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We present a list of tree species of French Guiana, based on data collected from herbarium specimens and tree inventories, and verified against all available taxonomic literature to date. The list contains 1811 taxa representing 87 families and 421 genera, including 143 unnamed species which either may be species not previously recorded in French Guiana, or taxa new to Science. Original demographic data such as global abundance, local maximum frequency and geographic dispersion, are given for the 1293 species present in tree inventories. Our work has led to the recognition of certain taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties, including a new combination in Lecythis Loefl. (Lecythidaceae), several lectotypifications and new synonyms, as well as reinstatement of Sloanea acutiflora Uittien (Elaeocarpaceae), Eugenia sinemariensis Aubl. (Myrtaceae), and four species of Inga (Leguminosae). In addition, we provide the most comprehensive list available to date of corresponding vernacular names (4354 for 1157 species) in nine languages spoken in French Guiana: Palikur, Kali’na, Teko, Wayãpi, Wayana, Nengee tongo (Aluku/Ndjuka/Paramaka), Creole, French, and Brasilian Portuguese. The checklist is complemented by indexes of exsiccata, vernacular names and scientific names. The introductory part is available in French and English., Nous présentons une liste des espèces d’arbres de Guyane française, basée sur des données issues de spécimens d’herbiers et d’inventaires d’arbres. Les noms ont été vérifiés au regard de toute la littérature taxonomique disponible à ce jour. La liste contient 1811 taxons représentant 87 familles et 421 genres, dont 143 espèces non nommées qui peuvent être soit des espèces non répertoriées précédemment en Guyane française, soit des taxons nouveaux pour la Science. Des données démographiques originales telles que l’abondance globale, la fréquence maximale locale et la dispersion géographique, sont données pour les 1293 espèces présentes dans les inventaires d’arbres. Nos travaux ont conduit à la reconnaissance de quelques nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales, dont une nouvelle combinaison dans le genre Lecythis Loefl. (Lecythidaceae), plusieurs lectotypifications et nouveaux synonymes, ainsi que la réinstallation de Sloanea acutiflora Uittien (Elaeocarpaceae), d’Eugenia sinemariensis Aubl. (Myrtaceae), et de quatre espèces du genre Inga (Leguminosae). En outre, nous fournissons la liste la plus complète disponible à ce jour des noms vernaculaires correspondants (4354 pour 1157 espèces) dans neuf langues parlées en Guyane française : Palikur, Kali’na, Teko, Wayãpi, Wayana, Nengee tongo (Aluku/Ndjuka/Paramaka), Créole, Français, et Portugais du Brésil. Le catalogue est complété par des index des exsiccata, des noms vernaculaires et des noms scientifiques. La partie introductive est proposée en français et en anglais.

Nutrient-poor ecosystems globally exhibit high plant diversity. One mechanism enabling the co-existence of species in such ecosystems is facilitation among plants with contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies. The ecophysiological processes underlying these interactions remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that root positioning plays a role between sympatric species in nutrient-poor vegetation. We investigated how the growth traits of the focal mycorrhizal non-cluster-rooted Hibbertia racemosa change when grown in proximity of non-mycorrhizal Banksia attenuata, which produces cluster roots that increase nutrient availability, compared with growth with conspecifics. Focal plants were placed in the centre of rhizoboxes, and biomass allocation, root system architecture, specific root length (SRL), and leaf nutrient concentration were assessed. When grown with B. attenuata, focal plants decreased root investment, increased root growth towards B. attenuata, and positioned their roots near B. attenuata cluster roots. SRL was greater, and the degree of localized root investment correlated positively with B. attenuata cluster-root biomass. Total nutrient contents in the focal individuals were greater when grown with B. attenuata. Focal plants directed their root growth towards the putatively facilitating neighbour's cluster roots, modifying root traits and investment. Preferential root positioning and root morphological traits play important roles in positive plant-plant interactions.

Davilla elliptica (Dilleniaceae) is a shrub that occurs naturally in the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado). This shrub has been widely used in Brazilian folk medicine in tea preparing; infusions; and decoctions from leaves and roots for gastritis, ulcers, and diarrhea treatment. Given the therapeutic potential of this species, the present study provides a comprehensive review on its ethnopharmacological uses, botanical aspects, phytochemistry characterization, and in vivo and in vitro pharmacological studies. The relevant studies on D. elliptica were retrieved from the following scientific databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, SciFinder, PubMed, Scielo, and ScienceDirect. Additional information derived from other literature sources, such as books and Ph.D. and MSc theses, was also considered after a critical review. Ethnopharmacological reports of D. elliptica revealed the use of infusions from roots with tonic and purgative effects, whereas leaves have been used as anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerative treatments, as well as to treat diarrhea and gastric disorders. Furthermore, fresh leaves have been used in baths to treat swelling. Phytochemical studies have led to the isolation of several compounds, including flavonoids derived from quercetin and myricetin, and tannins, which are known to exhibit relevant pharmacological activities. In vitro assays using crude extracts and/or isolated fractions and chemical constituents from D. elliptica have evidenced antibacterial, cytotoxic activities, while in vivo studies have proven gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antihemorrhagic, and antibacterial activities, corroborating ethnomedicinal reports. No relevant side effects has been reported previously, and some studies found a low toxicity and genotoxicity. However, further studies are still needed to ensure the safety of its therapeutic use. Future studies should focused on molecular mechanisms involved in bioactive components’ effects based on both fractions and isolated compounds, creating great opportunities for new investigations.

A pioneering search for fungi was carried out at the remote and iconic region of the Ricardo Franco Hills (State of Mato Grosso, Brazil) at the Bolivian border, known in the popular literature as “the lost world”. Here, four new species of the Asterinaceae on various hosts are documented: Asterina cerradensis sp. nov. on Davilla elliptica (Dilleniaceae), Asterina malvacearum sp. nov. on Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae), A. indecora newly recorded from Brazil on Heteropterys nervosa (Malpighiaceae), Lembosia matogrossensis sp. nov. on Miconia prasina (Melastomataceae), and L. miconiphylla sp. nov. on Miconia nervosa (Melastomataceae). A worldwide key to Lembosia spp. occurring on Melastomataceae is included.

Based on ethnopharmacological studies, a lot of plants, as well as its compounds, have been investigated for the potential use as wound healing agents. In Brazil, Curatella americana is traditionally used by local people to treat wounds, ulcers and inflammations. However, to the best of our knowledge, its traditional use in the treatment of wounds has not been validated by a scientific study. Here, some compounds, many of them flavonoids, were identified in the hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of C. americana (HECA) by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS. Besides that, solutions containing different concentrations of HECA and a gel produced with this extract were evaluated for its antimicrobial, coagulant and wound healing activities on an excision mouse wound model as well as its acute dermal safety. A total of thirteen compounds were identified in HECA, mainly quercetin, kaempferol and glucoside derivatives of both, besides catechin and epicatechin known as wound healing agents. The group treated with 1% of HECA exhibited highest wound healing activity and best rate of wound contraction confirmed by histopathology results. The present study provides scientific evidence of, this extract (HECA) possess remarkable wound healing activity, thereby, supporting the traditional use.

Background – Davilla Vand. is a monophyletic genus and member, with other genera endemic to the Neotropics, of the Doliocarpoid clade, a natural lineage of the subfamily Doliocarpoideae J.W.Horn. Its sepals, unequal in size, with two inner ones large and crustaceous and completely covering the fruit, represent a morphological synapomorphy for the genus.Methods – Our fieldwork in remnants of the Atlantic forest in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil, led to the discovery of two new Davilla species. Herbarium collections were consulted for their determination and comparison with identified specimens. Morphological data were obtained through the study of herbarium specimens and of fresh material collected in the field. Key results – Davilla coriacea Fraga & Stehmann and D. undulata Fraga & Stehmann, are herein described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters and affinities of the new species are discussed, accompanied by notes on their ecology, geographic distribution and conservation status. A key to all species of Davilla sect. Homalochlaena is also provided. The new species are similar to D. sessilifolia Fraga and Davilla flexuosa A.St.-Hil. and have been identified in most herbaria as Davilla macrocarpa Eichler. In accordance with the criteria of the IUCN Red List of endangered plant species, D. coriacea and D. undulata are to be assessed as Endangered (EN) and Near Threatened (NT) respectively.

Morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) is predominantly found in seeds of temperate regions and is uncommon in arid biomes. MPD has been reported in a number of Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) species of temperate Australia, and in a single species of the arid zone, H. glaberrima. This study aimed to examine the dormancy and germination ecology of seeds of H. glaberrima. Seeds were subjected to temperature stratification treatments designed to mimic summer and autumn conditions in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Seed germination and embryo growth were measured. We also tested the interaction between temperature stratification and cycles of drying and wetting designed to mimic sporadic rainfall events. All temperature and moisture treatments were tested in combination (+/–) with the smoke-derived chemical karrikinolide (KAR1). Exposing dormant seeds to temperatures suitable for warm stratification (35°C) for ≥ 8 weeks, followed by incubation at 25°C, resulted in significantly higher germination compared with non-stratified seeds. Exposing seeds to dry/wet cycling in conjunction with temperature stratification did not significantly increase germination. Exposure to KAR1 increased germination under most conditions. Once seeds are shed during October to December, they are exposed to hot and sporadically wet conditions over summer, allowing MPD to be overcome in a proportion of the seed population. Seeds may germinate in autumn (March to April), in conjunction with cooler temperatures. More deeply dormant individuals may require more than one summer to overcome dormancy. Similar to other species occurring in fire-prone ecosystems, fire also plays a crucial role in the germination ecology of H. glaberrima.

Resumo O presente estudo apresenta o tratamento taxonômico de Dilleniaceae para as formações de canga da Serra dos Carajás (Pará, Brasil), onde foram registradas duas espécies de Davilla: D. cearensis, espécie endêmica das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil e D. rugosa, de distribuição mais ampla, além de Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus, distribuída desde a Costa Rica até o Brasil. São apresentadas descrições detalhadas, comentários e ilustrações das espécies.

Endobeuthos paleosum gen. et sp. nov. is based on 6 flowers preserved together in a single block of mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma). The calyx is composed of ca. 50+ small, helically arranged sepals. The corolla consists of 5 imbricate petals forming a sheath-like structure that is usually concealed within the calyx. The petal tips are often spreading and exserted from the calyx. There are numerous stamens, each of which consists of a filament and an enlarged anther connective with a single lateral, bisporangiate theca. Dehiscence is extrorse. The tips of 3 or 4 styles are visible, indicating that the flowers are bisexual. The fossils possess unique features that prevent assignment to any modern family. However, the numerous sepals and stamens and a thickened anther connective may suggest an association of E. paleosum with the family Dilleniaceae.

The bioactivity guided fractionation of Tetracera indica leaves crude ethanolic extract has afforded the isolation and characterization of six compounds including a new natural product viz., 5,7-dihydroxyflavone-O-8-sulphate (1) and five known flavonoids (2–6). The structures of the compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic analyses. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase. Compound 1, 5 and 6 showed strong alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 3 and 4 displayed weak activity while compound 2 was inactive. The interactions of the active compounds with alpha-glucosidase were further investigated using molecular docking to confirm their antidiabetic potential.

Tetrascera scandens , a member of Dilleniaceae, is used for traditional medicine; the stem is utilized by the Anak Dalam tribe of Jambi Province, Sumatera island, Indonesia, to treat diarrhea symptoms. The aims of this study were to identify the secretory structures, histochemical aspects, and the antibacterial potency of T. scandens stem. Histological study of the secretory structures of T. scandens stem was carried out. The species has idioblast cells and trichomes as its secretory structures. Histochemical analysis indicated the substance secreted by T. scandens idioblast cells mainly contains alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols. Trichomes of T. scandens only contain flavonoids. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts was tested against Staphyllococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . Different concentration of extracts was tested using the well diffusion method. According to the results, 100 mg/mL T. scandens extract showed the best inhibitory activity with a maximum inhibition zone of 17.7 mm against S. aureus and of 12.5 mm against E. coli . This study provides scientific evidence that the stem of T. scandens has antibacterial activity and justifies its use by the local community.

Background – Davilla (Dilleniaceae) currently comprises 28 species and is distributed throughout the Neotropics. Extensive fieldwork conducted in the Atlantic Forest of the Brazilian states Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro resulted in the discovery of a new species of Davilla, described and illustrated in this paper.Methods – Herbarium collections including type specimens were consulted for identification and compared to the new species. Morphological data of the new species were obtained through the study of herbarium specimens as well as of live specimens observed in the field.Key results – Davilla hirsuticarpa Fraga & Aymard, a new species endemic to the Atlantic Forest areas, is here described and illustrated, along with comments on its geographical distribution, ecology, and conservation status. The new species resembles D. bahiana Aymard and D. cuspidulata Mart. ex Eichl., from which it differs by hirsute carpels. In accordance with the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List, it could be considered as Vulnerable (VU). A new key to all species of Davilla sect. Davilla is provided.

A new species of Doliocarpus (Dilleniaceae), Doliocarpus putumayensis Aymard from the Porvenir River (affluent of the lower Putumayo River), and the middle Caquetá River in the state of Amazonas was found during the examination of specimens for the Dilleniaceae treatment for the Flora de Colombia. This species is not clearly related to any other Doliocarpus species, however, it shows certain similarities with D. magnificus Sleumer in its leaves size, shape, and the fruit size and pubescence. Nonetheless, P. putumayensis differs in its tertiary venation, inflorescence size, sepal number and shape, anthers glabrous with a connective broadened, and fruit densely adpressed pubescent. An updated key to the species of Doliocarpus of Colombia is provided, and a previously described subspecies from Brazil is elevated to the rank of species (i.e., Doliocarpus brevipedicellatus Garcke subsp. hilarianus Kubitzki to D. hilarianus Aymard).

Hibbertia fumana Sieber ex Toelken (Dilleniaceae), a species thought to be extinct, was rediscovered during routine botanical surveys in western Sydney. A revised description, including for the first time that of fruit and seed, is provided along with ecological notes, an illustration, and a photograph.

Wijnands, D.O.†, J. Heniger, J.F. Veldkamp, N. Fumeaux & M.W. Callmander (2017). The botanical legacy of Martinus Houttuyn (1720–1798) in Geneva. Candollea 72 : 155–198. In English, English abstract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2017v721a11 The contribution made by Martinus Houttuyn (1720–1798) to systematic botany has been widely underestimated. Fourteen volumes of the second part of his Natuurlijke Historie of Uitvoerige Beschrijving der Dieren, Planten en Mineraalen, published between 1773 and 1783, dealt with botany. Houttuyn popularized the Linnaean system and published more than 150 species and several genera. The historical context of this early botanical work is described. The history of the acquisition of Houttuyn's herbarium is outlined and an English translation of his auction catalogue is provided. We discuss Houttuyn's exotic herbaria from the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Java (Indonesia), and Japan. Houttuyn did not go abroad to collect plants. His herba...

Explosive diversification is widespread in eukaryotes, making it difficult to resolve phylogenetic relationships. Eudicots contain c. 75% of extant flowering plants, are important for human livelihood and terrestrial ecosystems, and have probably experienced explosive diversifications. The eudicot phylogenetic relationships, especially among those of the Pentapetalae, remain unresolved. Here, we present a highly supported eudicot phylogeny and diversification rate shifts using 31 newly generated transcriptomes and 88 other datasets covering 70% of eudicot orders. A highly supported eudicot phylogeny divided Pentapetalae into two groups: one with rosids, Saxifragales, Vitales and Santalales; the other containing asterids, Caryophyllales and Dilleniaceae, with uncertainty for Berberidopsidales. Molecular clock analysis estimated that crown eudicots originated c. 146 Ma, considerably earlier than earliest tricolpate pollen fossils and most other molecular clock estimates, and Pentapetalae sequentially diverged into eight major lineages within c. 15 Myr. Two identified increases of diversification rate are located in the stems leading to Pentapetalae and asterids, and lagged behind the gamma hexaploidization. The nuclear genes from newly generated transcriptomes revealed a well-resolved eudicot phylogeny, sequential separation of major core eudicot lineages and temporal mode of diversifications, providing new insights into the evolutionary trend of morphologies and contributions to the diversification of eudicots.

The genus Dillenia is comprised of about 100 species of evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs of disjunct distribution in the seasonal tropics of Madagascar through South and South East Asia, Malaysia, North Australia, and Fiji. Species from this genus have been widely used in medicinal folklore to treat cancers, wounds, jaundice, fever, cough, diabetes mellitus, and diarrhea as well as hair tonics. The plants of the genus also produce edible fruits and are cultivated as ornamental plants. Flavonoids, triterpenoids, and miscellaneous compounds have been identified in the genus. Their extracts and pure compounds have been reported for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antidiabetes, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and antiprotozoal activities. Mucilage from their fruits is used in drug formulations.

While revising the genus Dillenia Linnaeus (1753: 535) for Malaysia, Hoogland (1952) proposed the new combination, Dillenia mansonii (Gage 1906: 73) Hoogland (1952: 83) by transferring Wormia mansoni Gage (1906: 73) (Wormia mansonii). Gage (1906) in the protologue of W. mansonii cited the specimen examined as ‘In ripis fluminis Yunzalin, prope confluentum cum Salween, Tenasserim. Manson!’. Hoogland (1952) cited ‘Type specimen: Manson, banks of Yunzalin, Riv. above its junction with the Salween, Burma, May 1905; holotype in CAL’ under D. mansonii. During the study, we could trace out four such specimens housed at CAL (CAL0000004061, CAL0000004062, CAL0000004063 and CAL0000004064), three of which are annotated by Hoogland as ‘type’ (CAL0000004061, CAL0000004063, CAL0000004064) and the remaining one as ‘ISOTYPE’. However, in our opinion, these specimens are to be considered as syntypes following Art. 40, Note 1 (McNeill 2014, Turland et al. 2018). The citation of ‘Holotype’ by Hoogland has to be accepted as a correctable error under Art. 9.10 (Turland et al. 2018). There are more than one specimens at CAL of a single gathering and it cannot be ascertained which specimen Hoogland (1952) designated as the holotype. Hence, the holotype designated by Hoogland (1952) should be corrected to first-step lectotype (Art. 9.17: Turland et al. 2018). We have designated here a second-step lectotype following the Art. 9.17 (Turland et al. 2018).

A new species was detected during the examination of specimens of Doliocarpus for the Flora of Ecuador, which is is described and its morphological relationships with its closest allied species are discussed. Doliocarpus renneri, from the wet riverine forests of the Cuyabeno (Napo) river, is most similar to D. multiflorus, but differs from that species in its branches, branchlets and petioles covered by black trichomes, the obovate or elliptic-obovate leaves, the shorter inflorescence, the sessile flowers, and the sepals and petals that differ in shape and number. A previously described subspecies is elevated to the rank of species (i.e., Doliocarpus dasyanthus subsp. robustus to D. robustus), and an updated key to the species of Doliocarpus of Ecuador is provided.

The flower-visiting records for the 43 species of bees considered to be native to New Caledonia show that females of 21 species visited 116 native species of plants in 69 genera and 41 families, and the bees were documented to carry pollen from 64 species and possibly four more. The plant families with the greatest number of species documented for visits by female bees were, in descending order: Myrtaceae (21), Dilleniaceae (10), Cunoniaceae (nine), Araliaceae (seven), Fabaceae (seven, encompassing the Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae), Goodeniaceae (five), Proteaceae (five), Apocynaceae (four), Sapindaceae (four), and remaining families with one to three species. Females of six and possibly one more species carried pollen from each of Dilleniaceae and Myrtaceae, six carried pollen from Araliaceae, five from Goodeniaceae, four and possibly one more from Cunoniaceae, four from each of Fabaceae and Sapindaceae, and none to three from the remaining 34 families observed. For introduc...

A new species Dillenia tetrapetala Joongku Lee, T.B. Tran & R.K. Choudhary (Dilleniaceae) is described from HonBa Nature Reserve of the Khanh Hoa province of Vietnam. Detailed illustrations and taxonomic comments are provided along with a table listing the differential characters to the closely similar taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using nrITS region of ribosomal DNA and psbA—trnH intergenic spacer region of chloroplast DNA sequences were also performed and they supported the status of D. tetrapetala as a distinct species. The plant is considered endangered based on the IUCN red list criteria because of its restricted distribution.

† Background and Aims Several ecologically important plant families in Mediterranean biomes have seeds with morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) but have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to understand the seed ecology of these species by focusing on the prominent, yet intractably dormant Australian genus Hibbertia. It was hypothesized that the slow germination in species of this genus is caused by a requirement for embryo growth inside the seed before germination, and that initiation of embryo growth is reliant upon a complex sequence of environmental cues including seasonal fluctuations in temperature and moisture, and an interplay with light and smoke. Using the results, the classification of the MPD level in species of Hibbertia is considered. † Methods Four species of Hibbertia in winter rainfall south-western Australia were selected. These species, whilst differing in geographic distributions, are variously sympatric, and all are important understorey components of plant communities. The following aspects related to dormancy break, embryo growth and germination were investigated: temperature and moisture requirements; effects of karrikinolide, gibberellic acid and aerosol smoke; and phenology. † Key Results Following exposure to wet/dry cycles at low or high temperatures, embryo growth and germination occurred, albeit slowly in all species at low temperatures when moisture was unlimited, corresponding to winter in south-west Australia. Photo regime influenced germination only in H. racemosa. Aerosol smoke triggered substantial germination during the 1st germination season in H. huegelii and H. hypericoides. † Conclusions Although the study species are con-generic, sympatric and produce seeds of identical morphology, they possessed different dormancy-break and germination requirements. The physiological component of MPD was non-deep in H. racemosa but varied in the other three species where more deeply dormant seeds required .1 summer to overcome dormancy and, thus, germination was spread over time. Embryos grew during winter, but future studies need to resolve the role of cold versus warm stratification by using constant temperature regimes. To include Mediterranean species with MPD, some modifications to the current seed-dormancy classification system may need consideration: (a) wet/dry conditions for warm stratification and (b) a relatively long period for warm stratification. These outcomes have important implications for improving experimental approaches to resolve the effective use of broadcast seed for ecological restoration.

This survey aimed at describing the interactions of floral visitors and Davilla kunthii A. St.-Hil. as well as characteristics of its reproductive biology in Itacoatiara, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Tests of the breeding system were performed. The guild of visitors was described according to richness, abundance, relative frequency and constancy. The breeding system tests indicated that D. kunthii is self-compatible. The pollination system was characterized as generalist, with 39 visitor species, from three different orders. Bees were the main group of pollinators, thus some behavioural aspects were described. Th e period of highest foraging activity was between 7 and 10 am. Some species presented agonistic and monopolistic behaviour. Given the behaviour and destructive potential, the Curculionidae seem to have a greater impact as seed predators than pollinators. Este trabalho descreve as relações entre visitantes florais e Davilla kunthii A. St.-Hil., bem como características de sua biologia reprodutiva em Itacoatiara (Amazonas). Foram realizados os testes referentes ao estudo do sistema reprodutivo. A guilda de visitantes foi caracterizada quanto à riqueza, abundância, frequência relativa e constância. Os testes para sistema reprodutivo indicaram que D. kunthii possui auto-compatibilidade. O mecanismo de polinização configurou-se como generalista com 39 espécies de visitantes florais, provenientes de três diferentes ordens. Abelhas corresponderam ao principal grupo de polinizadores, desta forma, alguns aspectos comportamentais foram descritos. O horário de maior forrageamento ocorreu entre 7 e 10 horas. Algumas espécies apresentaram interações agonísticas e comportamento monopolizador da fonte de alimento. Dado o comportamento e o potencial destrutivo, embora possa ocasionalmente atuar como polinizadores, Curculionidae parecem possuir maior impacto como predadores de sementes.

Dilleniaceae are an angiosperm family consisting of 10–14 genera and ∼500 described species, with a pantropical distribution extending into temperate Australia. This study addresses the infrafamilial relationships of Dilleniaceae with nucleotide sequence data from the plastid loci rbcL, infA, rps4, and the rpl16 intron. Analyses of these data using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods resolve Tetracera, the only pantropical genus in the family, as sister to all other Dilleniaceae. Within the clade of Dilleniaceae exclusive of Tetracera, the New World endemic genera form a clade that is sister to a clade composed of the Old World endemic genera. The latter contains two major subclades: (1) a clade containing Acrotrema, Dillenia, and Schumacheria and (2) a clade containing Hibbertia and its satellite genera, Adrastaea and Pachynema, which are embedded within Hibbertia. Ancestral‐state reconstructions of six morphological characters of both biological and taxonomic significance within Dilleniaceae suggest ...

Three new species of Davilla (Davilla sessilifolia, Davilla minutifolia and Davilla aymardii) from Bahia, Brazil, are described and illustrated. Affinities and diagnostic characteristics of each species are discussed. The new species belong to Davilla sect. Homalochlaena.

The interrelationship between phenological events, climatic factors, periodicity of cambial activity and seasonal production of xylem was examined in Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae) growing in sub-tropical wet forest of Meghalaya state, India. The reactivation of cambial activity was seen in the first week of May, 15 days after sprouting of new leaves and buds. The activity of cambium and xylem production gradually declined toward December and ceased from January to April end. There was correlation between leaf fall and cambial dormancy. It was evident from the correlation and regression analysis, the relationship between cambial activity, xylem production with climatic factors, the monthly mean minimum temperature plays an important role for the cambial activity and xylem production rather than influence by rainfall and relative humidity in D. indica L. The data were discussed in the light of cambial activity, xylem production and phenological events.

Acrotrema agastyamalayanum, a new species of Dilleniaceae from India is described and illustrated. The new species is allied to A. arnottianum an endemic species of the southern Western Ghats.

The antifungal properties of ethanol, cold water and boiled water extracts of the bark of Khaya ivorensis and root of Tetracera potatoria were investigated using the disc diffusion agar method. All the extracts inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A niger, Candida albicans, Microsporum audonii, Trichoderma viride and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The ethanol extract was the most active against fungi and the cold water extract was the least active of the three extracts for each of the plants. Preliminary phytochemical studies of K. ivorensis and T. potatoria extracts revealed that they contain anthocyanins, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. Anthraquinones, phlobatannins and saponins were absent in all the extracts.

Discrete Australian populations of Hibbertia fasciculata R. Br. ex DC. differ in stamen number per flower: three to four in isolated, northeastern coastal populations in New South Wales vs. 10–12 in southeastern Australian populations. In all populations, the stamen bases are attached to three broad flat pedestals regardless of number of stamens present. In certain other Hibbertia species, each pedestal results from initiation via a common stamen primordium that usually produces at least 3–4 stamens per common primordium. In H. fasciculata, each of the three pedestals is associated with three to four stamens in flowers of southeastern populations, but with only one stamen per pedestal in the coastal populations of New South Wales. Because the pedestals (remnants of common primordia) have persisted, the evolutionary trend probably has been one of reduction in stamen number. General observations and comparative studies suggest that this population-based reduction series in stamen number (as well as reduced plant size and flower size) reflects a locally successful trend towards smaller organs throughout the plant body together with a shift in pollination ecology.

Surveying of the species throughout Thailand revealed 13 identified and one unidentified species including D. aurea , D. excelsa , D. grandifolia , D. hookeri , D. indica , D. obovata , D. ovata , D. parviflora , D. pentagyna , D. philippinensis , D. pulchella , D. reticulata , D. suffruticosa and Dillenia sp. They were phylogenetically examined based on RAPD profiles of 2,290 discrete characters including a monomorphic and 226 polymorphic characteristics. The phylogenetic relationships calculated from theses banding data show that the intraspecific genetic similarity (S) values ranged from 0.990 to 1.000, and the interspecific S values ranged from 0.520 to 0.790. The RAPD method can be effectively used in Dillenia study. However, its quality of unreproducible method, it cannot be reasonable used in any study on specific genes or areas. In additions, sequences from two molecular regions, rbcL gene and psbA-trnH spacer, were analyzed and determined for genetic distances. The rbcL gene sequences were rather ineffective, as all of the paired species displayed no or low genetic distance values. The psbA-trnH spacer sequences were rather effective, with only one pair ( D. reticulata and D. parviflora ) showing low genetic distance values. The other species pairs indicated rather far genetic distances, ranging from 0.006 ( D. parviflora and D. grandifolia ) to 0.376 ( Dillenia specie and D. indica ). Intraspecific genetic distance values ranged from 0–0.003 and 0–0.013 for rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer regions, respectively. Based on the results from both nucleotide variations and DNA fingerprinting, D. grandifolia and D. ovata were distinct Dillenia species.

Floral development was compared with scanning electron microscopy in 12 Australian species of Hibbertia representing most of its morphological variation, and in the related Adrastaea (Dilleniaceae). Calyx and corolla arise in quincuncial helices in radially symmetrical species, while the petals initiate unidirectionally from one side in zygomorphic species. Stamen number (3-200+) proliferates by centrifugal addition of individual primordia or by innovations of common primordia and ring meristems. Common primordia arise in single-stamen positions alternately with petals, and each produces one to several stamens centrifugally that remain attached to a shared base and form a stamen fascicle. A ring meristem in Adrastaea initiates a whorl of five stamens, alternate with the first stamens but outside their whorl. In radially symmetrical species of Hibbertia, a first ring of stamens is supplemented centrifugally by additional stamens on a meristem ring. The first stamens in zygomorphic species of Hibbertia initiate as a terminal ridge on the floral apex, with subsequent stamens added centrifugally on one side and two carpels initiated on the opposite side. The carpels arise as a simultaneous ring in radially symmetrical flowers, or as a simultaneous pair in zygomorphic species. Staminodial presence is viewed as of minor significance. Four pollinator syndromes are proposed for Hibbertia, related to differing floral architecture.

The internal structure of the seed was studied for four Western Australian species of the genus Hibbertia (Fam.: Dilleniaceae). The principal mechanical layer of the seed coat is the endotesta. The large cells of the endotesta are heavily cutinized in potentially viable seeds of all examined species. However, results for H. hypericoides show that the cells of the endotesta are distinctly less cutinized in non-viable seeds. The tegmen consists of only one layer which is spirally thickened. Remains of the nucellus enclose the endosperm. The endosperm is rich in both starch and lipids, and the embryo is underdeveloped and minute.

From the MeOH extract of the stem of Tetracera scandens L., a new nor-lupane triterpene, 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of platanic acid (1), has been isolated together with six known compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-6 displayed significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and compound 4 showed more potent inhibitory activity with an IC(50) value of 1.9 µM than that of a positive control allopurinol (IC(50) 2.5 µM).

This study was undertaken in fragments of lowland Atlantic Forest surrounded by sugar cane plantations in Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil. Amongst the 93 species recorded for the locality, 30 species have a climbing habit. Passiflora is among the most species-rich genera which is novel in a floristic study. Morphological characters such as the presence and position of a tendril, limb form and flower symmetry are the most important for species identification. Here we present a species checklist for the locality, annotated with distribution data. An illustrated key to the climbing species found in Igarassu is also provided.

Eight monotypic hyphomycete genera new to science are described from the trichomes of native plants growing in the cerrado of Brazil: Trichomatoclava cerradensis, Echinoconidiophorum cerradense, Globoconidiopsis cerradensis, Globoconidium cerradense, Helminthosporiomyces cerradensis, Microtrichosphaera cerradensis, Phragmoconidium cerradense, and Vesiculohyphomyces cerradensis gens. spp. nov. Two of the new genera were found on hosts belonging in Myrtaceae, and one of each of the following families: Icacinaceae, Malphigiaceae, Fabaceae, Dilleniaceae, Chrysobalanaceae , and Caryocaraceae . These discoveries suggest that the trichomes of neotropical plants are an unexplored source of novel fungal diversity, and merit more attention in biodiversity surveys.

A species of Pseudocercospora causing foliar lesions on Hibbertia aspera (Dilleniaceae) is morphologically indistinguishable from a species of Pseudocercospora causing foliar lesions on Platylobium formosum (Fabaceae) from the same locality. In order to assess the degree to which these fungi were related, we sequenced the ribosomal DNA ITS region of cultures derived from single conidial isolates. Cultures were obtained from four specimens of each respective host. The ITS sequences for cultures derived from the same host were identical, with the exception of one isolate that had a 4 bp insert, while the Pseudocercospora species from Hibbertia consistently differed at three bases from the species isolated from Platylobium. These data suggest that two distinct species of Pseudocercospora are represented, and that they probably result from a recent evolutionary divergence. P. platylobii and P. hibbertiae-asperae spp. nov. are described and illustrated.

Sixteen species of the genus Doliocarpus (Dilleniaceae) are currently known from Colombia. Two species ( D. foreroi and D. lopez-palacii ) are described and illustrated. Descriptions of the genus and all the species and keys to the genera of Dilleniaceae and species of Doliocarpus are included. Information about the ecology and geographical distribution of each species is provided.

Inocarpus ademanus (Fabaceae) is described from lowland environments in the Ambunti District of Papua New Guinea. Ten noteworthy records are also presented from the same area for Marsdenia ambuntiensis , M. lorea , Phyllanthera nymanii (Apocynaceae), Tetracera lanuginosa (Dilleniaceae), Archidendron calliandrum , A. kalkmanii , Mucuna lamii (Fabaceae), Cryptocarya resinosa (Lauraceae), Ficus morobensis (Moraceae), and Chlamydogramme hollrungii (Tectariaceae).

Dillenia indica Linn. is a nearly evergreen tree widely distributed in South-east Asia. Regeneration is by seeds borne within large indehiscent fruits. When extracted fresh, seeds are glued together by the sticky mucilage on the seedcoat. Mucilage anchors seeds during rains, thus preventing them from escaping the fruit. Mucilage does not promote or inhibit germination, but it does restrict the inflow of water into seeds during the initial stages of imbibition. In nature, seeds germinate (within fruits) in July–August following heavy rains that wash off most of the mucilage. Light had a significant effect on germination: a 12/12 h light/dark regime resulted in more and faster germination than when seeds were incubated in total darkness. Seeds exhibited one flush of germination within fruits and another flush in the laboratory following extraction, drying and rehydration, suggesting the occurrence of two physiological types of seeds with regard to light requirement for germination. The embryo of D. indica is underdeveloped, and seeds take ~30 days to germinate under appropriate conditions. Thus, the seeds have morphological dormancy (MD). The possible roles of seed-coat mucilage and light in the germination biology of D. indica seeds in nature are discussed.

Doliocarpus schultesianus Aymard from moist forests in the upper Rio Negro region (Vaupes department) and D. triananus Aymard from montane forests in Antioquia department, Colombia, are described, illustrated, and compared to their closely related species. Doliocarpus schultesianus is not evidently allied to any other Doliocarpus Rolander species; this new species has inflorescences produced from short shoots (brachyblasts) and young fruit completely covered by stinging yellow trichomes. Doliocarpus triananus is most similar to D. pipolyi Aymard due its chartaceous leaves with margins dentate along the blade and its papyraceous basal bracteoles, but it differs from that species in its leaf and sepal shape, dense pubescence along the midrib and secondary nerves on the lower surface, peduncle patent-pilose, and fruit 10–12 mm in diameter, completely covered by white trichomes. An updated key to the 19 species of Doliocarpus from Colombia is provided.

Three new species of Davilla Vandelli from Amazonas, Bahia, and Para states, Brazil, are described and illustrated. Davilla bahiana Aymard resembles D. cuspidulata Martius but mostly differs by its leaves coriaceous, papillate on the upper surface, with lateral nerves 11 to 19, and carpels strigose at the apex. Davilla bilobata Aymard is related to D. grandifolia Moricand but can be distinguished by its tertiary nerves deeply areolate on the lower surface, inflorescence shorter (to ca. 5.5 cm), the shape and pubescence of the sepals, and the petals bilobed. Davilla neei Aymard was collected inside the study plots of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in central Amazonian lowland forest; it is similar to D. kunthii St. Hilaire but differs by its wider leaves (7–)15 cm long, the margins coarsely serrate, short inflorescences (only 10–11 cm long), and carpels densely hispid-incanous. Davilla bilobata is a distinctive species for its bilobed petals in a genus with otherwise predomina...

Hibbertia commutata (Steudel), H. amplexicaulis (Steudel), Chameascilla corymbosa [(R.Br.) F.Muell. Ex Benth.] and Leucopogon nutans (E. Pritzel) are four Australian species that are difficult to germinate during mine-site rehabilitation. Laboratory germination trails were conducted to identify dormancy mechanisms and to improve germination response. Treatments applied to all species included scarification and scarification followed by soaking seeds in smoke water (1, 5 or 10%) or gibberellic-acid solution (50, 200 or 1000 muM). Additional treatments with kinetin solution (50, 200 or 1000 muM) and smoke water (50 or 100%) were applied to scarified or unscarified seeds of C. corymbosa. Thermal-shock treatment was applied to L. nutans fruit, some of which were subsequently scarified and subjected to both smoke water (10%) and gibberellic-acid solution (1000 muM). Significant germination increases were obtained by using dormancy-breaking treatments on H. commutata ( from 12.8 to 76.0%), H. amplexicaulis (from 6.8 to 55.1%) and C. corymbosa (from 48.5 to 86.4%). Scarification alone increased germination of both Hibbertia species, suggesting that these species display a physical seed coat-imposed dormancy mechanism. Germination of H. amplexicaulis was further increased by the application of gibberellic-acid solution, indicating a possible embryo-imposed dormancy mechanism. Scarification followed by the application of smoke water produced the highest germination response for C. corymbosa seeds. Scarification alone did not significantly increase germination, inferring the existence of a smoke-responsive embryo dormancy mechanism. Seeds of L. nutans, although viable, failed to germinate and are thought to display complex seed coat- and embryo-imposed dormancy mechanisms.

During the course of a taxonomic study of the Neotropical species of Dilleniaceae, two new species from Brazil were discovered: Doliocarpus lombardii from the "Mata Atlantica" and Tetracera boomii from the "Mata de Restringa" and "Cerrado" vegetation dominated by Curatella americana L. The two new species are described, illustrated, and compared to closely related species. By its sessile inflorescence Doliocarpus lombardii is closely related to D. sessiliffCorus Martius, but differs from that species in its longer leaf blades (9-22 cm long), densely pubescent on the lower surface; sepals 5, 6-11 mm long, ovate or elliptic, adpressed sericeous in midrib internally; and fruit densely hispid. Tetracera boomii is known only from two places in Bahia and Sergipe states, Brazil, and is similar to T. Iasiocarpa Eichler in that both bear follicles 1-1.5 cm long densely hispid at the apex; however, T. boomii differs from that species in its leaves rigid-coriaceous, elliptic, aerolate below and margins dentate, inflorescences 1-2 cm long, bracteoles ca. 6 mm long, sepals 11-14, filaments 4-5 mm long, and aril completely covering the seed.

Davilla papyracea Aymard, a new species with vaginate and winged petioles, from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil is described and illustrated, and a key to this group of species is provided.

A new species of Tetracera (Dilleniaceae) from Guyana. Brittonia 54: 275–278. 2002.—A new species of the genus Tetracera (T. maguirei) from the sandstone savannas and shrubby forests in Guyana is described, illustrated, and compared to T. asperula Miq. A key to the species of Tetracera from the Guianas is provided.

As a result of examining specimens of Dilleniaceae for the Flora of Ecuador and Flora Neotropica, a new species (Doliocarpus subandinus) from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia is described and illustrated, and the relationship with allied species is discussed.

Curatella americana L. is a wide-ranging, weedy species, distributed from central Mexico to Brazil and the West Indies. It is a common component of savannas, secondary forests and other disturbed habitats, and is readily recognized by its small tree or shrubby habit, alternate, scabrous, stellate-pubescent leaves, and flowers with many stamens and two basally fused, pubescent carpels. As with many Dilleniaceae, the leaves of C. americana are pinnately veined with each vein ending in a tooth at the margin. Although two species from Brazil, C. cambaiba A. St.-Hil. and C. grisebachiana Eichler, have been placed in synonymy under C americana (Kubitzki, 1971), the species concept of C. americana L. has never been disputed in the literature. Linnaeus' original protologue was: "americ. A. Curatella. Loefl. hisp. 260. Statura Coccolobae" The reference is to Loefling (1758), who provided a lengthy and detailed description and, in the process, named the genus. However, he failed to supply an epithet, and Linnaeus (1759) published the first valid name of the species. While there never has been any question as to which taxon the Linnaean name applied, the problem of its typification has been known for some time. Kubitzki (1971) in his revision of the genus indicated that no relevant material could be found at the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN). Furthermore, no Curatella material can be found in the Linnaean herbaria in H, M, SBT, S, and UPS (C. E. Jarvis, BM, pers. comm.). Although Loefling's collections were sent to Spain at the end of his fateful expedition to Venezuela, they have not been located at MA and are presumed lost (G. L6pez, MA, pers. comm.). It is probable that Linnaeus never saw any original material and relied solely on his student's observations in recognizing the species, as he did in other instances (Barrie, 1989).