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Our understanding of the flora of China has greatly improved during the last 100 years but effective management of the rich biodiversity and unique natural resources requires resolving the taxonomic limitations of existing treatments. Here, we focus on the epiphytic genusScleroglossumwith special emphasis on the occurrences in Hainan and Yunnan of mainland China. By combining fieldwork, herbarium studies, and DNA barcoding we test the hypothesis that this genus is represented by more than one species in China. Our integrative results show the Yunnan accessions are distinct from those in Hainan in both phenotypic and genotypic variation. The Yunnan accessions belong toS. pusillum, whereas the Hainan accessions represent a distinct species displaying the morphological characteristics ofS. sulcatum. Genotypic evidence suggests the occurrence of cryptic diversity among accessions with the morphology ofS. sulcatum. In summary, the study contributes to the crucial assessment of the plant diversity in Yunnan and illustrates the importance of integrating collection efforts and DNA barcoding approaches to enable effective assessment of the epiphytic diversity of Yunnan.

Three new species (Calymmodon concinnus, Oreogrammitis parvula, Xiphopterella parva), and seven new records (Dasygrammitis brevivenosa, Oreogrammitis sinohirtella, Radiogrammitis beddomeana, R. jagoriana, Scleroglossum pyxidatum, S. sulcatum and Themelium halconense) of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) are reported for the flora of Vietnam, mostly from newly collected specimens. We provide detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, ecology and distribution, and taxonomic notes for each new species. Furthermore, type information, distribution, voucher specimens and taxonomic notes are provided for each newly recorded species. A checklist including synonymy and a key to Vietnamese grammitid ferns are also given.