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Best Available Techniques (BAT) have been used as the instrument of the industrial emissions minimisation and environmental modernisation of industry since the 90s. Researchers and practitioners believe that the most advanced methods of the BAT assessment have been developed and implemented under the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) and Industrial Emissions Directives. BATs in the European Union are defined and revised through an official framework: the Sevilla Process. It sets a step-by-step procedure of information exchange among stakeholders supported by data analysis and expert judgements. In the Russian Federation, BATs are established through a similar process involving experts, regulators, industry as well as non-governmental organisations, universities and research centres. When BATs and BAT-associated emission (BAT-AEL) and performance levels (BAT-EPL) are defined and systematised in the Reference Documents on Best Available Techniques (BREF), regulatees need to assess their performance and to make sure that the installations are compliant with the officially established BATs. Therefore, two groups of BAT assessment methods are distinguished. They differ in scope (industrial sector or installation level), area of application (national, sectoral or installation) and objectives. Regulators and practitioners look for methods that are applicable at industrial sector level with a qualitative or quantitative approach, or at installation level in order to assess and compare performances or to find the most appropriate technique in a given situation. In Russia, BAT assessment objectives at the industrial sector level include: (1) analysis of sector-related performance and emission levels; (2) comparison of candidate BATs and BAT-AELs; (3) determination of sectoral BATs and BAT-AELs and establishing legally bind requirements. All application areas include adaptation of the internationally approved methodologies and development of the national approaches (including those specific for the new IPPC areas not covered by the European BREFs). At the installation level, BAT assessment objectives comprise (1) performance comparison between the installation and BATs; (2) applicable technique(s) selection; and (3) performance evaluation according to local conditions. At both levels, multicriteria decision-making process has to be applied. At the installation level, performance comparison with BATs is required to determine whether significant improvements are necessary or can wait. In order to quantify the performances of BAT, energy, material flows and environmental aspects have to be analysed. The success of the selection of techniques through multi-criteria decision-making depends on the choice of criteria and their weighting made by a group of BAT experts. Consideration of local conditions for application at installation level is important in selecting ways to apply or discard BATs determined at national scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU Reference Books of Best Available Techniques and the RF Information and Technical Books on Best Available Technologies (Techniques) are technical documents presenting factual technical, environmental and economic information, reflecting the outcomes of the information exchange under requirements of the EU Industrial Emissions Directive and the RF legislation in the field of environmental protection (namely - in the area of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)) and standardisation. The main actors of the two BREF development processes are rather similar, and in both cases the role of the European IPPC Bureau and the Russian BAT Bureau is to coordinate the exchange of information and to ensure that information is collected and processed according to the guidance documents in order to draw up or to review the BREFs. For each BREF, the scientific staff of the European IPPC Bureau and researchers working at/with the Russian BAT Bureau lead the work of sector-oriented or inter-sectoral TWGs. The Russian BREFs are very similar to the EU ones both by their structure, contents, and criteria for selecting BATs and BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs). Both in the EU and in the RF, chapters containing descriptions of BATs and BAT-AELs are the crucial elements of BREFs; in addition, BAT conclusions are published in the EU as Commission Implementing Decisions. The expert judgement remains the key principle of setting quantitative requirements to BAT-associated emission levels. To optimise the number of pollutants regulated and to attract attention to the most substantial ones, a concept of marker parameters has been developed and used for drawing up BREFs and setting BAT-AELs in Russia. Marker parameters are individual or integral parameters, characteristic of applied technological processes, reflecting peculiarities of these processes and significant for assessing production environmental performance and resource efficiency. They are selected using clear criteria and justified for each BREF/IPPC-regulated production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Russian Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) legislation has come into forth at the beginning of 2018. In 2015-2017, 51 Information and Technical Reference Books on Best Available Techniques (BREFs) had been developed and officially approved. About 6,500 installations of various sectors had been registered as IPPC (or Category I) installations. In 2019-2025, all of them will be obliged to demonstrate compliance with requirements of Best Available Techniques (BATs) set by respective sector BREFs and to obtain Integrated Environmental Permits (IEPs). To provide for the professional and unbiased assessment of IEP applications and render support of the national environmental authorities, it is suggested forming a special body managed by the Russian BAT Bureau, namely the Society of BAT Experts. Chartered BAT experts will represent knowledgeable, experienced, competent and committed BAT professionals. Leading teams and departments, advising governments and working as hands on practitioners, they will use their specialist knowledge and broader technological, technical and environmental engineering understanding to apply sustainable thinking throughout their daily working life. But most importantly, members of this Society will be called to assess IEP applications of Category I industries in sectors where they are most experienced and can provide their professional advice. The core of the BAT Expert Society has already begun working: 51 BREFs developed just for 3 years had been prepared by knowledgeable, experienced and committed sector and multidisciplinary experts who demonstrated their ability to run comparative assessments of the environmental performance and resource efficiency of Russian industries, select candidate BATs and reach agreement with stakeholders on sector BATs and BAT-AELs. This, high level of skill and experience, independence and discipline of BAT experts have already been proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]