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Introduction: Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is a common health condition that is associated with an increased risk for bronchial asthma. Besides conventional medicine, treatments from traditional, complementary and integrative medicine are widely used by individuals with SAR. This review aims to systematically summarize evidence on the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of European/Western phytotherapy (PT) and medications from anthroposophic medicine (AM) in individuals with SAR. Methods: Four electronic databases were screened for clinical studies published between January 1990 and March 2023. The results were qualitatively synthesized and the study quality was assessed. Results: In total, 14 studies were included, 11 from European/Western PT and three from AM. About half of the studies were rated as being of sufficient quality. The most frequently studied plant was Petasites hybridus (butterbur), showing beneficial effects on immunological parameters, subjective symptoms, and nasal airflow. Beneficial immunological and clinical effects were also shown for an herbal preparation combining Citrus limonis (lemon) and Cydonia oblonga (quince). The medications examined by studies of sufficient quality were judged to be safe. Conclusion: In summary, this systematic review highlights two herbal preparations, one from European/Western PT and one from AM, that appear to be promising options in the treatment of SAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Numerous studies indicate the multifactorial genesis of allergic diseases, which development and manifestation are underpinned by both endogenous and exogenous factors. Genetic predisposition is considered significant among the endogenous factors. The existing genetic research often presents contradictory findings and population-specific characteristics, thereby prompting further investigation into the role of polymorphism in the genes of body defense and adaptation systems in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases with pollinosis among them. Objective. To study the distribution characteristics of certain polymorphic loci of genes involved in the antioxidant defense system and biotransformation of xenobiotics (superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase), pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines as genetic risk factors influencing the onset and characteristics of pollinosis. Methods. An observational prospective case-control study involved patients from regional allergy centers (Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 and the Outpatient Department of the Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2, Krasnodar Krai, Russia). Additionally, the study enrolled 1st to 6th-year students of the Kuban State Medical University, who suffer from seasonal allergies. The study was carried out during the acute period of the disease, from February 20, 2023 to May 31, 2024. Based on clinical and anamnestic data, laboratory analysis results, and questionnaires considering the aforementioned compliance criteria, two study groups were formed depending on the disease course and its severity. Group 1 comprised patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (n = 55), group 2 included patients with a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in combination with bronchial asthma (n = 35). In addition, a control group (n = 61) was formed from individuals undergoing preventive medical check-ups in specified organizations, as well as from allergy-free 1st to 6th-year students of the Kuban State Medical University. The distribution of genotypes of polymorphic variants of the following genes: -58 T>C SOD2, -313 A>G GSTP1, -308 G>А TNF-α, -592 C>A IL-10 among the study groups was considered a primary outcome measure of the study. Additional study parameters included indicators of the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation, which were determined in order to evaluate the pathogenetic role of polymorphic variants of the studied genes in the patients (activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, and the level of malondialdehyde). Statistical analysis was performed using the Jamovi 2.3 (2022) software (Jamovi Project, Australia). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. The study established the metabolic shifts in the pro-/antioxidant system, leading to a condition characterized as oxidative stress in the study group of patients. An analysis of the distribution of genotypes for the -58 T>C SOD2 polymorphism gene revealed that the heterozygous TC genotype was more frequently observed in the allergic rhinitis group (p < 0.001, odds ratio = 8.636; 95% confidence interval: 2.99–24.91) and in the group of patients with allergic rhinitis combined with bronchial asthma (p < 0.05, odds ratio = 3.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.30–10.86). The mutant genotype polymorphism -313A>G GSTP1 gene was characteristic of patients in the allergic rhinitis group (p < 0.05, odds ratio = 5.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.26–21.86). The predominance of the GA genotype of the -308 G>А TNF-α gene polymorphism was characteristic of patients in all study groups (p C SOD2, -313A>G GSTP1, -308 G>А TNF-α in individuals suffering from pollinosis obtains high predictive potential for disease development, its course, and guiding treatment strategies.

Tea intake has been associated with health benefits, including potential beneficial effects of catechin-containing teas on allergic symptoms. However, large-scale epidemiological studies on the relationship between tea intake and allergic symptoms have been limited. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the frequency of tea intake and cedar pollen allergy, which is a major cause of seasonal hay fever in Japan, in a large Japanese epidemiological cohort. Data on cedar pollen antibody levels assessed by blood tests and frequency of tea intake (green tea, coarse tea, oolong tea, and black tea) by a self-administered questionnaire from 16,623 residents in the Tohoku region of Japan were used in this study. The association between frequency of tea intake (less than once a week, 1–6 times/week, and more than once a day) and serum levels of cedar pollen-specific IgE (lumicount, LC: negative, 0–1.39; positive, ≥1.40) was analysed using a logistic regression model. Green tea intake (≥vs.

Purpose of Review: Allergy diagnostics and immunotherapeutics in Asia heavily rely on imported products from Western countries, raising concerns about the accuracy and efficacy of these products for the management of Asian allergy patients. Recent Findings : Recent advancements in allergen research have led to the identification and characterization of novel allergens from indigenous Korean species. While some allergens share homology with well-known allergens, others lack counterparts in imported allergen extracts. Summary: Classifying regional allergens in Asia into three categories based on their cross-reactivity with imported allergens offers valuable insights. Highly cross-reactive allergens, such as oak allergens Que m 1 from Quercus mongolica and Que ac 1 from Q. acutissima, can be effectively substituted with the imported allergens. Allergens with partial cross-reactivity, like the Asian needle ant allergen Pac c 3 (Antigen 5), permit limited diagnostic value by the currently available products. Unique allergens, including the Japanese hop allergen Hum j 6 (pectin methylesterase inhibitor) and the silkworm pupa allergen Bomb m 4 (30 kDa hemolymph lipoprotein) lack alternatives in the available product list. Greater attention is needed, particularly for species listed as ecologically invasive in Western regions. Additionally, allergens from domestic fruits and vegetables causing pollen food allergy syndrome require characterization for the development of improved diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Allergy to birch pollen is a common allergic disease. The main allergen of birch pollen is Bet v 1. The Bet v 1 protein structure is the similar to proteins of hazel, alder and elm pollen, as well as fruits proteins (apples, apricots, peaches, cherries) and vegetables ones (carrots, celery). Therefore, children with an allergy to the Bet v 1 protein may experience oral allergy syndrome (OAS) and even anaphylaxis when eating these foods. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the indication for the pollen allergy treatment.Presentation of the clinical case. A 11 years old child was observed with a diagnosis of bronchial asthma, allergic form, moderate persistent clinical course. Pollinosis. Allergic rhinitis. Allergic conjunctivitis. Allergy to birch pollen (Bet v 1). Cross food hypersensitivity: oral syndrome (PR-10 proteins) and anaphylaxis (hazelnuts, peanuts). Systemic manifestations of pollen allergy limit immunotherapy due to the possible development of adverse reactions.The child was prescribed sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with the medication “Staloral birch pollen allergen”. Baseline therapy was chosen for the child to achieve control of asthma and rhinitis, a hypoallergenic diet with the exclusion of significant food allergens was prescribed. Asthma and rhinitis exacerbation and OAS was observed during the 1st and 2nd treatment courses. Against the background of baseline therapy, SLIT was continued. The full maintenance dose was achieved during the 3rd SLIT course. Immunotherapy contributed to the reduction of symptoms of rhinitis and asthma, reduction of disease clinical course severity, reduction of baseline medications doses and OAS relief.

Pollinosis is one of the common allergic diseases, and its morbidity continues to increase. Studies have demonstrated that air pollution is a key environmental factor that leads to the increased prevalence of pollinosis. Air pollutants and pollen allergens exert synergistic effects in stimulating allergic responses in susceptible individuals. In this article, we analyzed the relationship between air pollution and pollinosis based on the latest studies, and elaborated potential mechanisms on how air pollution increases the incidence of pollinosis and aggravates allergic reactions. Air pollutants can increase both pollen production and the levels of allergenic proteins, and enhance allergenicity of pollen allergens through structural alterations or chemical modifications. The potential mechanisms of air pollutants exacerbating pollen allergies are as follows: Air pollutants may disrupt the barrier function of the respiratory epithelium and facilitate the penetration of pollen allergens into deeper tissues. Additionally, they may accelerate the process of the release of pollen allergy-related cytokines, promoting T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation and exacerbating inflammatory responses in the airways. Given the limitations of existing research, future prospective studies are needed to explore the effects of mixed pollutants and different types of pollutants on pollen, and the response mechanisms of allergy-related cells and cytokines to different pollutant categories. The findings would provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of air pollution on pollen allergies and scientific evidence for effective protection of the heath of pollinosis patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sublingual drops of Artemisia annua pollen allergen in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) sensitized by Artemisia annua pollen, and to provide a clinical basis for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) in patients with SAR. Methods One hundred and forty-eight patients diagnosed with Artemisia pollen AR were enrolled in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel-group study. The SLIT group (n=74) was given sublingual drops of Artemisia annua, supplemented with symptomatic treatment (ST) as needed; while the placebo group (n=74) was given sublingual placebo, supplemented with antihistamines and topical hormone therapy as needed. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS), visual analogue scale (VAS), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life scale (RQLQ) and Th17/Treg immune balance were used as efficacy evaluation indexes, and the occurrence of adverse events was used as safety evaluation index. Results After 9 months of treatment, compared with placebo group, SLIT group showed better improvement in TNSS, VAS and RQLQ scores, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The percentage of Th17 cells and the expression of serum IL-17 in the SLIT group were lower than those in the placebo group, while the percentage of Treg cells and the expression of transforming grouth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were higher than those in the placebo group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). A total of 39 adverse events were observed in the two groups, most of which were mild and transient adverse reactions, and few were moderate adverse reactions, no serious adverse reactions, and no adverse outcomes. Conclusions Specific immunotherapy with sublingual Artemisia annua pollen allergen can control the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients with Artemisia pollen induced AR, without increasing adverse reactions. The effect may be achieved by regulating the immune balance of Th17/Treg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the effects of childhood swimming on respiratory allergic symptoms. We investigated the relationship between swimming and respiratory allergic symptoms in schoolchildren. Methods: A questionnaire regarding participation in sports club activities and respiratory allergic symptoms in schoolchildren was distributed to the parents of all 6853 public school students (aged 6–14 years) in Omihachiman City, Shiga, Japan. The relationships between participation in sports club activities and the prevalence of respiratory allergic symptoms were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Questionnaires were returned for 4991 schoolchildren (response rate: 72.8%). Logistic regression analysis revealed significant positive associations between swimming and rhinitis (42.9% vs. 38.9%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–1.44), and swimming and pollinosis (32.1% vs. 28.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.47). The duration of participation in swimming activities was also significantly positively associated with the prevalence of rhinitis and pollinosis. Those who had participated in swimming activities for 6 years or more showed significantly higher prevalences of rhinitis and pollinosis (46.3% and 36.4%, respectively) than those without swimming activities (38.9% and 28.1%, respectively) and those who had participated in swimming activities for 5 years or less (40.1% and 28.5%, respectively). Conclusions: Swimming was associated with the prevalence of rhinitis and pollinosis in schoolchildren, especially among those who had participated in swimming activities for 6 years or more. Preventive measures and early interventions for rhinitis and pollinosis should be recommended to these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence and severity of allergic diseases, including pollinosis, are increasing worldwide. Hay fever develops due to the complex interaction of genes and manifests itself due to exogenous factors. The main environmental etiology of allergy is plant pollen. Continuous study and analysis of the air pollen spectrum constitute the basis of air monitoring and are important in developing preventive measures for allergic diseases. Objective: To perform an air pollen monitoring in Kr snodar and to assess the treatment of patients with pollinosis in various cities and districts of the Krasnodar Region according to the Krasnodar Regional Allergy Center data. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the patients seeking medical care due to allergy in the Krasnodar Region using the statistical data obtained in 2022 from the Krasnodar Regional Allergy Center. We assessed the effects of air pollen pollution according to the data of air pollen monitoring in Krasnodar during the main activity of herbaceous plants’ taxa (from April 1, 2022 to October 31, 2022). We used AeRobiology and Microsoft Excel 2010 tools for data processing and development of the main parameters of the pollen season. Results: According to the Krasnodar Regional Allergy Center data, there were 37,212 people diagnosed with J45.0, J46 and 20,012 people diagnosed with J30.1-30.4 in 2022. We identified 8 allergenic taxa of herbaceous plants in the Krasnodar air. We found that the total seasonal pollen concentration increased by an average of 1.8 in 2022 compared to previous monitoring periods in 2018-2021. Conclusions: Comparative assessment of the prevalence of pollinosis and the air pollen monitoring are important for effective medical care.

Allergenic airborne pollen can induce hay fever such as rhinitis and asthma. Many studies have been conducted on the allergenic pollution caused by airborne pollen. We synthesized available studies to summarize the temporal and spatial distributions of airborne pollen and influencing meteorological factors. We further summarized and discussed the hazards of airborne pollen sensitization on human health and evaluation indicators for classifying hazard levels. We described the research progress of prevention and control measures of airborne pollen induced pollution from the perspectives of source control, route monitoring, and prevention of susceptible population. Considering the limitations of current studies, we proposed some research directions on allergenic airborne pollen. The types of allergenic plants needed to be clearly identified and allergentic potential should be quantitatively identified. The methods of pollen collection and concentration monitoring needed to be improved and standardized. This review could provide a scientific guidance for the study on preventing and treating pollen allergies as well as optimizing urban green space planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of pollinosis in children and adolescents is determined by the influence of genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenetic basis of pollinosis in children and adolescents is the differentiation of Th0 to Th2, activation of Th2cells and increasing of the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, sIgE, activation of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, with following development of IgE-mediated allergic reaction after exposure to pollen allergens and the manifestation of clinical symptoms of pollinosis (allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma). Children and adolescents with pollinosis often develop cross-allergic reactions to plant-based foods. Pathogenetic pharmacotherapy (antihistamines of the second generation, topical corticosteroids, antileukotrienes, decongestants) allows to achieve control over the symptoms of pollinosis. Subcutaneous and sublingual ASIT are high effective, they reduce the severity of symptoms of pollinosis, decrease the risk of developing bronchial asthma and severe clinical forms of pollinosis. The sublingual ASIT is more safe than subcutaneous ASIT.

The study focused on spontaneous and allergen-induced basophil activation (BAT) as well as on specific IgE indicators to major meadow grass pollen allergens on the background of allergen-immunotherapy (AIT) in patients sensitized to weed pollen. The study revealed that the specific IgE indicators to major ragweed allergens (nAmb a 1) and wormwood (nArt v 1) allergens, as well as the ratios of spec. IgE nAmb a 1/gen. IgE, and spec. IgE nArt v 1/gen. IgE do not change after 2 courses of pre-seasonal ASIT. There was a decrease detected in BAT indicators under the effect of ASIT. An early decrease in the BAT stimulation index (BAT IC) was shown to be more common for patients with positive treatment outcomes.

The Practical Guideline for the Management of Allergic Rhinitis, the fist guideline for allergic rhinitis in Japan, was prepared after a symposium held by the Japanese Society of Allergology in 1993. The current 9th edition was published in 2020 and is widely used today.The most recent collection of evidence from the literature was supplemented to the revised guideline to incorporate evidence-based medicine. The revised guideline includes updated epidemiology of allergic rhinitis in Japan, a figure representing the mechanisms of allergic rhinitis in both the onset and sensitization phases with the introduction of regulatory T cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells, practical assessment for diagnosis, new pharmacotherapy agents such as anti-IgE mAb and a new drug delivery system for antihistamines, sublingual immunotherapy for children, dual sublingual immunotherapy for house dust mites and Japanese cedar pollen extract, new classification for surgery for allergic rhinitis, and treatment and prescriptions for older adults. An evidence-based step-by-step strategy for treatment is also described.

Freerk Prenzel1,2 &ast;, Regina Treudler1,3 &ast;, Tobias Lipek,1,2 Maike vom Hove,1,2 Paula Kage,1,3 Simone Kuhs,1,4 Thorsten Kaiser,1,4 Maximilian Bastl,5 Jan Bumberger,6– 8 Jon Genuneit,9,10 Thomas Hornick,8,11 Stefan Klotz,8,12 Julia Zarnowski,1,3 Maren Boege,1,13 Veit Zebralla,1,13 Jan-Christoph Simon,1,3 Susanne Dunker8,11 1Leipziger Interdisciplinary Center for Allergy (LICA), Comprehensive Allergy Center, Leipzig, Germany; 2University of Leipzig, Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Leipzig, Germany; 3University of Leipzig, Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Leipzig, Germany; 4University of Leipzig, Medical Center, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany; 5Medical University of Vienna, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Vienna, Austria; 6Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Leipzig, Germany; 7Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Research Data Management, Leipzig, Germany; 8German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle, Jena, Leipzig, Germany; 9Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; 10German Center for Child and Youth Health, Leipzig/ Dresden, Dresden, Germany; 11Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department Physiological Diversity, Leipzig, Germany; 12Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department Community Ecology, Halle, Germany; 13University of Leipzig, Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Leipzig, Germany&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Susanne Dunker, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany, Tel +49 341 9733170, Email susanne.dunker@ufz.dePurpose: Ailanthus altissima is one of the world’s most invasive species with a globally problematic spread. Pollen is dispersed locally and partially airborne. We aimed at investigating if (i) A. altissima pollen can be detected in relevant quantity in the air and if (ii) sensitization to A. altissima can be detected in patients with seasonal exacerbation of atopic diseases.Patients and Methods: We recorded distribution of A. altissima in Leipzig, Germany. In 2019 and 2020, pollen was collected with a Hirst-type pollen trap placed on the roof of the University Hospital. Specific IgE investigations were performed in children and adults with history of atopic diseases with deterioration between May and July. We analysed specific IgE for A. altissima, Alternaria sp., birch, grasses, profilins, polcalcins and crossreacting carbohydrates.Results: We found abundant growth of A. altissima and pollen was detected from early June to mid-July with a maximum pollen concentration of 31 pollen/m3. Out of 138 patients (63 female, 69 children/adolescents), 95 (69%) had seasonal allergic rhinitis, 84 (61%) asthma, and 43 (31%) atopic dermatitis. Sensitization to A. altissima was shown in 59 (42%). There were no significant differences between age groups. In 59% of patients sensitized (35/59), there was no sensitization to possibly cross-reacting structures.Conclusion: Sensitization to A. altissima pollen could be detected in 42% of our patients with atopic diseases, suggesting allergenic potential of this neophyte. In the context of further spread with climate change, eradication strategies and population-based sensitization studies are needed.Keywords: allergy, invasive species, neophyte, pollinosis, pollen count

Up-to-date reporting of atmospheric pollen contents is essential to assist doctors and allergy sufferers alike to undertake treatment or preventative measures. We have evaluated the extent of the digitally accessible knowledge (DAK) created by the Spanish network of pollen monitoring stations and analyzed the gaps in three main DAK factors: data completeness, data obsolescence, and data publication. Data from 118 distinct stations were discovered, of which one in four seemed to have discontinued publication of updated data either continuously or seasonally. While two-thirds of the sites published data through their own local portals, only about one-half also contributed daily data to the two main aggregators in the country (SEAIC and REA), which in turn were the only outlets available for one-tenth of the sites. The analysis revealed the probable existence of completely obscure sites recording, but not reporting, data. Recovering or surfacing dormant or silent sites may significantly improve the DAK about pollen in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry eye (DE) and hay fever (HF) show synergistic exacerbation of each other's pathology through inflammatory pathways. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between DE and HF comorbidity and the related risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using crowdsourced multidimensional data from individuals who downloaded the AllerSearch smartphone app in Japan between February 2018 and May 2020. AllerSearch collected the demographics, medical history, lifestyle and residential information, HF status, DE symptoms, and HF-related quality of life. HF symptoms were evaluated using the nasal symptom score (0-15 points) and nonnasal symptom score (0-12 points). HF was defined by the participants' responses to the questionnaire as HF, non-HF, or unknown. Symptomatic DE was defined as an Ocular Surface Disease Index total score (0-100 points), with a threshold score of 13 points. HF-related quality of life was assessed using the Japanese Allergic Conjunctival Disease Standard Quality of Life Questionnaire (0-68 points). We conducted a multivariable linear regression analysis to examine the association between the severity of DE and HF symptoms. We subsequently conducted a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with symptomatic DE (vs nonsymptomatic DE) among individuals with HF. Dimension reduction via Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection stratified the comorbid DE and HF symptoms. The symptom profiles in each cluster were identified using hierarchical heat maps. Results: This study included 11,284 participants, classified into experiencing HF (9041 participants), non-HF (720 participants), and unknown (1523 participants) groups. The prevalence of symptomatic DE among individuals with HF was 49.99% (4429/9041). Severe DE symptoms were significantly associated with severe HF symptoms: coefficient 1.33 (95% CI 1.10-1.57; P <.001) for mild DE, coefficient 2.16 (95% CI 1.84-2.48; P <.001) for moderate DE, and coefficient 3.80 (95% CI 3.50-4.11; P <.001) for severe DE. The risk factors for comorbid symptomatic DE among individuals with HF were identified as female sex; lower BMI; medicated hypertension; history of hematologic, collagen, heart, liver, respiratory, or atopic disease; tomato allergy; current and previous mental illness; pet ownership; living room and bedrooms furnished with materials other than hardwood, carpet, tatami, and vinyl; discontinuation of contact lens use during the HF season; current contact lens use; smoking habits; and sleep duration of <6 hours per day. Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection stratified the heterogeneous comorbid DE and HF symptoms into 14 clusters. In the hierarchical heat map, cluster 9 was comorbid with the most severe HF and DE symptoms, and cluster 1 showed severe HF symptoms with minimal DE-related symptoms. Conclusions: This crowdsourced study suggested a significant association between severe DE and HF symptoms. Detecting DE among individuals with HF could allow effective prevention and interventions through concurrent treatment for ocular surface management along with HF treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary food allergies due to cross-reactivity between pollen and plant food allergens are a significant and increasingly global health issue. The term ‘pollen–food allergy syndrome’ (PFAS) defines a series of clinical symptoms in pollen-sensitised patients after the ingestion of plant-derived food. The symptoms of PFAS range from localised oral symptoms to severe systemic reactions. The exact prevalence of PFAS is uncertain for various reasons, including a wide geographical distribution and the lack of standardised population-based studies. Three highly conserved protein classes responsible for most PFAS cases are the profilin, the pathogenesis-related protein group 10 (PR-10) and non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs). It has been postulated that climate change, pollution and agricultural practices may increase the expression of these and other defence proteins in plants, causing an increase in allergen load exposure. With advances in component-resolved diagnostic testing, the role of these other allergens can now be revealed. The diagnosis of PFAS is multifaceted and includes a comprehensive clinical history focusing on inhalant allergy and potential cross-reactivities combined with different in vitro and in vivo tests. A better understanding of the cross-reacting allergens and their characteristics may create an awareness of this allergy syndrome essential to managing such patients correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From clinical point of view, knowledge of the pollen season and loads in the atmosphere of every community is important so as to guide on incidence and management of pollinosis. The aim of this work therefore is to evaluate the weekly constituents of the atmospheric pollen and fern spores of two communities in Lagos Nigeria and the relationship, if any, between the weekly aeroflora and hospital reported pollinosis cases. As part of efforts to contribute to the gathering of aerobiological data in Lagos State, a weekly gravimetric sampling of two locations (Ipaja and Ogba) in Lagos, Nigeria were undertaken from January 2018–December 2018 and the reported pollinosis cases (asthma and rhinitis) were collected from the surrounding hospitals. The samplers were placed on rigid platforms at 2 m above the ground level, the harvested residues were subjected to standard palynological procedure and twenty microlitres of each sample were studied microscopically. A total of 30 pollen taxa were identified with Amaranthaceae (544) dominating the palynomorphs at Ipaja and Elaeis guineensis (347) at Ogba. Using correlation (r = 0.1, p-value = 0.55 at Ipaja while r = 0.3, p-value = 0.33 at Ogba) and RDA test at p > 0.05, there is insignificant positive relationship between pollinosis cases and abundance of palynomorphs. However, at Ipaja, RDA indicated Poaceae and Elaeis guineensis as the possible drivers for asthma cases while Amaranthaceae and fungal spores were identified as weak drivers for catarrh. At Ogba, the loess curve and correlation test showed a significant positive relationship at p < 0.05 between the reported pollinosis cases and abundance of recovered palynomorph. Elaeis guineensis, Nephrolepis sp. and Dryopteris sp. seem to be the main drivers of asthma while Casuarina sp. and fungal spores perhaps drove catarrh. Dryopteris and Nephrolepis spores are firstly implicated as possible allergenic aeroconstituents in Nigeria in this work. The results from this work provide a background reference for the general public and hypersensitive individuals on the spatial distribution of pollen grains and fern spores in the study areas of Lagos as well as being a guide to the identification of culprit allergenic aeroconstituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is widespread in the Mediterranean area and is frequently planted as ornamental tree in parks and gardens. Like other species of Cupressus, common cypress releases a significant amount of the total annual airborne pollen in most regions and is known as responsible for winter pollinosis. Although variation in the production and release of pollen has been observed among C. sempervirens trees growing in urban areas, no information is available on effects due to genotype x environment interaction on this trait. In this study more than 150 C. sempervirens clones were analyzed for two to four consecutive years in clonal orchards situated in central Italy to evaluate variations in the production of male cones. Variance component ANOVA underscored an important genetic control of male flowering, with high repeatability (from 0.80 to 0.95) found in single environments. Analysis for combined sites or years (in a single site) showed significant effect of environment and genotype x environment interaction on the total variance. Intra-trait genetic correlations between environments were moderate to high (from 0.40 to 0.92), which indicates that male cone production of clones is fairly consistent across years and sites. Of the 10 clones characterized by the lowest mean male cone production, three showed good stability across environments based on the linear regression coefficient and Wricke's ecovalence. The mean cone production of these 10 clones was 5 to 10 times lower than the mean production observed in the same environment. These clones have both ornamental and hypoallergenic traits and hold promise for designing green spaces with low allergy impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Platanus pollen is a serious cause of asthma, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis in many European countries. The aim of the present pilot study is to investigate the sensitization to 3 different plane tree species in a group of patients with pollinosis. Materials and methods: 21 patients were surveyed - 11 men and 10 women. A skin prick test was performed with a set of allergens: Grass pollen mix; Betulaceae pollen mix; Platanusorientalis; Platanusacerifolia; Platanusoccidentalis. Results: 95% of patients are sensitized to grass pollen, with moderate positive skin reactions predominating. 86% have a co-sensitization to tree pollens also, particularly to the birch tree family. Only 3 (14%) of the studied patients showed slight positive skin tests to the studied plane tree allergens, with no significant difference in sensitization to studied Platanus species (p>0,05). Conclusion: At present, the sensitization to different Platanus species is not comparable to that of grass or birch pollen. However, it will be necessary to conduct new long-term, large-scale studies to prove whether Platanus pose a real threat to people in urban areas. The results of this interdisciplinary study are important both for clinical allergologists and for landscape architects and ecologists involved in the planning and management of urban green infrastructure.

Allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma are widespread respiratory allergic diseases. In some territories of the Russian Federation, the dominant cause of pollinosis is ragweed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and immunological efficacy of ASIT with the allergen Ambrosia artemisiifolia in patients sensitized to Ambrosia trifida in the Samara region. Patients with proven sensitization to Ambrosia trifida was held immunotherapy with Ambrosia artemisiifolia allergoid preseason. After treatment, patients had a decrease in the severity of symptoms of allergic rhinitis according to VAS (p = 0.00001), a decrease in the need for medications (p = 0.0003), as well as the need for corticosteroids against the background of therapy from 34.6% to 0% (p = 0.00001). In 8% of cases, the result of treatment was good, in 69% satisfactory, in 23% unsatisfactory. In the control group, there were no changes in the severity of symptoms (p = 0.858). Also, in the control group, the need for medications remained unchanged and 14.3% of patients continued to use corticosteroids.After ASIT, there was a decrease in the level of IL-4 (p = 0.002), and a decrease in the ratio of IL-4/ IL-10 (p = 0.0063); at the same time, changes in the level of other cytokines (IL-10; IFNγ) were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Before treatment, the levels of IL-4/ IL-10 in both groups were comparable, and after treatment, the differences became statistically significant (p = 0.031). We did not get a statistically significant change in the level of IgG4 Amb a 1 or IgG4 Amb trifida. There was no correlation between the level of individual cytokines and the results of treatment. As a result of the conducted ASIT, positive clinical and immunological results were obtained. In most patients, the disease has acquired a controlled course. At the same time, the lack of excellent and low number of good results of ASIT is probably due to the intraspecific allergenic properties of ragweed.

Common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is widespread in the Mediterranean area and is frequently planted as ornamental tree in parks and gardens. Like other species of Cupressus, common cypress releases a significant amount of the total annual airborne pollen in most regions and is known as responsible for winter pollinosis. Although variation in the production and release of pollen has been observed among C. sempervirens trees growing in urban areas, no information is available on effects due to genotype × environment interaction on this trait. In this study more than 150 C. sempervirens clones were analyzed for two to four consecutive years in clonal orchards situated in central Italy to evaluate variations in the production of male cones. Variance component ANOVA underscored an important genetic control of male flowering, with high repeatability (from 0.80 to 0.95) found in single environments. Analysis for combined sites or years (in a single site) showed significant effect of environment and genotype × environment interaction on the total variance. Intra-trait genetic correlations between environments were moderate to high (from 0.40 to 0.92), which indicates that male cone production of clones is fairly consistent across years and sites. Of the 10 clones characterized by the lowest mean male cone production, three showed good stability across environments based on the linear regression coefficient and Wricke’s ecovalence. The mean cone production of these 10 clones was 5 to 10 times lower than the mean production observed in the same environment. These clones have both ornamental and hypoallergenic traits and hold promise for designing green spaces with low allergy impact.

Background: Smartphones are being increasingly used for research owing to their multifunctionality and flexibility, and crowdsourced research using smartphone applications (apps) is effective in the early detection and management of chronic diseases. We developed the AllerSearch app to gather real-world data on individual subjective symptoms and lifestyle factors related to hay fever. This study established a foundation for interactive research by adopting novel, diverse perspectives accrued through implementing the principles of patient and public involvement (PPI) in the development of our app. Methods: Patients and members of the public with a history or family history of hay fever were recruited from November 2019 to December 2021 through a dedicated website, social networking services, and web briefing according to the PPI Guidebook 2019 by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development. Nine opinion exchange meetings were held from February 2020 to December 2021 to collect opinions and suggestions for updating the app. After each meeting, interactive evaluations from PPI contributors and researchers were collected. The compiled suggestions were then incorporated into the app, establishing an active feedback loop fed by the consistently interactive infrastructure. Results: Four PPI contributors (one man and three women) were recruited, and 93 items were added/changed in the in-app survey questionnaire in accordance with discussions from the exchange meetings. The exchange meetings emphasized an atmosphere and opportunity for participants to speak up, ensuring frequent opportunities for them to contribute to the research. In March 2020, a public website was created to display real-time outcomes of the number of participants and users' hay-fever-preventative behaviors. In August 2020, a new PPI-implemented AllerSearch app was released. Conclusions: This study marks the first research on clinical smartphone apps for hay fever in Japan that implements PPI throughout its timeline from research and development to the publication of research results. Taking advantage of the distinct perspectives offered by PPI contributors, a step was taken toward actualizing a foundation for an interactive research environment. These results should promote future PPI research and foster the establishment of a social construct that enables PPI efforts in various fields. Plain English summary: Patient and public involvement (PPI) plays an important role in promoting effective execution of health science research, as well as in the establishment of a social agreement and infrastructure for the care of various diseases, including cancer, chronic diseases, and allergic illnesses. Hay fever is one of the most common allergic diseases, affecting more than 30 million people in Japan. It is known for its myriad factors and diverse presentations. Previously, we developed a mobile health (mHealth) smartphone application (app) for hay fever—AllerSearch—released in February 2018. This app is capable of collecting relevant digital phenotypes and user-provided information, which are used in providing tailored, evidence-based suggestions. To our knowledge, no other studies have been conducted on the implementation of PPI in mHealth. Since hay fever presents with a wide variety of symptoms and risk factors, PPI principles appear well-suited for eliciting insights from the patient/public population and for incorporating new, expert perspectives into the research process. In this study, we included PPI contributors in the research plan, app development, and evaluation. Most notably, the survey questionnaire and user interface of the app was tailored based on PPI feedback. The updated AllerSearch app was released during this study period. Since hay fever is a widespread and variable illness, the multifaceted input from patients and public experts enabled by PPI implementation holds promise for improving society-wide healthcare and in empowering a culture toward medical involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a candidate gene (CJt020762) for MALE STERILITY 1 (MS1) in Cryptomeria japonica has been identified, which made it possible to perform accurate selection of trees with mutant alleles (ms1–1 or ms1–2). Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an effective method for drastically reducing the time required for a breeding cycle; however, a larger sample size for selection increases the labor and cost of analysis. In this study, firstly, we developed an efficient and low-cost marker selection method using bulk DNA extracted from a mixture of needle tissues from several individual trees. The time required for the extraction of bulk DNA, the accuracy of target peak identification in fragment analysis, and the numbers of samples required to identify trees with ms1 were compared for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-individual mixed bulk DNA samples. The results showed that MAS using 10-individual mixed bulk DNA samples was the most efficient and lowest cost for selecting trees with ms1. The accuracy of genotyping using 10-individual mixed bulk DNA samples was verified by conducting a blind test consisting of sample preparation, extraction of bulk DNA, and genotyping under blind conditions (i.e., all researchers were unaware of the correct genotype of the samples). Next, we tried selecting trees with ms1 from 866 breeding materials by MAS using 10-individual mixed bulk DNA samples. We successfully selected nine previously untested trees that were heterozygous for MS1. Finally, we showed that the use of bulk DNA in MAS enabled significant reductions in labor and cost by comparing the approaches using bulk DNA samples with single-individual (non-bulk) DNA samples, although it should be noted that the efficiency of selection depends on the proportion of samples with a target allele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of clinical and allergic characteristics of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Samara over the past 5 years. Clinical and allergological examination was performed in 1526 patients from 2012 to 2018. For skin prick testing, 16 names of standard allergens were used. In 2018, the most common forms of AR were seasonal – 40.7 % and combined (seasonal and perennial) forms of AR – 39.8 %. Over the past 5 years, there has been a 1.5-fold increase in seasonal forms of AR (pollinosis). The structure of sensitization revealed an increase in pollen allergy from 39.2 % to 50.6 %, and a decrease in the level of hypersensitivity to epidermal allergens from 29.9 % to 14.5 %. Sensitization to weeds remains dominant in patients with pollinosis and ranges from 82.8 % to 75.2 % in 2012 and 2018, respectively. The predominance of polysensitization to different groups of allergens over monosensitization remains: 55.8 % and 44.2 %, respectively.

Alopecia areata is a common inflammatory immune-mediated disorder in which autoimmune response is triggered against hair follicles, thus leading to non-scarring hair loss on the scalp, face and other parts of the skin. Despite numerous studies concerning this issue, today there is no consensus on the etiology and pathogenesis of focal alopecia. In the literature, special attention is paid to association of focal alopecia with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis, vitiligo. Recent studies have identified the association of focal alopecia with atopic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis) and the early debut of severe forms of hair loss. The aim of this study was to present a clinical case of focal alopecia in an 8-year-old girl with atopic bronchial asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. As based on detection of eosinophilia in peripheral blood and a high concentration of total IgE in serum, one may assume that atopic alopecia is the cause of focal hair losses in a child with atopy. The patient underwent skin prick testing, in order to determine sensitization for food components, pollen and fungal allergens. As a result of skin testing, a hyperergic reaction (> 15 mm in diameter) to tree pollen was revealed, a positive response (6-9 mm) to oatmeal, a weakly positive reaction (3-5 mm) to whole chicken egg, carrots, tomato, apple, pear, pollen of meadow, cereal, weed grasses was also revealed. With regard of these allergological data, an individual diet was recommended with the elimination of causally significant allergens (including those eliciting weakly positive reactions), external treatment, i.e., topical calcineurin inhibitors administered for 1 month. One month later, an improvement of the pathological process was registered, and 6 months from the start of therapy, complete restoration of hair follicles was noted in the focus of alopecia. The patient was monitored for a year, no complaints of hair loss were noted. The positive effect of elimination against the background of the appropriate elimination diet with respect to causally significant allergens, was also noted when treating her for respiratory allergy, i.e., the patient did not have seasonal manifestations of hay fever over the next pollination period. This clinical case is demonstrated in order to draw special attention of dermatologists, allergologists, immunologists, general practitioners to the issues of focal alopecia in children against the background of typical allergic diseases.

Background: Allergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) manifest frequently as transfusion reactions, and their onset may be related to a patient's allergic predisposition. Moreover, although pediatric patients with hematological/oncological disease are more susceptible to ATRs, the relationship between allergic predisposition and ATRs remains to be fully clarified. Study Design and Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with pediatric hematological/oncological disease and received transfusion at the study institutions were included. We determined patient background information related to their allergy history, measured the levels of allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) using sera obtained on diagnosis, and analyzed their associations with ATR onset. Results: Of the 363 patients analyzed, 144 developed ATRs. Multivariate analysis identified cases with high basophils in the peripheral blood, and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus– and egg white–specific IgEs were involved in the development of ATR in all age groups. Meanwhile, a history of food allergies, and positivity for Japanese cypress‐ and D. pteronyssinus‐specific IgEs were risk factors for developing ATRs in the <5 years age group. Moreover, patients aged 5–<10 years with a history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, pollinosis, or atopic dermatitis, and those aged ≥10 years with positivity for dog dander‐specific IgE were at risk for developing ATRs. Conclusion: The allergic constitution of patients plays a role in ATR onset even in pediatric hematological/oncological diseases. Therefore, advance confirmation of a patient's allergic constitution may partly predict the onset of ATRs. However, since multiple allergic predispositions within complex mechanisms may be involved in the onset of ATRs, further verification is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 5-year mean total pollen concentrations of Cupressaceae, I Platanus i , I Quercus i and I Olea i , but not Poaceae, increased more dramatically, and were significantly correlated with the increase in temperature (Figure 1). Quercus ilex pollen allergen, Que i 1, responsible for pollen food allergy syndrome caused by fruits in Spanish allergic patients. Severity of pollen-induced symptoms depends on the number of pollen grains and their allergenicity, variables related to pollution and local climate.2 Therefore, climate change could potentially change pollen exposure, sensitization and symptoms.3-5 However, only sparse data exist regarding the direct correlation between climate changes, pollen seasons and allergic sensitization. Keywords: allergens and epitopes; basic mechanisms; climate change; clinical immunology; environment and hygiene hypothesis; IgE; Madrid; pollinosis EN allergens and epitopes basic mechanisms climate change clinical immunology environment and hygiene hypothesis IgE Madrid pollinosis 574 577 4 04/04/22 20220401 NES 220401 Key Messages We observed a 1.3ºC increase in temperature in Madrid over 40 years. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction and Objective. Traffic pollution has been recognized as directly worsening respiratory symptoms of allergic subjects, although whether urban air pollutants can also directly increase the allergenic potential of pollen has not yet been definitely proven. Therefore, the hypothesis that intra-urban air NO2 variation influences allergens expression in Cupressus sempervirens (Cs) L. pollen was tested. Material and methods. Mature microsporophylls were cut from Cs trees of similar age and height (14-17 m) present in three different sites of Florence (Italy) and processed in the laboratory. Cs pollen allergens amount was determined by a semi-quantitative analysis of electrophoretically separated pollen extracts fractions. NO2 air concentrations were recorded by air monitoring stations located at a distance not exceeding 50 m from each pollen collection site, and the relative annual mean values were acquired by a publicly available database (Tuscan Regional Agency for Environment Protection). Results. Expression of three major Cs pollen allergens was non-linearly correlated with mean annual NO2 concentrations. Expression peak of all major allergens considered was reached at NO2 air concentration (67μg/m3), far below the value at risk for direct effect on the respiratory health (European Union Directive 2008/50/EC). Conclusions. The findings suggest that intra-urban NO2 variations do affect the expression of Cs pollen major allergens, and an apparent low risk NO2 concentration should be regarded as indirectly harmful for increasing the allergenic potential of pollen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The true prevalence of pollinosis in general and of weed susceptibility to pollen in particular (mainly wormwood and ragweed) in Russia and worldwide has not been studied enough. The ragweed is a quarantine weed, which is a native species in Russia. Wormwood is a large genus of herbaceous plants, in Russia the most common bitter and common wormwood. The aim of the study was to study the level of sensitization to ragweed pollen and wormwood in Samara region for 5 years. In the city of Samara revealed the growth of sensitization to ragweed pollen and wormwood from 2012 to 2017, which is consistent with the data on the leading role of ragweed pollen and wormwood as a risk factor for the development of pollinose in the region. Taking into account the data on ragweed distribution in the region is three separate, to avoid cross-reactions between allergens of different types of ragweed and wormwood, and to identify the truth of sensitization in these patients should be conducted component allergy diagnostics.

Like asthma and atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis is an allergic disease, but of the three, it is the only type I allergic disease. Allergic rhinitis includes pollinosis, which is intractable and reduces quality of life (QOL) when it becomes severe. A guideline is needed to understand allergic rhinitis and to use this knowledge to develop a treatment plan. In Japan, the first guideline was prepared after a symposium held by the Japanese Society of Allergology in 1993. The current 8th edition was published in 2016, and is widely used today.To incorporate evidence based medicine (EBM) introduced from abroad, the most recent collection of evidence/literature was supplemented to the Practical Guideline for the Management of Allergic Rhinitis in Japan 2016. The revised guideline includes assessment of diagnosis/treatment and prescriptions for children and pregnant women, for broad clinical applications. An evidence-based step-by-step strategy for treatment is also described. In addition, the QOL concept and cost benefit analyses are also addressed. Along with Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact of Asthma (ARIA), this guideline is widely used for various clinical purposes, such as measures for patients with sinusitis, childhood allergic rhinitis, oral allergy syndrome, and anaphylaxis and for pregnant women. A Q&A section regarding allergic rhinitis in Japan was added to the end of this guideline.

Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica) is the most important forestry tree species in Japan, covering 44% of the total artificial forest area. Large amounts of pollen released from these forests each spring cause allergic reactions in approximately 40% of the population, which are a serious social and public health problem in Japan. As a countermeasure, there is an urgent need to reforest using male-sterile plants (MSPs; pollen-free plants); however, the production of MSPs via conventional methods is inefficient, time consuming, and requires considerable resources in terms of labor and space. In the present paper, we described an improved and simplified methodology for the efficient propagation of pollen-free Japanese cedar, combining the use of genetic markers (marker-assisted selection or marker-aided selection) for the early selection of male-sterile genotypes and the use of somatic embryogenesis (SE) for the clonal mass propagation of seedlings. We describe all the stages involved in the production process of somatic seedlings. Our results demonstrated that this methodology easily and efficiently produces MSPs with a discrimination rate of 100% in a short period of time. Production of 243.6 ± 163.6 cotyledonary embryos per plate, somatic embryo germination, and plantlet conversion frequencies of 87.1 ± 11.9% and 84.8 ± 12.6%, respectively, and a 77.6 ± 12.1% survival rate after ex vitro acclimatization was achieved. Moreover, we also describe an easy method for the collection of somatic embryos prior to germination, as well as an efficient and practical method for their storage at 5°C. Finally, a representative schedule for the propagation of pollen-free sugi somatic seedlings is presented as a reference for practical uses. This methodology will definitively help to accelerate the production of C. japonica MSPs across Japan.

Purpose: Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is a common allergen source. The characteristics of pollen allergy in China are obviously different from Europe. Most studies have focused on tree and weed pollen, but there is a paucity of data on grass pollen sensitisation in China. Therefore, we used component-resolved diagnostics to investigate the serum-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to grass pollen in Chinese patients with pollinosis. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 547 patients with pollen allegy from an outpatient Allergy Department in Beijing, China. All the patients answered questionnaires about their clinical allergy histories. Total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and sIgE levels to grass pollen (Bermuda, Timothy grass) were quantified by ImmunoCAP using 0.35 kUA/L as a threshold for positivity. Results: Of the 547 pollinosis patients, 389 (71.1%) showed a positive sIgE reaction to either grass pollen, or both. The prevalence of food allergy was significantly lower in patients with grass pollen sensitisation. Among the 389 patients with grass pollen sensitisation, the prevalence of sIgE to allergen extracts of bermuda, mugwort, ragweed, plane, hop, ash, birch, and timothy grass was 97%, 96%, 94%, 88%, 88%, 84%, 78%, and 78%, respectively. However, only 134/389 (34%) were positive for Cyn d 1, 29/389 (7%) for Phl p 1, and 8/389 (2%) for Phl p 5b. For pollinosis patients, 62/547 (11%) were sIgE-positive for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs), and their grass pollen-sIgE was also positive. Conclusions: The prevalence of in vitro IgE sensitisation to grass pollen extract is high in Chinese patients with pollinosis. But mostly spurious and characterized by IgE sensitisation to profilins and CCD, induced by other pollen. Component-resolved diagnostics is an extremely useful tool precise diagnostics of pollen allergy in China.

Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica) is the most important forestry tree species in Japan, covering 44% of the total artificial forest area. Large amounts of pollen released from these forests each spring cause allergic reactions in approximately 40% of the population, which are a serious social and public health problem in Japan. As a countermeasure, there is an urgent need to reforest using male-sterile plants (MSPs; pollen-free plants); however, the production of MSPs via conventional methods is inefficient, time consuming, and requires considerable resources in terms of labor and space. In the present paper, we described an improved and simplified methodology for the efficient propagation of pollen-free Japanese cedar, combining the use of genetic markers (marker-assisted selection or marker-aided selection) for the early selection of male-sterile genotypes and the use of somatic embryogenesis (SE) for the clonal mass propagation of seedlings. We describe all the stages involved in the production process of somatic seedlings. Our results demonstrated that this methodology easily and efficiently produces MSPs with a discrimination rate of 100% in a short period of time. Production of 243.6 ± 163.6 cotyledonary embryos per plate, somatic embryo germination, and plantlet conversion frequencies of 87.1 ± 11.9% and 84.8 ± 12.6%, respectively, and a 77.6 ± 12.1% survival rate after ex vitro acclimatization was achieved. Moreover, we also describe an easy method for the collection of somatic embryos prior to germination, as well as an efficient and practical method for their storage at 5°C. Finally, a representative schedule for the propagation of pollen-free sugi somatic seedlings is presented as a reference for practical uses. This methodology will definitively help to accelerate the production of C. japonica MSPs across Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of allergens is essential in the management of allergic rhinitis. Sugarcane produces anemophilic pollen. The purpose of our study is to assess the role of sugarcane pollen in the occurrence of allergic rhinitis. We conducted a case-control analytical study of patients living in a Malagasy rural commune in which sugarcane cultivation and processing are important sources of employment, from July 2017 to June 2018. We enrolled 182 patients (91 cases and 91 controls). Factors associated with the occurrence of symptoms of allergic rhinitis were: a distance of less than 500 meters between homes and sugarcane fields (OR = 1.50), being a sugarcane worker (0R=1.16) and having a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR=13.67). In addition, exposure to wind gusts (OR=0.84) and outdoor occupation (OR=0.92) were protective factors. Exposure of patients to sugarcane pollen is associated with clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis and confirms the role of this allergen in the occurrence of the disease. Avoidance and hygiene measures are the basis of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are a potential solution to numerous global environmental issues, and their restoration is widely pursued. Forty percent of Japan's forests are planted forests. This has caused the common occurrence of forest ecosystem disservices in the country, like—wildlife damage, pollinosis, and driftwood damage. Forest policy processes in Japan are characterized by incrementalism, central mobilization, and hegemony of career civil servants. Responses to forest ecosystem disservices have changed the central mobilization policy pattern. Punctuated equilibrium theory can be applied to several policy processes in Japan, but it provides only limited explanation for policy responses to forest ecosystem disservices. The responses are influenced by national governance and public administration traditions and cultures. It is relevant to expand research on policy responses to forest ecosystem disservices, recognizing that ideal responses may require unusual approaches not within traditional policy making or outside of established policy cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergen-containing subpollen particles (SPPs) are micrometric or sub-micrometric particles (0.12–5 µm) released from pollen. They are able to reach the lower airways, causing allergenic reactions. SPP release occurs through the pore of intact grains or by rupture of the whole grain. In this paper the results of two laboratory experiments investigating the dynamics of SPP release for three alien species of Ambrosia genus are shown. Rainwater composition and wind speed were considered, by simulating different conditions, in accordance with a fully orthogonal experimental design. The principle response variable was the total percentage of SPPs-releasing pollen grains; also the percentage of intact grains releasing SPPs through the pore and of broken SPPs-releasing grains were considered. Both osmotic and mechanical shock caused the discharge of SPPs but different results were observed. The highest number of releasing grains was recorded in case of acid solution and 20 knots wind speed. Moreover, wind and rainfalls caused SPPs release through different mechanisms. Wind mainly provoked a mechanical shock leading to grain rupture, whereas rainfall caused mainly SPPs release through the pore of intact grains. Comparing species, the effect of wind and at least in some cases also that of rainwater appeared to be less relevant for Ambrosia trifida than for Ambrosia psilostachya and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. The obtained results suggest a species-specific response of Ambrosia species to wind speed and rainwater that lead to a different release of SPPs and then to a species-specific impact on allergy according to the characteristics of their growth environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species of the genus Platanus L. are widely used in urban green infrastructure in Bulgaria and abroad, but are proven to be a serious source of allergen pollen emissions. The number of people, affected by pollinosis, is increasing every year and this affects the world economy and health of the population in a high level. The pollen of the plane tree is light, very small and spreads anemophilically. This is one of the genera that produce the largest amount of pollen per inflorescence. This makes Platanus a tree of a high allergy potential that has the tendence to get higher in time, because of its increasing use in urban green spaces. The aim of this study is to collect data for allergy potential of the three species of plane tree in some of the European countries, where the allergy is a significant problem, and to compare the sensitization of patients to its pollen in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To demonstrate cutaneous reactivity and the participation of Prosopis pollen in patients with allergic diseases who attend the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Service of the General Hospital of Mexico, in Mexico City. Methods: A retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out by analyzing clinical records that had a complete medical history of patients between the ages of 3 and 79 years, with diagnoses of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis. Results: 1285 patients were studied; the frequency of positive skin reactivity for Prosopis was 27.78 %; 82.97 % had a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, 4.39 % had a diagnosis of asthma, and 12.64 % had a diagnosis of rhinoconjunctivitis. Conclusions: Prosopis pollen plays an important role in diseases of allergic etiology. It is important to consider the antigenic combination with other families such as Chenopodiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis is increasing significantly in Japan, and a recent survey suggested that about 40% of the population will develop this disease. However, spontaneous remission is rare. The increased incident rate of Japanese cedar pollinosis is a huge issue in Japan. Allergen immunotherapy is the only fundamental treatment that modifies the natural course of allergic rhinitis and provides long-term remission that cannot be induced by general drug therapy. Sublingual immunotherapy for Japanese cedar pollinosis has been developed and has been covered by health insurance since 2014 in Japan. The indication for children was expanded in 2018. Clinical trials of sublingual immunotherapy for Japanese cedar pollinosis have demonstrated its long-term efficacy and safety. It is recommended for patients who wish to undergo fundamental treatment regardless of the severity of the practical guidelines for the management of allergic rhinitis in Japan. For sublingual immunotherapy, a long-term treatment period of 3 years or longer is recommended to obtain stable therapeutic effects. In recent years, evidence based on basic research and clinical trials has demonstrated sublingual immunotherapy-induced immunological changes and efficacy in patients; however, biomarkers that objectively predict and judge these therapeutic effects need to be established.

This paper describes a long-term (1988–2018) data series from pollen monitoring in two locations in Iceland: Akureyri and Reykjavík. Our data showed a low diversity of airborne pollen present in the aeroplankton of Iceland. We showed that Betula spp. and Poaceae can be considered the main pollen allergens in Iceland. Both Betula spp. and Poaceae pollen seasons in Iceland are characterised by a late onset compared to continental Europe. Betula spp. seasons are further characterised by a longer duration and low SPI and peak values. Icelandic Poaceae seasons are shorter, but have SPI and peak values comparable to those recorded in continental Europe. We recorded no synchronisation in the intensity of pollen production between our monitoring sites in Iceland, and our data do not confirm the existence of repeatable cycle (bi- or triennial) of high and low pollen production in Betula spp. Statistically significant trends towards increasing SPI values were recorded in Reykjavík (Betula spp.) and Akureyri (Poaceae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La rhinite allergique est une maladie inflammatoire touchant les muqueuses des voies aériennes supérieures. Essentiellement provoquée par des phénomènes de pollinose, elle est très souvent associée à la conjonctivite allergique et sa relation de cause à effet avec l'asthme n'est plus à démontrer. Le conseil du pharmacien est souvent sollicité. Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the mucous membranes of the upper airways. Mainly caused by pollinosis, it is very often associated with allergic conjunctivitis and its causal relationship with asthma is well established. The advice of the pharmacist is often sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen allergy is an abnormal response of the immune system to certain pollen grains and these reactions are gradually on the increase all around the world. The need for consistent and accurate data on aero-pollen density as well as the meteorological conditions under which they are prevalent is imperative for appropriate management of allergic conditions in hypersensitive persons. Therefore, to identify the ‘culprit’ pollen related to allergy cases in Lagos, two locations, Ipaja and Ikeja were sampled. Aero-samplers were harvested weekly from February 2016 to July 2016. Acetolysis was done on the samples collected and meteorological data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency and clinical data from Adefemi Medical Center, Ipaja were assessed against pollen counts. The total pollen count of 2,048 was recorded for Ipaja while Ikeja had 820 with main taxa of Amaranthaceae, Poaceae and Euphorbiaceae. Weekly pollen counts were highest in weeks 8 and 10(April) at Ipaja and Ikeja respectively and lowest in weeks 22 and 24(June) at Ipaja and Ikeja respectively. The pollen counts at Ipaja correlated positively with temperature and from the medical records, there was a positive correlation (p

Abstract Background Japanese cedar (JC) pollinosis is a serious type I allergic disease in Japan. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy have been applied to treat JC pollinosis, high doses of allergens may cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. The transgenic rice seeds that contain genetically modified Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, the two major allergens of JC pollen, have been developed as candidates for oral immunotherapy. Although the antigens in the transgenic rice seeds (Tg-rice seeds) were engineered such that they decrease binding ability with IgE and they are of insufficient length to cross-link IgE on the surface of mast cells or basophils, the safety of Tg-rice seeds for patients with JC pollinosis was unclear. Methods To verify the safety of Tg-rice seeds in terms of allergies, we investigated the percentage of activated basophils induced by Tg-rice seed extract in the basophil activation test. Blood samples from 29 patients with JC pollinosis were collected. Tg-rice seed extract, non-transgenic wild-type rice seed extract, and Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 were mixed with the blood with reagents. The percentage of activated basophils was assessed by CD203c expression, a basophil activation marker. Results The percentage of activated basophils after the stimulation with Tg-rice seed extract was 4.5 ± 1.6% (mean ± SD) compared with 62.9 ± 20.2% after Cry j 1- and Cry j 2-stimulation (difference 58.4%, P

Background: Patients with pollinosis are often multi-sensitized to diverse pollen allergens. However, little is known about pollen allergy types among Chinese pollinosis patients. This study is aimed to characterize clinical manifestations of food allergy among patients with different types of pollen allergy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 402 pollinosis patients from an outpatient allergy department of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital who had been diagnosed by experienced allergists. All included patients who answered a questionnaire regarding seasonal pollinosis and clinical symptoms after ingestion of food and underwent intradermal skin tests. Total IgE and specific IgE levels were quantified by ImmunoCAP, using 0.35 kUA/L as a threshold for positivity. Results: The patients were divided into 3 groups, based on the season during which they experienced symptoms and the 2 peaks of Chinese airborne pollen: spring-tree pollen symptoms group (SG), autumn-weed pollen symptoms group (AG), and a combined spring and autumn pollen symptoms group (CG). Birch pollen (83%) and ash pollen (74%) were common allergens among patients with spring symptoms, while mugwort pollen (87%) was a common allergen among patients with autumn symptoms. In total, 30% of the study population experienced pollen-related food allergy. Pollen-related food allergies were more prevalent among the single-season symptom groups (68% and 50% for the SG and AG, respectively) than among the CG (20%). All patients with pollen-related food-induced anaphylaxis exhibited autumn weed pollen symptoms. Except for 2 patients, all patients with food-induced anaphylaxis were allergic to mugwort pollen. In the SG, all patients with food allergy were sensitive to birch pollen, with birch and Bet v 1-specific IgE levels higher in this group than in the group without food allergy (p

Abstract Background Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP) is one of the most prevalent allergies in Japan. Within the past few decades, many food factors have been demonstrated to suppress symptoms of pollinosis and mast cell degranulation directly or indirectly. Herein, we conducted a study to clarify the anti-allergic potency of a fermented plant product (FPP) in JCP model mice. Methods Mice were administered FPP, 10-fold-diluted FPP, or saline every day for 40 days by oral gavage and sensitized with major Japanese cedar pollen allergens (SBP). The numbers of sneezes were counted for 5 minutes after SBP nasal challenge. We analyzed the SBP-specific immunoglobulin titers, serum concentration of mast cell protease 1, and cytokine production from splenocytes stimulated with SBP. Results The numbers of sneezes by the mice administered FPP were significantly suppressed compared to those administered saline. The 10-fold-diluted FPP also suppressed the number of sneezes compared to saline, although not significantly. Serum level of mast cell protease 1 tended to be suppressed in FPP-consumed mice compared to those in saline-treated mice. The SBP-specific immunoglobulin titers and cytokine production were comparable among the groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that FPP intake could attenuate JCP symptoms without change of systemic immune responses.