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La difusión de fake news y bulos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 se ha convertido en una grave amenaza para la salud de los ciudadanos que, en momentos de crisis sanitaria como el actual, necesitan disponer de información veraz y fiable. Ello justifica la necesidad de adoptar determinadas medidas al objeto de prevenir y combatir la difusión de información falsa. En este contexto de desinformación, el gobierno español ha planteado la posibilidad de monitorizar y penalizar la difusión de fakes y bulos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis crítico de la penalización como medida para combatir la difusión de fakes news y bulos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Desde esta perspectiva, y como estrategia alternativa a la penalización se destaca la importancia de la alfabetización informacional como medio de formar consumidores de noticias críticos, bien informados y formados en el empleo de herramientas para verificar información y prevenir la propagación de noticias falsas. Penalizar la elaboración y difusión de noticias falsas es una medida polémica que entraña numerosos problemas desde un punto de vista ético, legal y, sobre todo, democrático. En la situación actual de crisis sanitaria resulta más eficaz concienciar a los ciudadanos sobre los riesgos que suponen las falsas noticias, enseñándoles a identificarlas y a evitar su difusión. Como estrategia para combatir la difusión de fakes y bulos, el fomento de la higiene informativa y la alfabetización informacional de la sociedad requieren de la participación y colaboración activa de los gobiernos, medios de comunicación y, sobre todo, de los ciudadanos.

Problems regarding the widespread spread of hoax news often occur through social media. The massive circulation of hoaxes that occurs is due to the low level of digital literacy in the community in filtering information that can potentially disturb the public and disrupt public order. Government public bodies are considered to have the responsibility to eradicate social problems related to the circulation of hoax news that occurs in the community. This prompted the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government of Communication, Information and Statistics to create the Jakarta Lawan Hoaks (Jalahoaks) channel to carry out advocacy activities. This study aims to analyze the advocacy communication process for truth clarification on hoax news on Instagram @Jalahoaks. This research uses a qualitative approach with exploratory research and case study methods. The theory used in this research is advocacy communication. The results of this study indicate that the advocacy communication process carried out on Instagram @Jalahoaks can be successful and run effectively, based on analysis, strategy, mobilization, action, evaluation, and sustainability. The use and maximization of Instagram social media as a means to clarify the facts of hoax news can support and facilitate the advocacy communication process carried out by Jalahoaks.

Hoax and Hate Speech are cyber-crimes that are closely related to ideological, political and religious issues. In Indonesia, just before the 2019 Presidential Election, this crime is very common, mainly used to attack political opponents. In this study, we provide several samples of Hoax and Hate Speech crimes, namely those with ideological, political and religious nuances. We consider these three crime samples to be sufficient to illustrate that Hoax and Hate Speech greatly influence the stability of domestic security. Based on the results of research conducted at the Directorate of Cyber Crime Enforcement of the Indonesian Police Criminal Investigation Agency, we can conclude that the strategic steps that must be taken to tackle Hoax and Hate Speech are Preventive Efforts in the form of Cyber Patrol, Hoax labeling, analyzing media opinion trends, dissemination positive news through text media, clarification and public information, security carried out by cover names, cover jobs, and cover stories, and countermeasures. Then, to provide a deterrent effect to the community, repressive efforts through law enforcement activities must be carried out including investigations by means of the Cyber Patrol to find cyber-crime, providing technical assistance and tactical investigations, investigating units in the region in order to uncover networks of cyber perpetrators, providing assistance in examining digital evidence, and cooperating by exchanging information for the purpose of researching and investigating cyber-crime. With the coping methods described above, especially inter-regional police cooperation that is centrally controlled by maximizing technology, the Indonesian police are able to uncover and dismantle networks of cyber-crime perpetrators that occur in Indonesia such as hoaxes, hate speeches and terrorism.

Millennials are a group of new generation of youngsters that are most familiar with the internet. These adolescents are also at a higher risk of hoax activities online, particularly as related to COVID-19. However, the potential to become a victim is also accompanied by the ability to resolve the uncertainties caused by hoaxes. Millennials are more equipped to combat COVID-19-related frauds by promoting an active campaign. Therefore, this community service program intends to provide a practical solution in the form of a millennial-based group known as Malahoaks (Millenials Against Hoaks). Prior to this formation, preliminary activities, including workshops, were needed to combat hoaxes, specifically on COVID-19.

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction. This principle is one of the Human Rights principles that are necessary for the progress of humanity itself. But its existence has always triggered a dispute because of the abuse of the right. The abuse of the rights consists of Hate Speech and Hoaxes. This research is normative legal research that uses a comparative approach and conceptual approach. And also, this research will compare the Freedom of Speech and Broadcasting laws in Indonesia and Singapore, especially law in the broadcasting sector. Theoretically, the benefits of this research are to answer the problem of correcting Freedom of Speech, especially in broadcasting law. Practically, it is helpful for society to know much more about hate speech and hoaxes also the possibility to correct the broadcasting law in Indonesia based on the same regulation in Singapore.

This paper provides a quantitative approach to disinformation stories related to the Covid-19 pandemic and debunked by fact-checking platforms in Latin America and Spain between January 1st and June 30th 2020. Through content analysis (N=1679) the results of the verifications, distribution channels, formats and main thematic lines are also explored. The study shows that the countries with the largest number of verifications are Brazil and Spain. As for the hoaxes text is the format most usually found to spread disinformation and Social Networks are the dissemination means most commonly used, being Facebook highly used in Latin America and WhatsApp in Spain. Regarding the main thematic lines, apart from generating a large number of hoaxes on health and science, it also led to the dissemination of disinformation relation to politics. Aproximación cuantitativa a la desinformación relacionada con la pandemia de la Covid-19 en Latinoamérica y España, entre el 1 enero 2020 y el 30 junio 2020. Mediante análisis de contenido (N=1679) aplicado a artículos de verificación publicados por plataformas de comprobación de datos acreditadas por la IFCN, se cuantifican los resultados de las verificaciones, el medio de difusión de los bulos, los formatos empleados y los principales ejes temáticos. El estudio muestra que el mayor número de verificaciones se realizaron en Brasil y España, que la mayor parte de los bulos se distribuyeron en formato texto y que el medio de difusión más usado fueron las redes sociales, principalmente Facebook en Latinoamérica y WhatsApp en España. En cuanto a temáticas, además de generar un gran número de desinformación sobre salud, la pandemia ha propiciado la difusión de numerosos contenidos falsos en torno a política.

This article aims to examine the resilience of moderate Muslims in the midst of the reality of the post truth virus that has spread today. The purpose of this research is to find out the typology, theory and practice of moderate Islam in the post-truth era in Indonesia. The approach used is qualitative and by using descriptive analysis methods to study various data sources: from books, journals, scientific works, newspapers, and so on that have a relationship with the theme of discussion. The results of the study show that the typology of moderate Islam refers to those who reject the application of violence as a line of ideology and struggle. The theory of moderate Islam or wasatiyyah Islam has emerged and developed in three historical periods: 1) the ta'sis period (the formation period); 2) tathwir period (development period); 3) the period of tahdits (modernization). The practice of moderate Islam or wasatiyyah Islam in the post-truth era is fused into three scopes of lines of action, including: 1) epistemological lines, moderate Islam is not only inclined to one methodological door in obtaining the truth, but uses various sides of approach to obtain factual truth, so it is less likely to be exposed to hoaxes in the post truth era; 2) the ontological line, the existence of Islamic wasat}iyyah is also a response to cases of stigmatizing Islamophobia in Indonesia; 3) the axiological line, the dimensions of wisdom and wisdom values wrapped in the concepts of tasamuh (tolerance), ta'adul (fair), tawazun (balanced) in moderate Islam, are very effectively applied in the post truth era to fight hoaxes and doctrines of extremist acts that terrorist groups continue to do today.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been going on in Indonesia for more than a year since the beginning of 2020. This pandemic has certainly had many negative impacts, both macro, and micro. The Indonesian government has made a lot of efforts to tackle this pandemic both operationally and in socialization to reduce the further spread of vaccine efforts throughout Indonesia. But unfortunately, there is the challenge of spreading fake news related to the COVID-19 vaccine that is troubling the public. The spread of fake news happened quite quickly with digital communication using social media. Research using qualitative methods examines the condition of socialization communication related to the COVID-19 vaccine, fake news, and efforts to overcome it through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results of the study show that there has been a lot of communication and socialization carried out by the government regarding the COVID-19 vaccine but it has not been structured in one source and there is still minimal anticipation of fake news. As a result, a lot of fake news has spread widely in the community regarding COVID-19, starting from issues related to health and beyond health or safety. Efforts that can be made to minimize the spread of fake news and its dangers include collaboration with various stakeholders, mass and periodic socialization and education on various social media channels, strict penalties for spreading fake news, providing social media platforms or channels to file complaints, create educational content and creative counter-narrative.

This research tried to discuss the corona pandemic hoax in the vortex of the paradox of excessive freedom and political rights of citizens in the digital communication process which can be observed, among others, through the government's efforts to report hoaxes about the corona pandemic. The purpose of this research is to under-stand the hoax discourse of the corona pandemic from a Foucauldian perspective that is attached to power and identity in the Monthly Hoax Report conducted by the Ministry of Information and Communication of the Republic of Indonesia. This re-search used the Foucauldian discourse analysis method which uses a variety of con-cepts, including: power, identity, knowledge, dominant discourse and counter-discourse. The results of the research show that there are five unique stages of dis-course analysis, namely the corona pandemic hoax, which is a set of regular and systematic statements through social media that are not detailed, has a variety and production rules that only consist of two types, the powers that are said and those that may be conveyed have in common with the character of the post-truth era, a new space of power that emerges through technological devices and sociocultural con-texts, and connects both material and discursive aspects at the same time to new media artifacts and potential negative effects on citizens

The final years of the 2010s marked an upturn in coverage on climate change. In Sweden, legacy media wrote more on the issue than ever before, especially in connection to the drought and wildfires in the summer of 2018 and the Fridays for Future movement started by Greta Thunberg. Reporting on climate change also reached unprecedented levels in the growingly influential far-right media ecosystem; from being a topic discussed hardly at all, it became a prominent issue. In this study, we use a toolkit from critical discourse analysis (CDA) to research how three Swedish far-right digital media sites reported on climate during the years 2018–2019. We show how the use of conspiracy theories, anti-establishment rhetoric, and nationalistic arguments created an antagonistic reaction to increased demands for action on climate change. By putting climate in ironic quotation marks, a discourse was created where it was taken for granted that climate change was a hoax.

Civil society (civil society) as the ideal structure of society's life that is aspired to, but building a civil society is not easy. There are preconditions that must be met by the community in making it happen. Coupled with technological advances in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.o like today, where information can spread easily through various online media unlimitedly in spreading hoaxes. This research seeks to uncover the dangers of hoaxes in building civil society. This research uses descriptive analytical method by examining the sources of literature related to building civil society in the Industrial Revolution 4.o. This research found that the public space is a means of free speech; democratic behavior; tolerant; pluralism; and social justice can shape civil society. whereas the impact of hoax news greatly affects the way people perceive a certain issue, so that people cannot distinguish which news is real or fake news which causes them to be incited by fake news that is spread.

Makalah ini menguraikan secara ringkas kedudukan sentral pragmatik di dalam menangkal berita bohong yang bertebaran seiring maraknya transaksi elektronik di era digital sekarang ini. Dengan mengambil contoh kasus forensik yang melibatkan berbagai tokoh penting dan orang biasa, dapat diketahui bahwa pengetahuan pragmatik yang memanfaatkan konteks ekstralingual dalam artian yang luas ternyata mampu digunakan sebagai alat yang efektif dalam mengidentifikasi dan menentukan kebenaran luar bahasa sebuah berita. Dari data-data yang terkumpul, ternyata tidak hanya masalah kebenaran luar bahasa yang disangkutkan, tetapi juga masalah-masalah internal bahasa. Sehubungan dengan hal itu, pengetahuan tentang aspek-aspek internal bahasa yang dipelajari cabang ilmu-ilmu bahasa lain juga sangat bermanfaat di dalam menerangkan aspek-aspek internal bahasa. Di samping itu, masalah-masalah internal ini juga sering menjadi permasalahan utama dalam kasus-kasus forensik, baik di media elektronik maupun saluran komunikasi lain. Kenyataan ini semakin mengokohkan sentralnya peran ahli bahasa di masa depan. This article will briefly describe the central role of pragmatics in avoiding hoaxes which are recently scattered in line with the glow of electronic transactions in the digital era. By taking examples from several forensic cases which involve public figures and ordinary citizens, it can be concluded that the knowledge of pragmatics which exploits extralinguistic contexts in its broadest sense can be used as an effective tool in identifying and determining the extralinguistic truths of a news. The data collection shows that the utterances sometimes contain internal linguistic aspects. Accordingly, the knowledge about internal aspects of a language which constitute objects studied by other linguistic branches, are also fruitful for explaining these internal aspects. Besides, the internal aspects are also possible to be the main problems of in forensic cases which are either delivered through electronic medium or other communication channels. All these matters strongly confirm the central role of linguists in the nearly future. Â

oaks or fake news is a serious concern because it has a negative impact due to information that is not ascertained the truth. Especially during the political year of the 2019 presidential election, the spread of hoaxes is increasingly massively attacking each candidate personally and institutionally. The Ministry of Communication and Information recorded in 2018 there were 733 hoaks content. In 2019, hoax content increased sharply to 3,801. The drastic increase in the amount of hoax content occurred from February to May, along with the 2019 elections. Not stopping in the 2019 presidential election, until the first half of 2020, the number of hoaks content has reached 1855. The number of hoaks content increased again in March, along with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and continued with the enactment of the Omnibus Law Ciptakerja. The development of social media technology and smartphones is one of the causes of the current hoaks outbreak. The theories used in this study are the concept of hoaxes, social media and the firehose of falsehood, as well as the theory of delegitimization. The focus of the research on youtube social media channel contains a statement from the Indonesian Rescue Action Coalition Movement (KAMI) in the period September – October 2020. Although it is a new group, us members are old figures who have been known to be opposed to the Jokowi government. The research methodology used is qualitative approach with data collection method through observation of video text posted. While the method of data analysis is done by analyzing the content or content to give an idea of the rush of fake news that has the potential to harm threats that can disrupt security stability, can even potentially damage the joints of national and state life, as well as become a threat to the sustainability of democracy. The results of this study concluded that hoaxes are usually chained and re-forward existing information and that the content has similarities to previous hoax content. This study recommends the government to actively educate the public regarding media literacy to be selective in receiving messages.

In his best-seller book "Trust Me I'm Lying: Confessions of A Media Manipulator," " Ryan Holiday divulges his actions in manipulating media news. This book is written based on his personal experiences in the blogging world, public relations, and online intrigue. The book turned out to be very relevant to the current condition of Indonesia. The Mastel survey in 2019 concluded that Social Media was the highest channel for spreading hoax news in Indonesia. The Covid-19 pandemic has become fertile ground for the spread of hoax news, both news related to efforts to prevent and control Covid-19. Official information from Government and Non-Government agencies working hard and focused on suppressing the Covid-19 number are often broken by hoax news that leads the public not to believe and underestimate Covid-19. Hoax news can also spread fear and excessive anxiety, thus encouraging people to act counter-productively to prevent and handle Covid-19. This research is intended to contribute ideas in anticipating the Covid-19 hoax from social media, Islamic communication ethics, and public responsibility. This qualitative research method is obtained from various online and mainstream media and literature and journal studies. After the data was collected, it was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that hoax news could be done by anyone regardless of gender, age, education, economy, social and political affiliation. To anticipate hoaxes, awareness of communication ethics must be raised again. This study also concludes that Islamic Communication Ethics can maintain the essential communication principles, namely honest, accurate, accessible and responsible, and constructive criticism. Anticipating hoaxes is a shared responsibility in personal, community, or government. Carefulness in receiving news is essential; filter the received news before sharing it with other people.

HOAX is a negative consequence of the abuse of freedom of speech. The freedom of speech as part of the citizens' constitutional rights should be exercised responsibly. However, the Act on Electronic Information and Transaction limits the responsibility for HOAX deployment in articles only. Therefore, researchers want to see HOAX as a violation of the norms and values in Pancasila, because of the position of Pancasila as the source of all sources of law. This normative juridical research analyzes dogmatic, theory and legal philosophy which shows that HOAX has violated the norms in the five Precepts of Pancasila.

A large number of internet users in Indonesia and the high frequency of accessing information and news content on social media do not necessarily guarantee the maturity of their users. A lot of hoax content that is rife happened because of the absence of news selection. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the sanctions for the perpetrators of spreading fake news on social media in Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions and Islamic Criminal Law. The author uses a normative approach (statute approach) which is carried out with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach (conceptual approach), and an analytical approach (analytical approach). The spread of fake news (hoax) is prohibited in positive law and Islamic law. In positive law regulated in Law Number 19 of 2016, amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions are contained in Article 28 paragraph (1) and (2), 27 paragraph (3) and Article 45A paragraph (1 ) and (2) with the threat of a maximum imprisonment of 6 (six) years and / or a maximum fine of Rp. 1,000,000,000.00 (one billion). Meanwhile, in Islamic criminal law, the spread of fake news (hoax) is not allowed. Islam advises its followers to speak well and truthfully (shiddiq), not someone who is in a hurry to share news and not one who reverses the facts. In Islamic Criminal Law itself, the sanction given to perpetrators who spread fake news is Ta'zir.

Information technology nowadays results in spreading information rapidly. Everyone can easily produce information quickly through several social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or mobile phone messages, such as WhatsApp, Telegram, etc. It is alarming if the information conveyed is inaccurate such as a hoax with a highly provocative title, leading the reader and recipient to obtain a negative opinion. For fighting hoaxes and preventing their negative impacts, the government has adequate legal protection named ITE Law. Apart from the legal product, the government also forms the National Cyber Institution. For example, in West Java, the government has formed West Java Clean Sweep Team (Saber) for Hoaxes, in charge of verifying information distribution in public. The team is built as proactive efforts of the West Java Provincial Government to secure the residents of West Java from disseminating fake news. This article examines how the West Java Saber Hoaxes Team carried out a strategy to minimize the dissemination of fake news (hoaxes) on social media. The research used descriptive studies through in-depth interviews on West Java Saber Hoaxes Team. The result of the research showed that strategies conducted by this team are monitoring, receiving complaints, and educating the public.

The freedom of use of social media has been exploited by a number of people to distribute information that is questionable. The fake news or hoax is disseminated to lead public opinion related certain thing that is motivated by personal and group interests. In 2019, Masyarakat Telematika (Mastel) launched a survey result which stated that 34.60% of Indonesians had received hoax news every day through social media. Starting from this, the government’s role is needed to participate in filtering information circulating on social media. Through this study, the author wants to examine the role of government in preventing and assisting the society in filtering and clarifying hoax news on social media about elections in the political year. This study uses a qualitative approach that is library research. Reference materials are obtained from books, journals, research reports, magazines related to hoaxes, elections, and social media. After the data is collected, the author analyze the data using analysis techniques including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the purpose of spreading hoaxes was to earn money and spread the ideology. The rapid development of hoaxes on social media is an urgency for the government to conduct various ways immediately to overcome this, both by increasing the capacity and security within the government and by collaborating with several expert agencies.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, one of the abilities that every individual must have is to be able to understand well the information that is widespread on digital platforms. The amount of information that uses English terms often creates pros and cons in society because of the inability to understand the meaning contained in the text. Even though English is the language of connection that will bridge the occurrence of interaction feedback globally. The focus of the author is to provide socialization and assistance to residents using an ethnographic approach that combines historical methods, observation, and interviews. This aims to explain the importance of understanding a foreign text from various disclosure of information with the assistance of literate culture as an act preventive against hoaxes, especially for residents of the District Kaliombo, Kota Kediri. However, information can be a trigger for weak immunity and affect people's thinking, language, and behavior. Linguistic Politeness will describe the characteristics of the community itself and become a major foothold in the act. Several pending findings resulted.

This research, descriptive analysis, with a statutory approach, conseptual approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze the from of spreading fake news in Indonesia legislation and criminal sactions for the perpetrators of spreading fake news in term of the criminal act of terrorism. The results of this study indicate that the form of spreading fake news can be categorized as criminal act of terrorism, where the criminal act of terrorism is also threatening the safety of the nation and the state, causing divisions, causing uproar in the community, even though the act of spreading fake news is not regulated in the terrorism law but causes the effect that may be the same as that of terrorism, it’s just that the act of spreading fake news does not threaten the lives of many people. Whereas the criminal sanction for the perpetrators of spreading fake news inthe terms of the aspect of the criminal act of terrorism are equivalent to the convictions of criminal conspiracy, attempted and assisting in committing the crime of terrorism.

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha generado una crisis sanitaria y comunicativa sin precedentes. A través de las plataformas digitales, se ha producido una ingente circulación de información falsa, inexacta o descontextualizada so-bre el coronavirus. Entre ella, cabe destacar los rumores, bulos y teorías conspirativas sobre (1) el origen, expansión y letalidad del virus; (2) las re-comendaciones y prácticas curativas; y (3) la gestión de la pandemia por parte de las administraciones públicas y organismos internacionales. En el actual escenario de infodemia, esta investigación aborda de qué forma 8 organizaciones de fact-checking han empleado Twitter como herramienta para combatir la desinformación en tiempos de la COVID-19: Agência Lupa (Brasil), Chequeado (Argentina), Maldita.es y Newtral (España), Colombia-Check (Colombia), Ecuador Chequea (Ecuador), El Sabueso – Animal Político (México) y Cotejo (Venezuela). Entre los meses de marzo y junio de 2020 estas organizaciones han publicado de forma sostenida en Twitter, obte-niendo elevadas cifras de engagement en forma de retuits y favoritos. Se han incluido múltiples hashtags sobre la COVID-19, incluyendo aquellas eti-quetas promovidas por LATAM Chequea y la IFCN (#CoronaVirusFacts y #Da-tosCoronaVirus) y otros hashtags genéricos dirigidos al gran público. Los con-tenidos relacionados con la COVID-19 han sido los más viralizados por los usuarios.

Hoax is a human problem in this era of information. The presence of hoaxes causes information consumers to find it difficult to distinguish between true or false information, especially those that spread on social media. The main problem in this research is how hoaxes can threaten religious moderation in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze how hoax information on social media threatens the moderation of Islam in Indonesia. This research uses the library research method. The data were obtained from relevant library data sources and analyzed using a qualitative approach. The findings show that many hoaxes are conveyed along with religious and political information. Hoax on the political aspect aims to bring down political opponents or the government. In the religious aspect, hoaxes are used to attack opposing religious beliefs or schools. Hoaxes on these two aspects, especially religion, have the potential to divide people and destroy religious moderation in society. This research is expected to contribute to the study of communication, especially media and information.

Introducción: El desorden informativo generado por la Covid-19 dibuja un escenario estratégico para la difusión de la falacia y la propaganda política. Las redes sociales, en modo eco-chamber, reproducen el discurso gubernamental de la confusión y la mentira y favorecen un clima de desinformación, desestabilizador de las democracias. En paralelo, los públicos digitales se instalan como prosumidores del bulo político en Twitter y se atisba una tendencia de los medios a combatir las fake news. Metodología: El objetivo principal es conocer qué marcas de desinformación identifican el mensaje del líder, qué papel juegan las audiencias en la producción y difusión de lo falso y qué procesos de verificación desarrollan las agencias de fact-checking (Pagella Politica, Maldito Bulo, Full Fact y PolitiFact) y los medios (La Repubblica, El País, The Guardian y The New York Times) en una situación de máximo riesgo. Sobre una muestra compuesta por tweets publicados por los presidentes de gobierno (n= 272), noticias relacionadas con la Covid-19 (n1=4.543) y bulos detectados en Twitter (n1=200) diseñamos una metodología de análisis de contenido cuantitativo-cualitativo y análisis crítico del discurso político. Se emplea el software SPSS de estadística aplicada. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados revelan el protagonismo de un lenguaje político falaz, que favorece la producción del bulo en la red y requiere la efectividad del sistema de fact-checking de agencias internacionales y medios de comunicación, para combatir lo falso, siempre, y más si cabe en momentos de una pandemia sanitaria sin precedentes.

Introducción: Desde que en diciembre de 2019 se empezara a hablar en España sobre el coronavirus que estaba afectando a China, los rumores y las noticias imprecisas poblaron el mundo. Cuando la enfermedad llegó a Europa, la proliferación de información se multiplicó. Desde que se decretara el Estado de Alarma, los bulos y las fake news han sido una constante, que se ha reflejado en las informaciones de los medios de comunicación. Metodología: En este trabajo se analizan las informaciones publicadas en la prensa española sobre fake news relacionadas con la política, las polémicas declaraciones del jefe del Estado Mayor de la Guardia Civil y las redes sociales; para conocer el volumen de noticias y el tratamiento que los medios han hecho de ellas. Se ha usado una metodología mixta, cualitativa/cuantitativa con el apoyo de la herramienta MAXQDA 2020. Resultados: Tras el análisis de 229 textos se puede afirmar que el tema del que se han publicado más informaciones relacionadas con fake news es política (48,47%), seguido de las redes sociales (28,8%) y las polémicas declaraciones del jefe del Estado Mayor de la Guardia Civil (22,7%); aunque en todo momento el debate político ha estado presente en las informaciones. Discusión: Este trabajo abre una línea de investigación sobre si se puede limitar la propagación de informaciones perjudiciales en una pandemia o si está por encima la libertad de expresión. Conclusiones: Los medios que se sitúan en la derecha ideológica, han publicado más informaciones con mayor contenido político (73,87%), frente a los medios de izquierda con solo un 26,13%.

Concern about partisan audiences blindly following partisan news brands while simultaneously being unable to distinguish the credible news from hoax news dominates media criticism and theoretical inquiries. Companies and media literacy advocates have suggested credibility labels as a solution. This experiment tests the effectiveness of credibility labels at the intersection of partisan news brands and partisan news stories. Using news credibility theory and Partisan Media Opinion hypothesis, it investigates the effects credibility labels have on partisan audiences, partisan news brands, and partisan news stories. It finds that credibility labels may be an effective news literacy tool, and that credibility is enhanced when the news story’s ideological perspective does not match the ideology of the news brand.

What are we saying when we lie? Here, I examine two hoaxes in Thailand: a fisherman manufactures evidence of nagas – water dragons – in his town to counter mining claims and Thai security forces do...

During the election year, political candidates apply different strategies to win the election. Some candidates resort to spreading hoaxes and vote-buying. This phenomenon has become a trouble for the country as there will be severe repercussions. Halal politics is a new concept that needs to be studied. It aims to reduce or even eradicate hoax spreading and vote-buying. It also hopes to provide a further reference in political activities for both politicians and people generally. This study used qualitative literature study and thematic interpretation to collect data that are related to halal politics. The sources of the data are study results, Quran, and scholar Quran interpretation. The study concludes that halal politics implementation depends on heavily on people's active participation in preventing and stopping hoaxes and vote-buying. Furthermore, with the increase in society's political literacy, political candidates will change their strategy for the better.

Accurate information and guidance on protective measures that can reduce the level of exposure to acute respiratory coronavirus 2 syndrome (SARS-CoV2) is the most important component in controlling the spread of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). As one of the largest social media in Indonesia, WhatsAppTM is a messaging service that is very close to the lives of Indonesian people, especially in the countryside. At the time of this research, no studies were published about using WhatsappTM as an Online Media used for the Seminar. This study aims to meet this information need and test its effectiveness as a health promotion medium, specifically Covid-19. The online seminar was conducted using WhatsAppTM media in the period 20 April 2020 - 30 April 2020. It was conducted 33 times in 33 groups, where each group was attended by an average of 176 participants, for 715 minutes and 724 questions. These groups present competent experts in their fields, and question and answer sessions are held between participants and experts. The results showed that 5,822 people who attended the seminar gave very positive feedback. The conclusions from the results of this field test show that WhatsAppTM can be an effective medium in health promotion to prevent transmission of COVID-19 in Indonesia.

Research on students' perceptions about money politics, hoaxes and sara issues in the 2019 elections in Tulungagung Regency is motivated by the high practice of money politics in various political events, from local elections to elections, on the basis that researchers try to photograph how students' understanding of money politics, hoaxes and the issue of sara, this study uses a qualitative method that is collecting data obtained from the results of interpretation in the field, this study also portrays the implications of money politics, hoaxes, sara issues to influence the choice of students in Tulungagung Regency in the 2019 Election, it is seen from the results Researcher's interviews with a number of informants resulted in students' understanding of money politics, hoaxes and sara issues being very good, students understanding the understanding of money politics in detail, even when in the construction of student money politics understanding in Tulungagung Regency almost approached the existing understanding in the law of the government. You do not stop their students also understand various phenomena of money politics and their modes, students' understanding of hoaxes with content issues is also quite good because almost all students define hoax details with examples and models of their stories, students also assume that spreading the issue of care in the general election contestation is considered to be very dangerous and for the continuation of democratic life in Indonesia which causes divisions and disintegration.

Background Through an exploration of two influential academic hoaxes, the Sokal Affair and the “Grievance Studies” hoax, this article explores the constraints and possibilities of academic hoaxing in the articulation of institutional critique through a discussion of academic integrity and ethical forms of deception.Analysis In this article, hoaxes are cast as operating on a continuum with other covert forms of deception in academic publishing (fraud, data fabrication, misconduct). Far from producing constructive outcomes, these interventions serve as flashpoints for stirring up disciplinebased anxieties and ideologically motivated attacks.Conclusion and implications These forms of public deception can illuminate how to reform or re-envision areas of academia that are compromising the health and vitality of academic research. Contexte A partir d’une etude de deux importants canulars universitaires—l’affaire Sokal (1996) et le canular «grievance studies» (2018)—cet article explore les contraintes et les possibilites du canular universitaire comme forme de critique institutionnelle a travers une discussion sur l’integrite des chercheurs et l’ethique de l’imposture.Analyse Dans cet essai, les canulars rentrent dans la meme categorie que les fraudes dans l’edition universitaire (fabrication de donnees, inconduite, fraude). Loin de produire des resultats constructifs, ces interventions servent de foyer pour attiser des conflits entre les disciplines et favorisent des attaques ideologiques.Conclusion et implications Ces formes d’impostures publiques peuvent reveler des facons de reformer ou de revoir certains aspects du monde universitaire qui compromettent la sante et la vitalite du milieu de la recherche.

A rumor (hoax) about Covid-19 appears in community, not only in Indonesia but also around the world. The spread of Covid' rumors cause the increasing of restlessness around community. Many Covid-19 hoax rumors such as the origin of virus, the spread of virus, how to prevent, how to treatment, to how the government policies to control this virus. The covid rumor is not only make people restlessness, but also make the people lost their life. As social media user, we must use our digital platform intelligently, wisely and carefully. We must cross check about direct and indirect information kindly and looking for the truth. because in Islam there is a prohibition to spread uncertain information. Keywords : islam, rumor, hoax

The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the use of hoax propaganda, material or content and patterns of its use in the 2019 Presidential Election. Qualitative methods are used in this research to seek knowledge or understanding of various related relations behind a reality in the new media era, text studies and news documentation and articles about hoax news that can influence the public and can hinder and influence the substance of democracy itself. The results showed that the purpose of hoaks political propaganda in addition to influencing the public was also done to change the negative image into positive or vice versa, in order to increase the electability and popularity of the candidates supported. material or content that is used as propaganda hoaks is material or content that contains SARA, personal, uses a pattern of nicknames, transfers, lure, popular narrative by using news / information content which is negative in nature and even sometimes contains lies using hoax propaganda patterns that are used in the 2019 presidential election. The pattern of the use of hoax propaganda is exhaled in new media by repetitive and continuous ways to change cognitive thinking and arouse the emotions of people who do not understand the deepening of politics.

Hoax phenomena are becoming more prevalent, especially towards the 2019 Election which makes people uneasy and will cause disruption of security and public order or in Indonesian ‘Keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat (Kamtibmas)’. The National Police as a public servant seeks to maintain the Kamtibmas situation through Bhabinkamtibmas (Bhayangkara pembina keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat). Bhabinkamtibmas through counseling is very important in preventing the spread of hoaxes. Therefore, research is conducted to find out the description of the spread of hoaxes, the extent to which the implementation of Bhabinkamtibmas counseling is related to the partnership approach and problem solving efforts and the factors that influence counseling in preventing the spread of hoax in order to create a safe and peaceful election in Kebumen Police.

The rapid development of technology and communication had given birth to a new world order that gave an impact on all aspects of the lives of citizens. This new world order was often known as social media; a new media that was born in the digital era as a result of the existence of the internet. This media made the mobility of citizens' lives became faster so that the interaction among them almost has no boundary, and resulted in the concept of digital citizenship. The emergence of social media certainly brought positive and negative impacts that automatically created disruption to citizens' behavior. The phenomenon of the spread of black campaigns, hate speech, false news (hoaxes), heated arguments toward each other became a common issue as a result of the citizens’ unpreparedness in facing an era of disruption. Therefore, digital literacy was a necessity in this era of disrupted society so that becoming a smart and good citizen would not only be a discourse on the issue of citizenship.

Firehose of falsehood is a propaganda technique that has used in the political world. This propaganda is used by presenting hoax news/hoaxes in public awareness continuously until the public believes the news. The community more easily and quickly accepts media news anywhere and anytime because the public has direct media access to grasp. In contrast, the literacy and rechecking of news content are often not done due to time constraints and the emotional content of newsreaders. Information media believed to be one of the sources of increasing distrust in the election organizers, namely the KPU. This study aims to explore people's attitudes towards HOAX news on trust in the KPU. The research method uses quantitative with a survey approach to 558 2019 voter respondents through the distribution of Trust research scale to KPU and attitude scale towards hoaxes. The results study indicate there is a role for attitudes towards hoaxes towards trust in the KPU as an EMB in Indonesia.

Introduction. Awareness about the spread of hoaxes through the media during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia should be the main concern for everybody. Data Collection Methods. This paper used a systematic literature review method with a qualitative approach, using the literature which focuses on the spread of hoaxes through the media during the COVID-19 pandemic from Google Scholar, Garuda RistekBRIN, and Research Gate. The exclusion process resulted in 20 scientific papers for further analysis. Data Analysis. Data analysis was conducted manual using graphs and tables to systematize the most relevant information to the research topic. Results and Discussion. Three research questions were answered, including the quantity of publications regarding the spread of hoaxes through media during the pandemic in Indonesia, the focus of the researches, and the methodology used in the study. Based on the findings, 20 scientific papers were obtained, with minor topics including the identification of hoax news about COVID-19 on social media, information behavior on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic, and strategies dealing with the spread of hoaxes during the pandemic. Conclusion. There are many papers discussing the spread of hoaxes through the media during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia and this needs sufficient attention.

The present work addresses the importance of institutional advertising to counter hoaxes during the first ten months since the outbreak of COVID-19. Institutional advertising campaigns run by Spanish central and regional governments have been studied from a quantitative point of view to establish their length, periodicity, views and interactions, and from a qualitative point of view in terms of strategy, intentionality, discourse and narrative and filming techniques. The main results suggest that institutional advertising campaigns are clearly focused on social networks and have not been the main tool to fight COVID-19 hoaxes, but rather to inform citizens. Their main characters are anonymous people, followed by affected individuals and health care workers, and these campaigns showed greater intensity during the first months of the pandemic and picked up again in December, due to fear of the consequences of a third wave. It can also be said that the different public administrations have fulfilled their duty to inform public opinion. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Disinformation is a communicative phenomenon that frequently feeds on political or electoral topics, as well as other aspects of our reality. This research takes as a case study the coverage given by the Spanish digital media to a hoax broadcast during the Filomena storm in 2021 that insisted that the snow was plastic. The purpose of this work is to analyze the instrumentalization of fake information as an expression of the information media crisis in the current context of disinformation. We set out four specific objectives: (SO1) to study the spread of the hoax through the media, (SO2) to analyze the construction of headlines in the news pieces, (SO3) to investigate the treatment of the hoax in the content of the pieces, and (SO4) to analyze the sources used in the pieces. To reflect on this phenomenon, we propose a three-dimensional model (structural, economic, and pragmatic) aimed at clarifying the relationship between the logic of the spread of hoaxes on the Internet and the role played by traditional media in their diffusion. The methodology used combines workflow techniques of digital methods with quantitative and content analyses. The results reveal the appropriation of certain communication strategies by digital newspapers aimed at obtaining visits. We conclude that the Spanish media, by adapting to the dynamics of disinformation irresponsibly encouraged by the attention economy, subscribe to and reinforce the crisis of credibility faced by the media ecosystem.

The Elections Supervisory Agency, in Indonesia known as Bawaslu ( Badan Pengawas Pemilu ), is the supervisor for all elections in Indonesia. The Agency has many roles, authorities, and obligations. One of their authorities is to oversee the activities of campaigns in various platforms, including the social media. The Agency has an authority to ensure and to keep the election participants not to violate campaign rules. They are obliged to ensure no misuse of social media, considering that the social media has been platforms to spread hoaxes and hate speeches–activities that can disrupt and undermine the ongoing democratic process. This study aims to explain the achievements of Bawaslu in carrying out the process of monitoring social media, the obstacles, the findings, the enforcements, and the importance of the role of state institutions. Prior to the prosecution, such as taking down media content, account deletion, or criminal prosecution, it is necessary to pay attention to the existing legal rules. This study performed analysis employing qualitative method with juridical-empirical approach. The data consisted of the spread of hoaxes and hate speeches that are spread on social media during the course of the 2019 Election stages. Peran Badan Pengawas Pemilu Menangani Berita Bohong dan Ujaran Kebencian dalam Pemilu 2019 Abstrak Dalam kedudukannya sebagai pengawas pemilu, Badan Pengawas Pemilu (Bawaslu) tidak sekadar berwenang untuk mengawasi pelaksanaan kampanye melalui media sosial oleh para peserta pemilu untuk tidak melanggar aturan kampanye. Bawaslu berkewajiban memastikan agar tidak ada penyalahgunaan media sosial dengan berita bohong (hoax) dan ujaran kebencian (hate speech), yang dapat menganggu dan merusak proses demokrasi yang berlangsung. Akan tetapi pengawasan di media sosial memiliki persoalan tersendiri karena dibutuhkan keseimbangan antara pembatasan kebebasan berbicara dan aturan mengenai ujaran kebencian. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menjelaskan, apa saja yang sudah dilakukan oleh Bawaslu dalam melakukan proses pengawasan di media sosial, hambatan yang dialami, temuan yang ditindak lanjutin dan pentingnya peran antar lembaga negara. Sebelum dilakukan proses penindakan baik penurunan konten, penghapusan akun serta proses pidana, perlunya memperhatikan aturan hukum yang ada. Analisa dalam tulisan ini ditulis berdasarkan kajian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis-empiris dan penyebaran isu kebohongan dan ujaran kebencian yang ada di media sosial selama proses pemilu 2019 berlangsung. Kata kunci: hoaks dan ujaran kebencian, kebebasan berbicara, pengawasan pemilu. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a2

espanolEl termino ´fake news’ se traduce como noticias falseadas y su intencion es desinformar. Aunque como expresa Wardle (2017), va mas alla de una simple definicion, es todo un ecosistema completo de informacion y se presentan con distintas formas e intenciones. Detras de ellas existe como objetivo “influir y manipular en una idea o suceso, creando otro suceso alternativo y paralelo que provoque confusion y engano” (De la Varga, 2019). Entre los bulos difundidos se encuentran los de contenidos xenofobos, aquellos que tienen como protagonistas a los inmigrantes. El objetivo de esta investigacion es analizar y tipificar los bulos sobre la migracion en Espana, reflejando la posible finalidad o intencionalidad de sus promotores o difusores. Para ello se hara uso de Maldita Migracion, un proyecto periodistico que utiliza las herramientas de verificacion de datos para encontrar la verdad en la informacion que circula sobre este tema. Como se expresa en su web, los bulos “afectan gravemente a colectivos que muchas veces se encuentran en situacion de vulnerabilidad (…), perjudican la convivencia y niegan las aportaciones que personas llegadas de distintos lugares hacen a nuestra sociedad” (2019). En los primeros 20 dias de enero de 2019, sus responsables han desmentido 50 bulos sobre migracion y refugio en Espana. Ademas, uno de cada tres bulos por los que Maldita.es ha sido consultada desde junio de 2018 tiene que ver con la potencial desinformacion sobre migraciones (2019). Que la manipulacion y los bulos sobre la inmigracion y refugio sean una constante en un pais como Espana es muy preocupante, si tenemos en cuenta el informe de la Naciones Unidas World Population Policies de 2015, en el que se expresa que es el decimo estado con mas personas migrantes del mundo, a lo que hay que sumar que los espanoles encabezan la lista europea de los que mas veracidad dan a las fake news, segun Ipsos Global Advisor (2018). Estos datos avalan la necesidad de conocer que se difunde sobre ellos, que consecuencias puede traer entre sus habitantes y de plantear el papel que pueden tener la circulacion de estos bulos y la difusion de discursos xenofobos en la imagen que los espanoles tengan de migrantes llegados a nuestro pais. EnglishThe term “fake news” is translated as false news and its intention is to misinform. Although as Wardle (2017) expresses, it goes beyond a simple definition, it is a complete ecosystem of information and they are presented with different forms and intentions. Behind them there is an objective “to influence and manipulate an idea or event, creating another alternative and parallel event that causes confusion and deceit” (De la Varga, 2019). Among the disseminated hoaxes are those of xenophobic content, those whose protagonists are immigrants. The objective of this research is to analyze and typify the bulls about migration in Spain, reflecting the possible purpose or intentionality of their promoters or broadcasters. This will be done by Maldita Migracion, a journalistic project that uses data verification tools to find the truth in the information that circulates on this topic. As expressed on its website, the bulos “seriously affect groups that are often in a situation of vulnerability (...), harm coexistence and deny the contributions that people from different places make to our society” (2019). In the first 20 days of January 2019, those responsible have denied 50 bulos on migration and refuge in Spain. In addition, one of every three bulos for which Maldita.es has been consulted since June 2018 has to do with the potential misinformation about migration (2019). That manipulation and hoaxes on immigration and refuge are a constant in a country like Spain is very worrying, if we take into account the report of the United Nations World Population Policies of 2015, which states that it is the tenth state with more migrants in the world, to which we must add that the Spaniards head the European list of those who give more truth to the fake news, according to Ipsos Global Advisor (2018). These data support the need to know what is spread about them, what consequences it can bring among its inhabitants and to raise the role that the circulation of these hoaxes can have and the dissemination of xenophobic discourses in the image that Spaniards have of migrants arriving at our country

This study aims to review and analyze the policy of controlling fake news or hoaxes and expressions of hatred based on Law Number 11 which has been changed to Act Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transctions as well as several other provisions. This research method is a qualitative research method by analyzing a statutory regulation. Besides that, it also examines the sources of textbooks, journal books in the library to support data and information in analyzing. The results of this study indicate that the basic policy regarding the dissemination of false news or hoaxes and hate speech that has been regulated in Law Number 19 Year 2016 article 28 paragraphs 1 and 2 has been effective because it can limit the space for the perpetrators of hoaks and hate speech. More specifically, the perpetrators can be charged with other related articles namely article 311 and 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 27 paragraph 3 of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law No. 40 of 2008 concerning the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination, as well as the perpetrators of spreading false news may also be subject to articles related to hate speech. Besides that, the more rapid and development of digital technology today, the more diverse the new crimes committed through this digital media, in this case the spread of false news (Hoax) that is rife. As many as 800,000 sites in Indonesia have been indicated as spreading false information.

Un entorno digital dominado por la inteligencia artificial, la influencia de los líderes políticos, el activismo de las audiencias y la eclosión de desinformación y fake news definen los códigos de la agenda. Se dibuja además un escenario en el que el papel de las agencias de fact-checking como propulsoras o detractoras de lo fake está cuestionado. En un contexto marcado por la convocatoria continuada de elecciones generales en España y por el conflicto de la Independencia de Cataluña se publica la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo sobre los juicios del Procés (14-O). Una cadena de movilizaciones ciudadanas inunda la red. El objetivo general del estudio es conocer en Twitter las fake news sobre los disturbios catalanes, las estrategias de verificación en las agencias seleccionadas (@malditobulo, @Newtral y @veri_fi_cat), el nivel de impacto y la reacción de los públicos. Aplicamos una metodología triangular de análisis de contenido comparado y sobre una muestra general de tweets (n1=4500) se analiza el tratamiento de los bulos detectados por los fact-checkers (n2=62). Los resultados confirman que la autoría de las noticias falsas corresponde a cuentas de particulares y que las estrategias de fact-checking pueden favorecer más la viralización que el desmentido. In a digital environment dominated by artificial intelligence, the influence of political leaders and audience activism, the emergence of misinformation and fake news define the agenda codes. A scenario in which the role of fact-checking agencies as propellers or detractors of the fake is also questioned. In a context defined by the continued general elections in Spain and the conflict of the independence of Catalonia, the Supreme Court Judgment on the trials of Procés (14-O) is known. A chain of citizen mobilizations floods the network. The general objective of the study is to know on Twitter the fake news about the Catalan riots, verification strategies and the level of impact and reaction of the public. We apply a triangular methodology of comparative content analysis and on a sample of tweets (n1=4500) we analyze the treatment of the hoaxes detected by the fact-checkers (n2=62). The results confirm that the authorship of the false news corresponds to accounts of individuals and that the strategies of fact-checking can favor the viralization more than the denial.

The presence of the internet can make it easier for humans to obtain, process and present information so that humans are very smooth in carrying out their affairs at the national and international levels, for example in terms of education, culture, kinship, technology, art, commerce, banking, and government. One of the crimes that can be placed on line is the dissemination of false news (hoaxes). Hoax aims to create public opinion, lead opinion, form perceptions, also to have fun that tests the intelligence and accuracy of internet and social media users. . The Hoax case occurred and the spread was so rapid because of the people who easily believed. So that the dissemination of information easier to spread good word of mouth that spread through the media oline like whatsapp and facebook. And one of the villages that will be studied by the researchers is Desa Sanenrejo, Kecamatan Tempurejo, Jember.Keywords: internet, internet crime, hoax

Indonesia is in an emergency of deceptive news, a hoax according to KBBI is untrue hoax news that is usually spread from social media. Deception can cause divisions in society. This research uses qualitative and studies literature. With the existence of our idea entitled Language Based Media People in Ogan Ilir Regency in the Supervision of State Institutions to Eradicate Hoax in Indonesia. To realize good governance, transparency and good friendliness. The people's media application itself contains information related to government policies in the fields of education, health, economy, social and culture. This application also serves to minimize the existence of deceptive news that can cause disintegration of the nation, by filtering data with scientific methods so that the information disseminated is in accordance with facts.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang agenda setting penyebaran hoaks di media sosial. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis isi kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa terdapat tiga tema isu hoaks yang paling menonjol yaitu politik, kesehatan, dan isu pemerintahan. Dalam hal ini, agenda setting media tentang hoaks dibentuk oleh para pengguna media sosial itu sendiri. Tema hoaks tentang politik seperti pemilu meningkat dalam kurun tertentu, dikarenakan pengguna media sosial atau netizen memiliki konsentrasi dan perhatian yang relatif sama tentang hal tersebut. Ada juga upaya dari pihak-pihak tertentu untuk memviralkan sebuah tema hoaks untuk tujuan tertentu semisal untuk menjatuhkan masing-masing kandidat presiden yang sedang bertarung dalam proses pemilu. Termasuk untuk menjatuhkan kandidat presiden petahana yang masih berkuasa. Begitu pula dengan konten hoaks, agenda media yang terbentuk di media sosial merepresentasikan kepentingan para netizen. Bahkan pada konten hoaks bidang kesehatan yang termasuk konten hoaks terbanyak, agenda setting media sosial yang terbangun karena netizen menganggap konten tersebut penting untuk segera diketahui oleh khalayak lainnya terlepas dari benar tidaknya konten tersebut.

In February 2016, the Institute for Falsification researched the production of fake news in Veles, North Macedonia. Focusing on a specific hoax distributed from Veles via social media, this article analyses the political and aesthetic effects of fake news. It argues that fakes and hoaxes (mis)use established references to renew pre-existing discourses, media techniques, and symbols. The present definition of fakes is therefore insufficient for these practices.

This research is motivated by the rise of hoaxes every time before the Presidential Election (Pilpres) in Indonesia. Later hoaxes are increasingly massive and have entered all lines of life, so it is very difficult to determine which news is good and where lies. For this reason, it is necessary to clarify the formulation of juridical regulations, regarding hoax aspects that can be held accountable.This research then sets two goals, namely: First, to analyze and explain a number of laws and regulations relating to hoaxes; Second, to analyze and explain the hoax criteria contained in social media.This research method uses a type of normative legal research, with three approaches as the basis of its analysis, namely: Approach to legislation, namely to conduct an analysis of legislation about hoaxes, with a review of relevant product laws. Conceptual approach, through this approach, researchers study views and doctrines in law, then find ideas that give birth to legal notions, legal concepts and legal principles relevant to hoaxes. As well as the case approach, namely by examining cases relating to the issues faced which have become court decisions and have permanent legal force.The results showed that hoax qualifications that could be liable by referring to Law Number 1 Year 1946 concerning Criminal Law Regulations, Article 14 and 15 and Law Number 19 Year 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 Year 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) article 28 paragraph (1). In Law No. 1 of 1946 the perpetrators can be charged if they have fulfilled the element intentionally or have the intention to cause trouble and the person must at least have the presumption that the news is false news. Whereas in Act No. 19 of 2016 the culprit can be snared if everyone intentionally means that they have bad intentions and without the right to spread false and misleading news, which means making other people astray which results in consumer losses in electronic transactions. Deliberately, making a misguided and making consumer losses is a requirement that must be fulfilled. So that in article 45 A paragraph 1, the culprit can be sentenced to six years imprisonment and a fine of Rp1 billion.Researcher's recommendation, It is recommended that the action qualifications spread hoaxes on social media that accountability can be requested in a more specific law, namely social media law. This is to anticipate the development of social media going forward. Keywords: News, Hoax News, Social Media, and ITE Law