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The study critically analyzes the root causal and consequential transnational human trafficking factors from the Balkan wars to the present, implying stigmatization discourse, gender-discriminatory climate, the role of masculinity by comprehensive bibliographic review, and insight into the socio-political and economic challenges by the participative observations and the BiH case study's, highlighting harmonization, improvement, and systemic transformation. It is a social phenomenon that requires a comprehensive (legal-social) approach, i.e., applying effective measures in terms of prevention, suppression, and the punishment of perpetrators with mandatory "regional "cooperation. Illegal economy, structural adjustment policies conditioned by international financial funds, systemic corruption, long-term transition, high unemployment, and economic migrations shape the region's economic climate and indirectly affect the state of phenomena. Ethnopolitical structures produce social (in)-stability, affecting the phenomena. Lack of political will and constant internal ethnopolitical conflicts impact the contrary course of initiatives to combat the phenomenon. Considerable attention to victims' social construction in judicial and social capital is critical due to the effects of destructive representation of misogyny elements on perpetuating sexist stereotypes that harm victims and further exploiting. Stigma in social justice significantly affects victimization dynamics, intertwining cultural, legal, conservative patterns, and structural violence continuation. The Western-Balkan states' legal double standards towards prostitution are discriminatory. Implementing adequate programs to reduce stigmatization while increasing institutional and general public exposure to victims who have made successful reintegration could be a productive aspect of the systemic transformation. Western-Balkan gender-discriminatory climate and masculinity's role in establishing an ethnonational political community based on conservative values ​​remain insufficiently explored. Given the challenges of the current migrant crisis, the political level can ensure a coherent and coordinated EU and Western Balkans strategy in harmonizing and improving the existing normative solutions.

Utilizing a political economic framework, this study investigates the development and expansion of independent media in Afghanistan, focusing on one of the largest private media companies in the co...

O trabalho visa responder à seguinte pergunta: em que medida a Logística Baseada em Performance (PBL) pode contribuir para a otimização da logística empreendida pelo Exército Brasileiro? A necessidade de se manter o grau de operacionalidade e prontidão da Força Terrestre, considerando o quadro político e econômico desfavorável que o Brasil atravessa, sugere uma observação na forma como outros países têm feito para manter os setores de defesa alinhados com seus objetivos nacionais. O trabalho pretende, a partir do entendimento da relação entre as logísticas militar e empresarial, do conceito de PBL e das considerações para seu emprego, observadas pela adoção por outros países, atingir o objetivo geral, que é identificar os aspectos positivos e negativos que devem ser observados para adoção da Logística Baseada em Performance, servindo, assim, como mais uma ferramenta de análise desse modelo, contribuindo com os debates levados a efeito dentro do Exército Brasileiro para a interiorização dessa prática logística na Instituição militar.

In this chapter, we describe a political economic framework of an economy following transition to private ownership. The transition, characterized by massive privatization, is accompanied by a change in the legal system, which is influenced by the elite who may be described as either corrupt or non-corrupt. The ability of the corrupt elite to influence the ruling party may lead to weak legal institutions, which cause underinvestment, corruption, and capturing of lucrative industries by corrupt investors. By introducing heterogeneity among industries, we show that the corrupt investors corrupt the more lucrative industries, and in corrupt economies corrupt investors may separate themselves from the non-corrupt investors. Furthermore, we identified two methods used by the corrupt investors to siphon profit – output stealing and profit stealing – and illustrate that corrupt investors may substitute between the two methods to alleviate the constraints created by stronger institutions. To this end, strengthening the institutions only in one dimension may, at the end of the day, cause output, as well as investment, to decline.

The image of contemporary Bulgarian architecture from the period 1989–2020 is a dynamically changing picture, but also an accurate reflection of the equally rapidly changing local economic framework, defined by the interrelated political and socio-economic parameters in this particular historical period for our country. In the present material, without claiming to be exhaustive, but within specific limits, has been made an attempt to trace the metamorphoses in architectural projects and realizations, as well as the genesis of new types of buildings, to mark the reasons for the dropout of others.

European trade policy is under pressure to comply with sustainability demands. Trade policy can actively contribute to sustainable development, but under certain conditions, amongst them respect for the level of development, the point of departure of the respective countries and the inclusion of specific provisions for sustainability. Trade policy reaches its limitations in internal political and economic framework conditions in partner countries as well as other processes of globalization. This is also reflected in the trade relationship between the EU and African countries.

This article argues that Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) has struggled to gain traction in wider economic and political debates due to: (1) An incomplete understanding of key macroeconomic terms among economic commentators, especially journalists, and the wider community (lack of education); and (2) The deployment of key macroeconomic terms (incorrectly) in the context of pervasive cultural metaphors to support policy interventions that effectively benefit a privileged few at the expense of the majority. We provide a conceptual basis for understanding how the language we use constrains our thinking and we examine some of the key metaphors used to reinforce the flawed message of orthodox economics. We examine key ideas of modern monetary theory—an apolitical model of macroeconomic operations—and propose effective ways of expressing those key ideas in a progressive social and economic framework.

This chapter analyses the contribution of the 1959 Plan de Estabilizacion (Stabilization Plan) to the economic changes that occurred in Spain during the 1960s. Economic growth improved in the 1950s after a decade of stagnation, but it was autarkic growth and the country accumulated serious imbalances. By reducing interventionism, initiating a process of liberalization and creating an appropriate economic framework, after two decades of autarky, the Plan contributed to promoting economic growth and helped change attitudes and mentalities. Moreover, the Plan had a long-term impact by allowing Spain to take advantage of a favourable international context during the 1960s. However, the dictatorship and its political interests restricted the scope of the reforms and negatively shaped the long-term evolution of Spanish economic development.

La política habitacional argentina puede dividirse en ocho etapas, en las que se produjeron cambios importantes en el uso de suelo residencial, especialmente en los espacios urbanos. El objetivo del ensayo es realizar una revisión de las políticas desde el año 1915 hasta la actualidad, que permitan, además, comprender el marco político y económico del país en cada momento. Para alcanzar el objetivo planteado se analiza bibliografía específica producida por investigadores argentinos y de otros países de América Latina, conocedores del tema. Para quienes estudian las políticas habitacionales, es de suma importancia conocer los escritos de los autores especialistas, lograr una síntesis que explique las etapas y características; paro también tener presente la influencia de los gobiernos de turno, como así de la situación socioeconómica. En el análisis se advierten periodos centrados en la vivienda como derecho social; y en otros en que su adquisición es solo mediante capacidad de pago. Los contenidos se organizan considerando tres apartados principales. En primer lugar, se explican los principales conceptos tales como política pública, vivienda y política habitacional. Seguidamente, y a modo de marco referencial, se presenta una síntesis de la generación de políticas habitacionales en América Latina. El último apartado del ensayo explica la situación en Argentina que abarca un poco más de cien años.

The author makes the argument that many racial disparities in health are rooted in political economic processes that undergird racial residential segregation at the mesolevel—specifically, the neighborhood. The dual mortgage market is considered a key political economic context whereby racially marginalized people are isolated into degenerative ecological environments. A multilevel root-cause conceptual framework, the racism-race reification process ( R3p), is proposed and preliminarily tested to delineate how institutional conditions shape the health of racially marginalized individuals through the reification of race. After reviewing and critiquing the conceptual and theoretical roots of R3p, the key components of the synergistic framework are detailed and applied to clarify extant understandings of the upstream (i.e., macrolevel) factors informing racial health disparities. Using aggregated data from the 1994 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Neighborhood Change Database merged at the mesolevel (i.e., the neighborhood cluster) with microlevel data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, exploratory analysis is presented that links dual mortgage market political economies to ethnoracial residential segregation at the mesolevel and to childhood health inequalities at the microlevel. The author concludes by considering how racial inequality is an artifact of the political economic reality of race and racism manifested from the neighborhood-level down.

Although the historical archaeology of the Spanish colonial world is currently witnessing an explosion of research in the Americas, the accompanying political economic framework has tended to remain little interrogated. This paper argues that Spanish colonial contexts bring into particular relief the entanglements between ‘core’ capitalist processes like ‘antimarkets’, dispossession and the disciplining of labour with the specific biopolitical ecologies assembled through co-option, coercion and accumulation. This perspective is explored through two archaeological case studies from Peru and Guatemala, where competing concerns about altitude, climate, disease, violence and populations of differentiated labouring bodies (both human and non-human) came to the fore in unexpected ways. The resulting discussion challenges the reliance on abstract analytical totalities like ‘capitalism’ and ‘colonialism’, and shifts attention towards the diverse assemblages of actors that shaped and continue to shape the processes central to political economic analyses.

This chapter discusses the Peruvian photographic exhibition Yuyanapaq: Para Recordar (To Remember) as one of the first post-conflict public and official efforts created by Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It argues that photography is a platform for transitional justice that facilitates, extends, and even challenges the work of official institutions. The Yuyanapaq photographs, first encoded as news in a variety of print outlets, have traversed the purpose for which they were initially made, becoming a tool that shapes collective remembrance as part of a larger historical, cultural, political, technological, and economic framework. In doing so, Yuyanapaq exemplifies how photojournalistic work can be repurposed within a transitional justice framework and be used as a political project for truth and reconciliation.

In recent decades a substantial shift in landownership has taken place in rural America as millions of acres of land have come under the ownership and control of various financial institutions. This article outlines a political economic framework for explaining and interpreting the signifi- cance of this proliferation of institutional investments into rural lands. Focus- ing on two of the nation's most important rural land resources—timberland and farmland—I suggest that we are witnessing an unprecedented integration between finance capital and landownership that harkens back to previous eras of rentier control. I further suggest that this increasing tendency to treat land as a financial asset—what I refer to as the "financialization of landownership"—gives rise to a number of contradictions that may have profound effects on rural communities across the United States. I conclude with a discussion of a land bubble and the role of institutional landowners in pushing up land prices in both timberland and farmland markets.

This article examines G.D.H. Cole's international thought. It focuses on Cole's treatment of the state as well as his contributions to the tradition of international functionalism. It argues that Cole's thought is unique in its unorthodox use of various intellectual traditions as well as its commitment to civic activism. His social theory, which rejected the state as a desirable form of political organisation, was inspired by Rousseau's republicanism and French syndicalism, and led Cole first to a variation of anarchist internationalism, and then, in light of the economic depression and Fascism, to a version of international functionalism. In the 1930s and 1940s, he accepted the state as an agent of constitutional reform and international planning as a means to bring about change in international relations within a broader supranational economic framework, even if he remained unwilling to attach any intrinsic value to the state. This article argues that Cole's thought still provides a vital resource for t...

This paper provides an economic framework to explain the impact of the media on political polarization. We start from a context where media environments, characterized by their levels of accessibility and ideological content variety, aect citizens’ ideological views and political motivation. From this we derive comparative statics in a model of electoral competition with endogenous turnout in which politicians react to those media-inuenced attitudes. We identify two channels: the ideology eect , whereby a decrease in media ideological variety leads to convergence in citizens’ views and hence to lower polarization; and the composition eect , whereby a lowering of barriers to media accessibility increases turnout and hence aects the composition of the electorate, as the inow of new citizens who turn out are relatively more moderate. We show that the composition eect aects the extensive and intensive margins for political parties chasing voters, so that its ultimate direction depends on the political system: lower polarization in majoritarian systems, but higher polarization under proportional representation. We test the model’s predictions in the US context of the introduction of broadcast TV, in the 1940s and 1950s, and radio, in the 1920s and 1930s. Consistent with our model, the evidence shows that TV decreased polarization, and exposure to radio was associated with lower polarization. The evidence suggests that the composition eect predominated in the case of radio, while the ideology eect was more important in the case of TV.

An increasing number of disasters are generating consequences that extend beyond political boundaries. This article provides an economic framework for designing transboundary emergency management institutions and policies to address these transboundary crises. It emphasizes the importance of economic considerations in two ways. First, we disaggregate economic losses into direct and indirect components, which vary in terms of their transboundary potential. Second, we apply economic principles such as scale economies, externalities and public goods in analysing European cooperation in emergency management. The article concludes by identifying the type of consequences that might best be addressed by a wider geographic and political authority.

This article discusses the French puppet news program Les Guignols de l'info, one of the oldest and most significant satirical television news shows in the world. It combines historical, semiotic, and political economy approaches in assessing the show's contribution to the scholarly debate on news parody. Les Guignols is explained in terms of the transformation of the French network television system and the creation of Canal+. It represented a new mix of genres and assisted network Canal+ to counterprogram successfully and build a brand identity. This, in turn, shaped the political economic framework, legitimatizing commercial television as being in both the national and the public interest. The article considers questions of the relationship among genre, truth, and branding from a political economic perspective.

This paper assesses the policy consensus that exists amongst political parties in the UK in their shared ambition to eradicate child poverty by 2020. Three major pillars of policy – work intensification, re-distribution and skill upgrading – are challenged in terms of their likely success in reducing child poverty. In particular, the assumption that upgrading skills will raise earnings is challenged by examining the changing patterns of work in a selection of developed economies since the 1970s. This paper argues that addressing relative poverty requires an alternative theoretical approach to the neoclassical economics that currently underpins policy. Different national levels of earnings dispersion suggest that the role of institutions and culture in determining market outcomes deserves at least as much attention as the supply of skills.

The multiple roles and services of community media have gained new attention in recent years throughout many countries, particularly in the context of maintaining and promoting independent local communication. The present work is intended to provide a basis for discussion on the legal foundation of, and support for community media. It outlines a series of recommendations for further media-political discussions with the third broadcasting sector based on community media experiences in five European countries: the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany (Lower Saxony), Switzerland and Britain. First, this article gives an overview of the historical development, the current legal, structural, economic and technical framework of community media, as well as their roles and functions within the respective media landscapes. In addition to the aspects of the formal legal anchoring of the sector, indications of social recognition and representation of the sector in immediate media and political practice will also be analysed, in combination with the role of the national community media organisations and the way they contribute to the development of the third media sector framework, in interaction with political systems and authorities. The authors see this article as a high resolution snapshot of the community media landscape in Europe. Apart from offering an overview of the third media sector in Europe, the article will show ''good practices'', general trends, and key challenges and difficulties. This article is intended to serve as a productive impulse for the further academic exploration of community media and to contribute to the growing significance of research on participation.

Sommaire : En 1963, le ministere de l'Agriculture du Quebec mandate le Bureau d'amenagement de l'Est du Quebec (BAEQ) afin de realiser une experience inedite : l'elaboration d'un plan directeur d'amenagement pour les territoires pilotes du Bas-St-Laurent, de la Gaspesie et des Iles-de-la-Madeleine. Le BAEQ sollicitera la participation active des populations concernees afin d'etayer le rapport qu'il entend soumettre au gouvernement, pour attenuer l'ecart socio-economique qui separe l'Est du Quebec du reste de la «Belle province». Les travaux scientifiques portant sur le BAEQ auront ete fort prolifiques jusqu'au milieu des annees 1980. Depuis lors, la communaute scientifique boude cet objet de recherche, comme si un verdict irrevocable avait ete rendu a son egard. Le BAEQ aurait ete le plus retentissant echec de la Revolution tranquille, le prototype de la derive technocratique, l'illustration de la faillite de la planification centralisee du developpement. Une relecture du BAEQ nous permet pourtant d'apprecier comment cette experimentation politique laisse en heritage des innovations sociales qui, au fils du temps, se sont institutionnalisees dans les methodes de l'Etat. Vu sous cet angle, le BAEQ offre un nouveau visage : celui d'une etape cruciale dans l'histoire de l'administration publique quebecoise, dont les retombees ont profondement transforme la logique du developpement territorial au Quebec. Abstract : In 1963, the ministere de l'Agriculture du Quebec directed the Eastern Quebec planning bureau (Bureau d'amenagement de l'Est du Quebec – BAEQ) to accomplish an unprecedented task: to create a Master Development Plan for the pilot territories in the Lower St. Lawrence, Gaspe and Iles-de-la-Madeleine regions. The plan was innovative in its preparation, through both the philosophy that shaped it and its methodology. In fact, the BAEQ appealed for the active participation of the communities directly affected to support the report it planned to submit to the government, to lessen the socio-economic disparities between Eastern Quebec and the rest of “La Belle Province.” The BAEQ completed the project in June 1966, with the submission of a substantial report published in ten volumes and containing more than two hundred recommendations, including several proposals for a major reconfiguration of the political and economic framework in Eastern Quebec. The BAEQ was extremely prolific in its academic writings until the mid-1980s. Since then, sociologists, anthropologists and political scientists seem to have turned a blind eye to this research subject, as if an irrevocable verdict had been rendered against it. The BAEQ seems to have been the biggest failure of the Quiet Revolution, the prototype of the technocratic drift, the illustration of the failure of centralized development planning, and the embodiment of the government's lack of responsiveness towards citizens' demands. And yet, when we re-examine the BAEQ, we can now appreciate how this political experimentation left behind a legacy of social innovations that, over the years, have become an integral part of the government's processes. From this perspective, the BAEQ is seen in a different light : it is a crucial step in the history of public administration in Quebec, the direct and indirect fallout of which has profoundly re-shaped the logistics of territorial development in Quebec.

This work does a short inquiry into the past experience of the Italian banking law and the ownership structure of the Italian credit industry. The inquiry is especially focused on the role played by culture and other historical events (e.g. political ones) in shaping the Italian economic framework. In other words, this paper wants to trace a short and descriptive outline of the evolution of the Italian banks‟ ownership structure in order to show how political and social factors counted in determining the present features of the system

Over the past quarter of a century, China's economic growth, its transition from a socialist to a market-based economy and the integration of the Chinese economy into the global economic system have all progressed significantly. On the other hand, during the same period Japan has been the single largest source of foreign aid to China of all donor nations and international aid organizations, by providing more than half of China's total bilateral aid receipt. This article looks at the role of Japanese foreign aid in China's economic growth and increasing openness, and explains Japan's grand strategy in implementing its aid policy to China. My analysis suggests that there is a positive, albeit indirect, link between Japanese development fund, which is widely known as yen loans, and the growth and increasing openness of the Chinese economy. The evidence also indicates that the link between Japan's provision of yen loans to China and Japan's immediate corporate gains is surprisingly weak. Indeed, Japan has benefited indirectly because yen loans have contributed to the economic growth and openness of China, which in turn make it a better economic partner and more responsible regional neighbour for Japan. In the end, China's economic development, the incorporation of the Chinese economy into the global economic framework and China's transition to a market economy are in Japan's national economic as well as political interests.

As Jane and Peter Schneider's work has shifted over the past three decades, from the Mafia in a Sicilian village to the antimafia movement in Palermo, their epistemology has changed too, from a world systems approach influenced by Wallerstein, to a more political process-centered approach that shows their ethnographic skills to best advantage. Whereas their first book, Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily, placed the Island in its Mediterranean historical/economic framework, the second, Reversible Destiny, shows how culture and politics intertwine in the slow, halting and reversible struggle to displace the Mafia from Sicilians' lives and mentalities. These ‘two songs’ of the Mafia reflect changes in both the Schneiders' opera and in the growth of middle-range theory in today's social scientific treatments of Italy.

The problem of Internet diffusion in developing countries implies supply and demand aspects. In this paper, we focus on the supply aspects because decisions concerning the telecommunications sector have a great impact on the roll-out of networks, infrastructure and service diffusion. As the problems exist at the level of the sector, a micro-economic approach is justified, and we use game theory as a tool. The result is the description of a "story" and a "path", both consisting of successive stages. Ln the “story'', a succession of errors or decisions which are inadequate hinders the diffusion of telecommunications services in the country. In contrast, the "path" is a succession of efficient decisions. The "path" should be chosen. It allows us to obtain the roll-out of an efficient fixed network (allowing Internet services) and the existence of several mobile operators in competition. The main decisions in the "path" are privatisation and the creation of a regulation authority. Also, it is important to aim at the development affixed networks and mobile networks, together., La question posée a deux aspects, demande et offre. Dans ce texte nous insistons sur les aspects d'offre, parce que les décisions prises, concernant le secteur des télécommunications, ont un important impact sur les réseaux et la diffusion des services. Le sujet relevant d'une approche micro-économique, nous avons employé la théorie des jeux, comme méthode. Le résultat est une «histoire» et un «sentier», tous deux constitués de plusieurs étapes. L’«histoire» montre comment plusieurs décisions erronées peuvent gêner le développement des télécommunications dans un pays en développement. Le «sentier» consiste en une succession de décisions adéquates, permettant le développement de réseaux fixes et mobiles dans le pays. Le «sentier» devrait être choisi. Ses principales étapes sont la privatisation et la création d'une agence de régulation. Il est aussi important de développer les réseaux fixes et mobiles, en même temps., Lefebvre Olivier. How Internet diffusion is influenced by the political and economic framework in developing countries. In: NETCOM : Réseaux, communication et territoires / Networks and Communication Studies, vol. 17 n°3-4, december 2003. Geocyberspace Dynamics in an Interconnected World. pp. 149-157.

Scientific research and technical data are often regarded—by politicians, practitioners, and the general public—as tools that can resolve political disputes and improve policy making. In particular, benefit-cost analysis (BCA), which seeks to assess and compare public-policy alternatives using a common economic framework, is often championed as a tool that facilitates improved decision making. Yet in practice, one frequently observes that such technical analyses do not typically resolve policy controversies and, in fact, often exacerbate them instead. We believe that in large part, this failure to positively contribute to policy decision making is due to an insufficient focus by scholars and researchers on the role of BCA (and similar decision tools) as a mediator of research and data brought into the policy environment. In this chapter, we describe how the Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy (AISP) framework, and specifically integrated data systems (IDSs), offers to improve the use of BCA in practice.

Several current researches state that the mere presence of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the classroom does not necessarily lead educational innovation. Even some of them emphasize the limited capacity that these technologies seem to have to encourage and promote innovation processes and improving educational practices./nMoreover, others emphasize the role of ICT Coordination as a dynamic factor of innovative processes in school that contribute to change the mentality of teachers and the renovation of the teaching models that facilitate methodological change in the teaching-learning., /nWe believe, on the other hand, that the ongoing training of teachers in our schools is the essential element to ingrain pedagogical conceptions based on the construction of learning by students that adjust better than previous pedagogies to the new social and technological changes that require modern societies., /nThe political, social and economic framework that our country belongs to, forces our education system to be in accordance with modern trends of Continuing Education and development of so-called key competences that every citizen should have the end of compulsory education in which we can find the digital competence., /nIn this article we present a proposal of innovation based on a learning approach to teaching in which the association between the pedagogical-didactic work with Key Competences and Access to Knowledge Technologies is contemplated., Diversas investigaciones realizadas en los últimos años constatan que la mera presencia de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en el aula no conlleva necesariamente una innovación pedagógica. Incluso algunos de ellos destacan la limitada capacidad que parecen tener estas tecnologías para impulsar y promover procesos de innovación y mejora de las prácticas educativas./nEs también destacado el papel de la Coordinación TIC como elemento dinamizador de procesos innovadores en la escuela que contribuyen al cambio de mentalidad del profesorado y a la renovación de los modelos didácticos que facilitan el cambio metodológico en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje., /nPor todo ello se refleja, por otra parte, que la Formación Permanente del profesorado en nuestras escuelas se constituye como el elemento fundamental para que en las mismas arraiguen concepciones pedagógicas basadas en la construcción de los aprendizajes por parte de los alumnos y alumnas, que se ajustan mejor que pedagogías anteriores a los nuevos cambios sociales y tecnológicos que requieren las sociedades modernas., /nEl marco político, social y económico al que pertenece nuestro país hace que nuestro sistema educativo deba estar en concordancia con las actuales tendencias de educación permanente y desarrollo de las denominadas competencias básicas que todo ciudadano debe poseer al finalizar la educación obligatoria en la cual podemos encontrar como eje transversal la competencia digital., /nEn el presente artículo presentamos una propuesta de innovación basada en un planteamiento formativo del profesorado en el que se contempla la asociación entre el trabajo pedagógico-didáctico con las competencias básicas y las Tecnologías de Acceso al Conocimiento (TAGC)., Diverses enquêtes au cours des dernières années ont trouvé que la simple présence de technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) dans la salle de classe ne conduit pas nécessairement à l’innovation pédagogique. Même certains d’entre eux soulignent la capacité limitée de ces technologies qui semblent encourager et de promouvoir les processus d’innovation et l’amélioration des pratiques éducatives./nIl est également souligné le rôle de la Coordination TIC en tant que élément dynamique dans les processus innovants dans l’école qui contribuent à changer la mentalité des enseignants et le renouvellement des modèles éducatifs qui facilitent le changement méthodologique dans l’enseignement-apprentissage., /nNous croyons, en outre, que la formation continue des enseignants dans nos écoles se présente comme l’élément fondamental pour qu’ils enracinent les concepts pédagogiques d’enseignement basées sur la construction de l’apprentissage des élèves qui s’adaptent mieux qu’avant aux nouveaux changements sociaux et technologiques que les sociétés modernes exigent., /nLe cadre politique, social et économique qui appartient à notre pays fait que notre système d’éducation doit être en conformité avec les tendances actuelles de l’Éducation et le développement des Compétences Basic que chaque citoyen doit avoir au bout de la scolarité obligatoire dans laquel on retrouve comme axe transversal la compétence digital., /nDans cet article, nous présentons une proposition basée sur une approche innovante de la formation des enseignants dans lequel l’association entre le travail pedagogique et didactique avec les compétences de base et des Technologies d’Accès pour la Génération de Connaissances (TAGC).

All economic processes are increasingly being networked across the globe. This economic globalisation has become possible through the globalisation of information and communication technology networks. In view of such growing globalisation of economic processes, the region and its enterprises can only sustain competitiveness on the basis of continuous innovation processes, i.e., through continuous learning. The question, however, is which kind of economic framework – established by regional or transregional politics – is needed to support such innovation and learning processes in the region. In this paper, some aspects of this framework and its structural change processes are described, leading to the strategy to implement the concept of a Learning Region. The Learning Region is characterised in that it recognises its own needs for change and to accept these challenges, leading to its own learning processes within its cooperative networks.

Global harmonization of accounting is a challenging and controversial issue currently confronting accounting standard setters and market regulators internationally. To date, Australia is further along in its international harmonization program than any other country with an established standard-setting regime. While no country's national standard-setting arrangements are likely to be subject to political pressures identical to those recently exerted in Australia, there are lessons to be learned from the Australian events. Given the political nature of standard setting, it is not surprising that the Australian experience indicates that pushes for harmonization are not necessarily what they seem. This paper describes the Australian experience and identifies some of the political drivers of recent standard-setting reform initiatives. It demonstrates how the rhetoric of harmonization can divert attention from politically motivated changes to the fundamental basis of standard setting. Using the harmonization banner to garner support in principle, parties with vested interests can push regulatory agendas that potentially subrogate user needs.

In this study I have discussed two distinct, though intimately connected, topics. To begin with, the status and role of the major polity in the MB II southern Levant was scrutinized. It is apparent that one must deal with this site on a completely different scale from other contemporary southern Levantine sites. As suggested, in fact it should be placed within the context of the Syro-Mesopotamian cultural sphere. As such, its dominant role in the political and economic framework of the Southern Levant is seen, and the far-reaching effect that it had on inter- and intra-regional trade is evidenced.With this as a background, an analysis of the trade patterns of the MB II southern Levant reveals intricate patterns that fit in nicely with the suggested reconstructions of the political and social structure of this period. When these suggested patterns are implemented on a local, regional scale (in regard to the Central Jordan Valley), as sort of a case study of the larger picture, the entire picture fi...

Until 1990, Australian managers could classify recurring gains and losses outside the normal operations of the firm as either operating or extraordinary items. The results of this study indicate that managers of companies with highly unionised workforces, and therefore subject to labour-related political costs, attempted to affect the probability of wealth transfers by smoothing reported net operating profit via the classification of those recurring gains and losses. The degree of management ownership is associated with classificatory smoothing but interest coverage is not, indicating differential contracting influences. © AAANZ, 1999.

This article explores the control of rural malaria shortly before and after World War II. During this period rural malaria moved from being an almost impossible problem to control to one which many believed could be eradicated. However, instead of rural development serving as an operational and economic framework for malaria control, as some had advocated before the war, malaria control moved toward independence in the form of a global eradication campaign. Whereas this transition is generally portrayed strictly in terms of the success of DDT, I document how various factors, the Cold War in particular, contributed to the "inevitability" of eradication.

A political economic framework is used to describe an economy following transition to private ownership. Thetransition, characterized by massive privatization, is accompanied by a change in the legal system, which isinfluenced by the elite who may be described as either corrupt or non-corrupt. The ability of the corrupt elite toinfluence the ruling party may lead to weak legal institutions, which cause underinvestment, corruption, andcapturing of lucrative industries by corrupt investors. By introducing heterogeneity among industries, we extendthe literature and show that the corrupt investors corrupt the more lucrative industries, and in corrupt economiescorrupt investors may separate themselves from the non-corrupt investors. Furthermore, we identified twomethods used by the corrupt investors to siphon profit – output stealing and profit stealing – and illustrate thatcorrupt investors may substitute between the two methods to alleviate the constraints created by strongerinstitutions. To this end, strengthening the institutions only in one dimension may, at the end of the day, causeoutput, as well as investment, to decline.

Thousands of fighters from at least eight African states and several insurgent groups are involved in a war in Congo-Kinshasa since 1998. This article investigates the context and dynamics of the war to determine the reasons for the conflict. The outcome of the conflict is still unpredictable at the time of writing and the article tentatively explores the chance for stability in Africa's third largest country. The article begins with an analysis of the country's political order, the economic framework, regional dynamics, the impact of the rebellion of 1996-1997, Kabila's rule and the volatile security situation by 1998. The rebellions of 1996-1997 and 1998 are compared and the escalation of the 1998 rebellion into a regional war is traced. Finally, the article looks at the prospects for regional peace and stability in Congo-Kinshasa.

En el documento se identifica el lugar de las políticas de inclusión social y el valor de las alianzas dentro del marco constitucional colombiano. A partir de dos estudios de caso, se observan las dinámicas que han generado las nuevas teorías del desarrollo y la gestión pública, en las acciones públicas, y la incidencia que sobre ellas han tenido otro tipo de actores. La presente investigación es un referente metodológico para orientar la acción de actores, tanto públicos como privados, comprometidos con los fines sociales establecidos en el nuevo marco político y económico. The paper identifies the place of social inclusion policies and the value of partnerships within the Colombian constitutional framework. Using two case studies, there are dynamics that have generated new theories of development and governance in public actions and the impact they have had on other players. This research is a methodological reference to guide the actions of actors, both public and private, committed to social goals established in the new political and economic framework.

Madmen, Intellectuals, and Academic Scribblers presents a simple, economic framework for understanding the systematic causes of political change. Wayne A. Leighton and Edward J. Lopez take up three interrelated questions: Why do democracies generate policies that impose net costs on society? Why do such policies persist over long periods of time, even if they are known to be socially wasteful and better alternatives exist? And, why do certain wasteful policies eventually get repealed, while others endure? The authors examine these questions through familiar policies in contemporary American politics, but also draw on examples from around the world and throughout history. Assuming that incentives drive people's decisions, the book matches up three key ingredients-ideas, rules, and incentives-with the characters who make political waves: madmen in authority (such as Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Margaret Thatcher), intellectuals (like Jon Stewart and George Will), and academic scribblers (in the vein of Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes). Political change happens when these characters notice holes in the structure of ideas, institutions, and incentives, and then act as entrepreneurs to shake up the status quo.

Traditional fisheries often coexist tenuously with modern economies. Within Canada, Newfoundland has a heavily subsidized groundfishery. Despite repeated crises and innumerable studies, the commercially unviable fishery continues to support too many fishermen because the industrial society in which the fishery is embedded provides few employment alternatives. Society can “muddle through,”; hoping that demographic or political changes will solve the problem, or can eliminate subsidies, letting fishermen fend for themselves, or systematically reduce the size of the industry. Action must ultimately be taken; governments will not subsidize the industry forever, and continued overfishing can lead to the complete closure of the fishery. This article describes the historical and economic framework of the Newfoundland fishery, the crises it has faced over the past twenty‐five years, and the public debate over its future. Although the details are specific to Newfoundland, a similar story could be told of ...

This paper summarises the major trends which produced a crisis in the Brazilian Housing Finance System (SFH) during the first half of the 1980s. It constitutes a first effort to contextualise the question within the broader economic framework of recent Brazilian development. It holds the thesis that the crisis was inevitable, due to both the SFH's original operational format and several inconsistent measures adopted piecemeal according to political and economic convenience.

Over the last several years, Afghanistan has once again floated in and out of television, radio, and front-page news stories. Much has been the cause of this media resurgence: the infamous Taliban emerged in 1994 and seized Kabul by 1996; the events of September 2001 highlighted Afghanistan’s status as a terrorist breeding ground; the U.S.-led invasion followed in October of the same year with a U.S.-backed interim government led by Hamid Karzai installed; the conferences held in Bonn in 2001, Tokyo in 2002, Berlin in 2004, and most recently London in 2006 to lay out a political and economic framework for the country; and national presidential and parliamentary elections held in 2004 and 2005 respectively. However, the Afghanistan experience only continues to become more complicated and increasingly difficult to understand due to the multifaceted nature of Afghanistan’s postconflict condition.

This article analyses the centre-periphery divergence over the Korean question in the Russian Far East, taking into account material from both Russian central and regional archives. The relative permeability of the frontiers in the Far East practically up to the 1950s and the heavy dependence of the Russian/Soviet Far East's economy on Manchurian commodity streams at least until the beginning of the 1930s gave this region a ‘double periphery’ character. After the act of judicial ‘Sovietization’ of the Russian Far East, the Bolsheviks initially tested a model wherein the ‘political substance’ of Bolshevism was developed on the old market economic framework, which had been adapted to the needs of the new regime mainly through reform measures and not with revolutionary sweep. However, the export-import orientation of the Dal'krai regional economy, which resulted from the region's economic separation from European Russia and its dependence on Manchurian and Pacific commodity markets, was not initially underst...

This study explores scenarios for economic development in Russia in the coming decade. A novel method - combining scenario technique and empirical growth theory - permits the inclusion of key political and institutional factors in a quantitative economic framework. The political, economic, institutional and international trends analysed make a strong case for a baseline scenario in which Russian investment rates will rise only moderately up to 2010. Against the background of optimistic growth projections pinned on the hope of a rapid improvement of the investment climate our baseline scenario calls for more realism. Alternative scenarios are conceivable but less likely: events could take a turn for the better, if a favourable combination of economic and political conditions leads to a second transition. But downside scenarios are possible, too.

In this presentation I will focus on the situation and development of academic libraries both in a macro and micro perspective. The macro perspective comprises society as a whole, higher education and research – areas in which libraries believe they have little or no influence. The micro perspective comprises conditions within the libraries or within the political and economic framework of the libraries.

This chapter expresses my view of the new characteristics which are emerging on the part of the earth’s surface that used to be called the Soviet Union. The disintegration of the Soviet Union was inevitable. It was caused by the fact that its totalitarian structure was incapable of prolonged survival, given the economic structure that had been provided. The first, timid attempt to change this economic framework was carried out under Alexei Kosygin. But it would be more accurate to say that change was never implemented: there was only the hope that this would be done. And not a single thought was ever given to changing the political essence of the state.

Preface - Hostile Environment - The Economic Framework - Wheels of Commerce - Society - Towns - Religion - Culture and the Arts - Enlightenment - Science - International Relations - Government and Administration - Armies and War Fare - Ideology, Politics, Reform and the coming of Revolution

El artículo analiza las formas del poblamiento y las estructuras socio-económicas del Bajo Ebro en época romana. Se plantean, en particular, las relaciones entre la distribución del habitat, el paisaje rural, las estructuras de la producción agrícola y de la propiedad. Se analiza igualmente el origen y evolución histórica de estas estructuras, así como su integración en un marco político, social y económico más amplio, constituido por la provincia Tarraconense. This paper analyses the settlement patterns and the social-economic structures in Bajo Ebro in Roman times. It covers especifically relationships among settlements, rural landscape, structures of agricultural production and landowning. Likewise, the origin and historical evolution of these structures are studied, as well as their role within a broader political, social and economic framework in the Province of Tarraconensis.