaxant activities, while in vivo studies were conducted in mice for antidiarrheal properties., Results: A methanol crude extract of barks of the plant caused a concentration-dependent relaxation (0.1-3 mg/ml) of isolated rabbit jejunum preparations in a pattern similar to that of nifedipine and dicyclomine, suggesting a Ca(2+) channel-blocking mechanism in addition to an anticholinergic effect. In guinea-pig ileum the extract caused a parallel shift in the Ach-curves without suppression of maximum contractile response, followed by a non-parallel shift with the suppression of maximum contractile response at higher concentration similar to that caused by dicyclomine. Moreover, in rabbit trachea, it also caused the relaxation of carbachol (1 μM) and high K(+)-induced contractions at a dose ranging between 0.1578 and 0.734 mg/ml and 0.46-0.94 mg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate that the extract possesses spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities, mediated possibly through blockade of Ca(2+) channels, thus justifying its medicinal use in diarrhea and asthma. Acacia leucophloea methanol extract exhibited dose-dependent (100-500 mg/ml) protective effect against castor oil induced diarrhea., Conclusions: The data obtained contribute to the validation of the traditional use of Acacia leucophloea bark in treating gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, providing an hypothesis on the possible mechanisms of action., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)