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Along with providing an environment for cell attachment and proliferation, a tissue engineering scaffolds should possess physical and mechanical properties that would fit the target tissue. The present study aimed to manipulate physico-mechanical properties of polyacrylamide/gelatin hydrogels using response surface method-central composite design (RSM-CCD) to reach a scaffold with defined properties. On this demand, mixtures of gelatin and acrylamide (AAm) monomer were used to prepare semi-interpenetrating hydrogels by free radical polymerization of AAm. Selected variables for statistical modeling were chosen to be weight ratios of monomer/crosslinker, monomer/gelatin, and monomer/initiator. The desired responses were compressive modulus, compressive strength, and swelling. Results showed that desired responses could be tailored by varying these parameters with the highest impact for monomer/crosslinker ratio. The swelling ratio of hydrogels was in the range of 947–1654%, while the modulus varied between 5 and 35 kPa. The cyclic compressive test showed the durability of hydrogels under cyclic loadings. Finally, the results of cell attachment and cytocompatibility analyses indicated that the hydrogels were completely biocompatible and enhanced cell attachment. Thus, these hydrogels could potentially be used as tissue engineering scaffolds for load-bearing organs, including muscle and cartilage, or could be used for in vitro differentiation of stem cells using mechanical clues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel treatment using preformed particle gels is a technique applied in mature reservoirs to control excess water production. In this study, a novel nanocomposite gel was proposed and optimized for better performance in high-salinity and high-temperature conditions of oilfields. Gels were prepared by grafting copolymerization of crosslinked polyacrylamide onto starch (starch-g-CPAM) and loaded with silica nanoparticles. Different tests were performed on nanocomposite prepared particle gels (NCPPGs) to investigate the effect of silica content (2–10 wt%), temperature, and brine concentration on network structure, swelling, and mechanical behavior of the gels. The NCPPG with 5 wt% showed a superior swelling ratio. Rheological studies depicted that nanosilica could increase the mechanical strength of the NCPPGS in high temperature and high salinity brines (90 °C and 225,000 ppm) up to 900 Pa. Finally, loading nanosilica up to 5 wt. % into the NCPPG resulted in capable mechanical stability and water uptake under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nanocomposites were synthesized by copolymerization of AM/AMPS in modified NPs dispersions in-situ. • NPs were modified with TMS to incorporate vinyl functional groups on their surfaces. • The behavior of nanocomposite solutions was investigated for oil recovery application. • Adding NPs results in a polymer crosslinking network and a stable solid hybrid system. • Nano-silica makes polymer solutions possess better heat and shear resistance than nano-alumina. Many nanoparticles such as silicon dioxide (SiO 2) and aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) have been recently proposed to increase the performance of water-soluble polymers for use in oil recovery (EOR). However, nanoparticles in nanocomposites tend to precipitate, agglomerate, or even precipitate under harsh conditions such as high-temperature and high-salinity (HT-HS), which reduces their potential for field applications. In this work, silica and alumina nanoparticles were modified with 3-methoxysilyl-propyl-methacrylate (TMS) coupling agent containing a vinyl group to enhance better dispersibility in reaction media and much stronger adhesion with the polymer. Then, acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) monomers were copolymerized in the presence of modified NPs via radical polymerization and were covalently bound to the NPs. In this study, the effect of AM/AMPS ratio and alumina as well silica loading amount on thermal stability, rheological properties and aging of composite solution was investigated and compared with commercial HPAM used for EOR. Results depicted that used method of synthesis could improve the rheological properties and better dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer. It was found that the modified nanoparticles reduced the thermal degradation of the polymer and protect its original structure when compared to the neat copolymer. After 30 days of aging, the loss of viscosity in PAMS and HPAM was approximately 46% and 75% while PAMS10-Silica2% and PAMS10-Alumina2% exhibited a viscosity loss of 27%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]