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Allele frequencies of 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci, D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA, were analyzed in 127 unrelated Bangladeshi individuals and 105 unrelated Indonesian individuals using the AmpFLSTR Identifiler kit. All STR loci in Bangladeshis and Indonesians were in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. more...

Allele frequencies and haplotypes for 10 Y-chromosome STR loci, DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS438 and DY439, were determined in 72 unrelated Bangladeshi males using Y-PLEX™5 and Y-PLEX™6 Amplification Kits. This population demonstrated 71 haplotypes, of which 70 were unique. The haplotype diversity calculated from the 10 Y-STR loci was 0.9996 and the discrimination capacity was 0.9861. more...

Allele and haplotype frequencies of 10 Y-STR loci DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS438 and DYS439 were determined in 115 unrelated Japanese males using the Y-PLEX™6 and Y-PLEX™5 PCR amplification kits. A total of 105 different haplotypes was observed, 96 of them being unique. The haplotype diversity was 0.9960 and the discrimination capacity was 0.9130. more...

This study presents a reliable method that uses high-fidelity long-range PCR and optimized primers to assess polymorphism and to genotype human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This method was used to analyze polymorphic sites in the human mtDNA control region, including hypervariable regions I, II, and III (HVI, HVII, and HVIII), from 124 unrelated Japanese individuals. In HVI, HVII, and HVIII, 80, 37, and 14 polymorphic sites were identified, respectively, excluding those in the homopolymeric cytosine stretch (C-stretch) regions. The region between HVI and HVII also contained 15 polymorphic sites. On the other hand, C-stretch length heteroplasmy in HVI or HVII was observed in 66 of 124 Japanese individuals (53%), which is much higher than in Caucasian populations. The variants in the C-stretch regions were characterized by counting the number of heteroplasmic peaks split from the single peak in homoplasmic sequences (i.e., 16244G and 16255G in HVI and 285G in HVII). Including the C-stretch length heteroplasmy, the 124 Japanese mtDNA samples were classified into 116 distinct haplotypes. The random match probability and the genetic diversity were estimated to be 0.95% and 0.998581, respectively, indicating that the method presented here has higher discrimination than the conventional method for mtDNA typing using HVI and HVII. [Correction added after publication 30 January 2007: in the preceding sentence random match probability and genetic diversity estimates were corrected from 0.95 and 0.998581%, respectively, to 0.95% and 0.998581, respectively.] The haplogroups and their frequencies observed in this study (i.e., D4; 13.7%, M7a1; 11.3%, D4a; 9.7% and M7b2; 8.9%) were similar to those observed in other studies of Japanese mtDNA polymorphism. The method described here is suitable for forensic applications, as shown by successful analysis of tissues from highly putrefied remains of an infant, which allowed maternal relationship to be determined via mtDNA haplotyping. more...

Polymorphism of GPT was investigated in blood samples from 241 unrelated Japanese individuals by PCR-RFLP analysis. Three common types were identified which agreed with those obtained by starch gel electrophoresis. The allele frequencies were GPT*1 = 0.604 and GPT*2 = 0.396. The population data fitted the Hardy-Weinberg law. The PCR-RFLP patterns of GPT were also demonstrated in semen, and the types coincided with those in the corresponding blood. The present method permitted GPT genotyping in bloodstains and semen stains stored for 20 years. The GPT system determined by PCR-RFLP can still be a useful supplement in medicolegal individualization of biological stains. more...

Blood samples were collected from 105 unrelated Indonesian individuals living in Surabaya (east region of Java Island), 60 unrelated Tibetan individuals in Katmandu (capital of Nepal), 101 unrelated South African black individuals living in Cape Town (south region of South Africa) and 100 unrelated South African white individuals living in Cape Town. DNA isolation, PCR amplification, detection systems and allele nomenclature for the D20S161 locus have been described in our previous reports (1,2). more...