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The study analyses the historical basis of the system of social and pedagogical support of foreign students in the United States. The relevance of the study lies in the importance of modernisation and the regular improvement of adaptive preparatory programmes in the linguistic, psychological, and sociocultural areas. However, this requires the use of the experience of countries with the biggest practice of working with foreign students, namely the United States. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyse the organisational structure of the system of social and pedagogical support of foreign students in higher education institutions in the United States at the initial historical stage. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalisation were used during the research. Also, for a more effective study of social and pedagogical and infrastructural development of the adaptive training system of foreign students, a method of chronological coordinates was developed. The stage from which it is necessary to begin the study of the history of the system of foreign student support is highlighted, namely the period of 1911-1920, marked as organisational and constitutive. It is revealed that the stage is characterised by the emergence of the primary foundations of the counselling centre for the support of foreign students; the creation of the first structured national associations of foreign students and the adoption of fundamental legislative initiatives that provided the development of the support system. It is substantiated that the process of structuring the support system in the United States should be considered after 1919 (defined by the author as a period of diachronic- synchronous unity) when the Institute of International Education was established. The practical significance of the study lies in the first systematisation of historical material and its presentation as an organisational and constitutive stage. The presented results of the research can be practically applied in the process of preparation of lecture material on the history of social work in the USA and the world; in the framework of public and non-profit organisations

The key trends and obstacles in the development of education in Russia have been considered in the article. It has been shown, that the education system, formed in the previous technological way, does not meet the needs of modern society. The main modern trend in the development of education is the introduction of digital technologies and in particular the transition from the traditional “classroom” model of learning to online education. This direction is now actively developing abroad and seems prospective in Russia. At the same time, there is a number of obstacles, that significantly inhibit its development. The main one is still not the existing system of recognition of equality of online education to its traditional forms. This problem is typical not only for our country and can be solved at the legislative level by developing the system of legislative regulation and standardization of sphere of education. Another obstacle is the continuing lack of implementation of online technologies in the educational process by educational organizations themselves, due to both the lack of development of the digital infrastructure and the need to train teachers of the new formation, who can work effectively in the digital environment. This problem can be solved by full-scale digitalization of universities with the involvement of both public financing and private investment. The third major obstacle to the full transition to online education is the very low percentage of students, who complete courses successfully. At the same time, opinion polls show, that Russian students themselves are not ready to accept digital education as a full-fledged one. The correction of this situation requires the introduction of technological and organizational solutions in the field of education, aimed at adapting the educational system to the dynamically changing needs of the labor market, individualization of educational trajectories and increasing the involvement of students in the educational process.

The article deals with the mechanism of protection of the right to freedom of conscience. It is concluded that securing the right to freedom of conscience is possible only if there are special (legal) guarantees. An attempt is made to identify the constitutional guarantees of the right to freedom of conscience in the system of legal guarantees of the right to freedom of conscience. In view of the existing problems arising in the definition of the system of legal guarantees of the right to freedom of conscience, recommendations are proposed for improving the mechanism for their provision in the Russian Federation in the current legislation.

The paper proves the actuality of innovation, both in general and in education in particular. It is emphasized that the development of a significant number of technologies and relevant socio-pedagogical mechanisms of their implementation requires that you configure the appropriate organizational and regulatory systems that would properly regulate these processes. The analysis of the main normative-legal acts, which regulate public relations in innovation processes in educational sphere. It should be noted that by the Law of Ukraine "About Innovative Activity" pays very little attention to innovative activities in education. The implementation of a number of laws in the innovative sphere is actually stopped, primarily because of the lack of state target programs of forecasting of scientific-technical and innovation development of Ukraine. Certainly powerful and consistent Law of Ukraine "About Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities", adopted in 2016, doesn’t work. The primary reason for this problem is the extremely low rate of implementation of this regulation. Extremely inhibited pace of implementation has the other critical educational Law "About Higher Education". And in the end it is noted that the current Law of Ukraine "About Education" the question of innovation is not paying attention to at all. In this regard, the draft law "About Education" is analyzed from the point of view of possibilities of regulation of innovative activity in the educational sphere and made the appropriate suggestions. The proposals regarding to the use of the legal science and practice innovation, all of which are properly organized and structured and scientifically based legislative activity, the result of which is the development, adoption and implementation of relevant legal norms, can significantly improve the nature of the legal regulation of social relations.

The article is devoted to separate aspects of formation and development of legislative regulation of the Institute of state secrets (state secrets) in the post-Soviet States. Focuses on the difference between the legal concepts of “state secret” and “state secrets.” Stresses the urgency of improving the legal security, convergence and harmonization of legislation on state secrets to the member States of the organization of collective security Treaty. Discusses the approach to developing the Model law.

The article substantiates the thesis that electronic petitions are potentially capable of acting as an effective means of challenging illegal decisions, actions, and inactivity of state authorities. In this case, the institution of the electronic petition is a mechanism that creates comfortable conditions for expressing the will of citizens, regardless of their place of residence. The article analyzes the status of the legal regulation of the institute of the electronic petition in Ukraine and the practice of its functioning. The shortcomings of the legislation on electronic petitions that negatively influence the effectiveness of this institute are systematized. The study proposes a number of measures to improve the effectiveness of electronic petitions, namely: the implementation of educational activities among the population (especially rural areas) regarding the appointment and use of the institution of electronic petition; establishing of an imperative status for petitions that overcome the minimum of votes in their support; preventing the loss of votes by the same type of petition with identical appeals; blocking irrelevant petitions; improving the interface of relevant electronic resources on which petitions are published.