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We then elaborated a stepwise approach, combining lymphatic surgery principles and plastic surgery flap techniques, that lead to an effective treatment algorithm where surgical options were wound-tailored to guarantee the best functional outcomes. Literature outcomes of surgical treatment (specifically lymphatic ligation ± muscle flaps) were compared with conservative therapy. [2] Importantly, authors screened the literature in the aim to match patient's conditions and preoperative risk factors to the leak treatment, defining a clear treatment algorithm. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: The authors of this review present a comprehensive assessment of the techniques and indications in the treatment of the long upper lip. Setting aside the maxillofacial malformations, the review is focused on senescence as the most frequent etiology. A graphical reminder of the anatomical entities and of the upper lip proportions allows optimal preoperative planning. All current treatment options, from fillers to surgical excision and dermabrasion, are reviewed and summarized in order to provide an overview of each technique's expected results and contraindications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]