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This article investigates the influence of NaPF6 salt content (0–30 wt.% in a varying interval of 5 wt.%) on the structural, electrical, and biodegradable properties of HEC/NaPF6 solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) films. The interaction of salt with the HEC polymer matrix is confirmed by FTIR and SEM studies. The elemental composition and mapping confirm the appearance of NaPF6 moieties in the HEC polymer matrix. XRD deconvolution reveals that HEC samples with 20 wt.% (H4) and 10 wt.% of salt (H2) have a significantly lower crystallinity index than pure HEC polymer. The H2 and H4 samples show the highest room temperature conductivity values (1.62 × 10−5 and 1.13 × 10−5 S cm−1, respectively) among all other prepared samples since carrier concentration influences the ionic conductivity and shares a similar order of conductivity. Thus, the H2 and H4 samples are employed as electrolyte separators in the sodium ion battery, and the results suggest that the H2‐based electrolyte system is more significant. Battery matrices like open circuit voltage (V), current density (μA cm−2), power density (mW kg−1), energy density (Wh kg−1) and discharge capacity (μA h−1) were calculated and found to be 2.48, 5.49, 44.60, 1.69, and 71.05, respectively for H2 electrolyte based cell. Wagner polarization reveals that H2 and H4 constitute the predominant charge carriers (ions) with total ion transference numbers of ⁓0.98 and ⁓0.99, respectively. To evaluate sample degradability, H2 and H4 samples were subjected to 20 and 5‐day biodegradation processes, during which the polymers completely (100%) broke down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, different weight percentages of Mg(NO3)2 were added to a polymer blend composed of chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC). The solution casting method was adopted to prepare the polymer electrolyte films. As the host matrix, the polymer blend consists of 70 wt.% of CS and 30 wt.% of MC. The interactions between the blend and the Mg(NO3)2 salt were revealed by FTIR analysis. The deconvolution of XRD peaks followed by the calculation of crystallinity indicates that the electrolyte samples were amorphous. The bulk resistance decreased with increasing salt content, according to the results of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and this was caused by the influence of carrier concentration. The sample containing 30 wt.% of Mg(NO3)2 was determined to have a maximum value of DC conductivity of 2.12 × 10–5 Scm−1 at room temperature by EIS analysis. The highest conducting film's potential stability was found to be 3.65 V. It was found that the ion transference number was 0.86. The performance of the magnesium ion battery was then evaluated after it was built using the highest conducting polymer electrolyte. Considering this, the current work proposes an eco-friendly, practical, and affordable electrolyte appropriate for making electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased interest in the transition from liquid to solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) has driven enormous research in the area polymer electrolyte technology. Solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) are a special class of SPEs that are obtained from natural polymers. Recently, SBEs have been generating much attention because they are simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. In this work, SBEs based on glycerol-plasticized methylcellulose/pectin/potassium phosphate (MC/PC/K3PO4) are investigated for their potential application in an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The structural, electrical, thermal, dielectric, and energy moduli of the SBEs were analyzed via X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transference number measurement (TNM), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The plasticizing effect of glycerol in the MC/PC/K3PO4/glycerol system was confirmed by the change in the intensity of the samples' FTIR absorption bands. The broadening of the XRD peaks demonstrates that the amorphous component of SBEs increases with increasing glycerol concentration, while EIS plots demonstrate an increase in ionic conductivity with increasing plasticizer content owing to the formation of charge-transfer complexes and the expansion of amorphous domains in polymer electrolytes (PEs). The sample containing 50% glycerol has a maximal ionic conductivity of about 7.5 × 10−4 scm−1, a broad potential window of 3.99 V, and a cation transference number of 0.959 at room temperature. Using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) test, the EDLC constructed from the sample with the highest conductivity revealed a capacitive characteristic. At 5 mVs−1, a leaf-shaped profile with a specific capacitance of 57.14 Fg−1 was measured based on the CV data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer blend electrolyte (SPE) films of Polyethylene oxide(PEO)/Carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) doped with Sodium iodide (NaI), were prepared by solution cast method and their structural, optical and electrical properties were investigated using X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer and Electrical impedance analyser respectively. X-Ray diffraction spectra indicate that, deformation occurred in the structure of the blend followed by doping with NaI salt. The variation in intensity and shifting of characteristic bands in FTIR spectra provides the evidence for formation of complex due to the interaction occurred in the blend with the dopant. Optical energy band gap decreases in the blend samples upon doping and is confirmed by UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis. Increase of dielectric constant and loss upon doping, exhibits usual behaviour of the polymer electrolytes. An increase in AC conductivity is observed upon doping and maximum conductivity of 9.41 × 10−3 Scm−1 is obtained for 10/90 sample doped with 0.03% Sodium iodide and DC conductivity for the same sample at room temperature is 1.05 × 10–2 Scm−1. In addition, I-T studies confirm the conductivity exhibited by the sample as due to ions and I-V studies show electrochemical stability in the range of good working potential. From the results obtained, it can be inferred that, the prepared sample can be used as polymer electrolytes in the manufacturing of energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on an in-depth analysis of the relaxation phenomenon of sodium iodide (NaI)-complexed solid polymer electrolyte membranes based on sodium alginate (NaAlg) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) using various formalisms to test the suitability of these membranes for electrochemical device applications. The incorporation of NaI led to an increase in the ionic conductivity from (6.12 ± 0.14) × 10−8 Scm−1 (PNI0, pure blend) to (4.27 ± 0.09) × 10−6 (PNI10, 10 wt% of NaI). Deep insights into ion transport parameters at ambient and high temperatures, obtained from Nyquist plot fitting revealed the dependency of dc conductivity on carrier concentration (n) rather than mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D). Scaling studies based on AC conductivity and tangent loss revealed the collapse of conductivity and tangent loss plots into a single master curve, implying that the optimum sample obeys time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP). The temperature dependence of the Jonscher's exponent indicates that the conduction mechanism can be effectively represented by the Quantum Mechanical Tunneling model (QMT). The non-Debye behavior exhibited by the samples can be elucidated through the electric modulus formalism and confirmed dielectric properties of the electrolytes, as demonstrated by the incomplete semicircular arcs observed in the Argand plots. Moreover, the prepared samples were completely biodegradable, indicating the eco-friendly nature of the electrolytes. [Display omitted] • SPE based on NaAlg-PVA complexed with NaI was developed. • Ion dynamics were systematically evaluated using various formalisms. • Jonscher's exponent suggests conduction via Quantum Mechanical Tunneling (QMT). • Scaling studies indicate a collapsed master curve, suggesting adherence to TTSP. • At ambient and high temperatures, n control SPE conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the chemical reduction method and systematically studied the effect of AgNPs of different loading into polyvinyl alcohol/sodium bromide (PVA/NaBr) polymer electrolytes. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the variation in the crystallinity and complexation with AgNPs loading, respectively. AgNPs are uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix as depicted in FESEM. According to transport property studies, it is observed that carrier concentration has a strong influence on ionic conductivity. Additionally, I‐t studies showed that most charge carriers are ions and not electrons. The sample PVA/NaBr with AgNPs, prepared from 6 mM AgNO3 solution (PNAg6) with ionic conductivity 1.22 × 10−4 S cm−1 (one order increase with respect to undoped sample) and highest electrochemical stability window (ESW) of 2.86 V, can be chosen as a suitable candidate for energy storage device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the effect of doping sodium iodide (NaI) salt into a polymer blend matrix of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Solution casting approach was used to prepare solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films. The films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), electrical impedance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). XRD showed that NaI incorporation decreased the crystallinity of NaCMC/PVA-based SPE. FTIR technique confirmed the complexation of salt with polymer matrix due to the formation of the coordination bond between Na+ and –OH group and hydrogen bond between I− and –CH group. The sample with 30 wt% NaI showed the highest conductivity of 2.52 × 10–3 S cm−1, strongly influenced by the highest charge concentration (n) , not its mobility (μ). DSC analysis revealed an increase in glass transition temperature (T g) with increasing salt content. TGA studies showed a decrease in thermal stability with salt inclusion. The transference number was found to be 0.99 for the highest conducting sample showing the primary charge carriers are ions. The highest conducting sample exhibited a mechanical strength of 15.42 MPa at room temperature, and it has been used to fabricate a battery to evaluate its suitability in energy storage devices. Graphical abstract created with https://biorender.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the unprecedented impact of fast neutron irradiation on the structural, electrical, and morphological properties of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). The SPE, a poly (vinylalcohol) (PVA)-sodium bromide (NaBr) based matrix with the incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), was prepared via a solution casting method and subjected to various time intervals of fast neutron irradiation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a distinct trend in the polymer electrolyte sample's amorphous phase, with decreased levels at lower neutron fluence and augmented levels at higher fluences. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy highlighted plausible interactions leading to chain scission and cross-linking. Optical investgations below 300 nm exhibited increased absorbance and a shifted position of the surface plasmon resonance peak correlated with AgNPs. Validation of structural changes in the Ag-incorporated PVA-NaBr system was supported by reduced bandgap and elevation in Urbach energy, corroborating FTIR findings. Enhanced thermal stability was confirmed using thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Morphological modification upon irradiation were evident via Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Transport properties evaluated by Nyquist plot fitting showcased escalating room temperature conductivity with neutron fluence, and the highest conductivity obtained was 4.38 × 10−3 S/cm, an order higher than the pristine sample. Transference number measurements (TNM) indicated that the primary charge carriers are ions rather than electrons. This novel approach confirms that neutron irradiation can be used as a potential way to obtain highly conductive polymer electrolyte films. • Ag NPs incorporated PVA-NaBr polymer based solid electrolyte is fabricated. • The impact of fast neutron irradiation on the prepared samples is investigated. • The fast neutron-irradiated film has exhibited increased ionic conductivity, which is higher than the pristine sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the structural and electrical properties of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)–pectin (PC)–glycerol–NH 4 Br electrolyte films and investigates their potential applications in proton batteries. Plasticized solid polymer electrolyte (SPEs) films were fabricated using the solution casting method. The interaction between the salt and polymer blends was verified using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Incorporation of various salt concentrations (up to 25 wt%) was found to enhance the amorphous phase of the polymer blend, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. Additionally, the decrease in the glass transition temperature, as confirmed by DSC analysis, indicates that the inclusion of both plasticizer and salt contributed to this effect. An electrolyte with 25% wt. of NH 4 Br has the highest room temperature conductivity of 4.68 × 10−4 S cm−1. This electrolyte was employed to fabricate the proton battery for energy storage application. [Display omitted] • Plasticized PC/NaCMC-NH 4 Br has been successfully synthesized. • Plasticized PC/NaCMC-NH 4 Br SPE shows ionic conductivity of 4.68 × 10-4 (S cm-1) along with an LSV up to 2.4 V. • The plasticized PC/NaCMC-NH 4 Br sample with the highest conductivity exhibits a low crystallinity index (χ %) of 11.98. • Transport properties through Nyquist plot fitting aligned with ionic conductivity trend. • The proton battery with 25 wt% of salt concentration demonstrates an OCV of 1.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Blended biopolymer CS:MC impregnated with Mg2+ carrier is successfully prepared. • Adding MgCl 2 to CS:MC has improved its overall physiochemical characteristics. • The Mg2+ ions contribute to the enhancement of ionic conductivity (∼10−3 Scm−1). • Transport property study was done by applying Trukhan model. Solid polymer blend electrolyte films composed of 70 wt.% of chitosan (CS) and 30 wt.% of methylcellulose (MC) were prepared with different weight percentages of MgCl 2 by solution casting method. FTIR analysis demonstrated the interactions between blend and MgCl 2 , XRD study revealed the amorphous nature of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to study the thermal stability. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study showed that the bulk resistance decreased with increasing salt concentration and is due to the influence of carrier concentration. From EIS measurement, the highest value of DC conductivity at ambient temperature (30 °C) was found to be 2.75 × 10−3 Scm−1 for the sample containing 30 wt.% of MgCl 2. The voltage stability window of the highest conducting film was found to be 3.86 V. The total ionic transference number was found to be 0.98. Finally, the highest conducting polymer electrolyte was employed to construct a primary magnesium ion battery. Note: Graphical abstract created with biorender.com. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]