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Succinylation of proteins is a commonly encountered reaction in biology and introduces negatively charged carboxylates on previously basic primary amine groups of amino acid residues. In analogy, this work investigates the succinylation of primary amines of the synthetic polyelectrolyte polyallylamine (PAA). It investigates the influence of the degree of succinylation on the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of the resulting polymers. Succinylation was performed in water with varying amounts of succinic anhydride and at different pH values. The PAA derivatives were analyzed in detail with respect to molecular structure using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared absorbance spectroscopy. Polyelectrolyte and potentiometric charge titrations were used to elucidate charge ratios between primary amines and carboxylates in the polymers. The obtained materials were then evaluated with respect to their minimum inhibitory concentration againstStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa. The biocompatibility was assessed using mouse L929 fibroblasts. The degree of succinylation decreased cytotoxicity but more significantly reduced antibacterial efficacy, demonstrating the sensitivity of the fibroblast cells against this type of ampholytic polyelectrolytes. The obtained polymers were finally electrospun into microfiber webs in combination with neutral water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol. The resulting non-woven could have the potential to be used as wound dressing materials or coatings.

This work describes the interaction of the human blood plasma proteins albumin, fibrinogen, and γ-globulins with micro- and nanopatterned polymer interfaces. Protein adsorption studies were correlated with the fibrin clotting time of human blood plasma and with the growth of primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (hECs) on these patterns. It was observed that blends of polycaprolactone (PCL) and trimethylsilyl-protected cellulose form various thin-film patterns during spin coating, depending on the mass ratio of the polymers in the spinning solutions. Vapor-phase acid-catalyzed deprotection preserves these patterns but yields interfaces that are composed of hydrophilic cellulose domains enclosed by hydrophobic PCL. The blood plasma proteins are repelled by the cellulose domains, allowing for a suggested selective protein deposition on the PCL domains. An inverse proportional correlation is observed between the amount of cellulose present in the films and the mass of irreversibly adsorbed proteins. This results in significantly increased fibrin clotting times and lower masses of deposited clots on cellulose-containing films as revealed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements. Cell viability of hECs grown on these surfaces was directly correlated with higher protein adsorption and faster clot formation. The results show that presented patterned polymer composite surfaces allow for a controllable blood plasma protein coagulation and a significant biological response from hECs. It is proposed that this knowledge can be utilized in regenerative medicine, cell cultures, and artificial vascular grafts by a careful choice of polymers and patterns.

Wet wipes are everyday products with the purpose to be flushed down the toilet after usage and dispersed into single fibres and small fragments thereby. During wet storage, these wipes can deteriorate their dispersibility over time, characterized by the slosh box disintegration test, recently named dispersibility ageing. This effect in flushable wet wipes, usually made of long man-made cellulose fibres and short wood pulp fibres, can be reduced by using unbleached softwood kraft pulp as the short fibre component. The aim of this work is to analyse mechanisms that could contribute to dispersibility ageing. Therefore, we will discuss three mechanisms that are able to explain this effect, that occurs in cellulosic fabrics when stored in water. Swelling (1) is demonstrated to be a long-term effect, but altering swelling with pH and salt addition has no effect on dispersibility ageing, making it unlikely that swelling contributes to it. With ionic shielding (2) a mechanism has been introduced that could impact dispersibility ageing by cations leaching from the wood pulp, which was demonstrated for an unbleached softwood kraft pulp by conductivity measurements over wet storage time. These cations neutralize the negatively charged pulp fibre fibrils and restrict their possibility to entangle with each other, which could contribute to decreasing dispersibility ageing. We will discuss the mechanism of interdiffusion (3) in dispersibility ageing, although we were not able to find a method that quantifies the contribution of cellulosic polymer diffusion to the time-dependent deterioration in dispersibility.

In this study, we report the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from Isora plant fibers by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and their assembly on hydrophilic cellulose and silicon-di-oxide (SiO2) surfaces via a layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition method. The isolated CNCs were monodis-persed and exhibited a length of 200-300 nm and a diameter of 10-20 nm, a negative zetapotential (34-39 mV) over a wide pH range, and high stability in water at various concentrations. The multi-layered structure, adsorbed mass, conformational changes, and anticoagulant activity of sequen-tially deposited anionic (sulfated) CNCs and cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI) on the surfaces of cellulose and SiO2 by LBL deposition were investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance tech-nique. The organization and surface features (i.e., morphology, thickness, wettability) of CNCs ad-sorbed on the surfaces of PEI deposited at different ionic strengths (50-300 mM) of sodium chloride were analysed in detail by profilometry layer-thickness, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Compared to cellulose (control sample), the total coagulation time and plasma deposition were increased and decreased, respectively, for multilayers of PEI/CNCs. This study should provide new possibilities to fabricate and tailor the physicochemical properties of multilayer films from polysaccharide-based nanocrystals for various biomedical applications. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge Volker Ribitsch (retired) from the University of Graz/Austria for his support and valuable discussion for this manuscript. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian National Research Agency ARRS (Grant No. J4-1764). Scopus

We report here a one-step aqueous method for the synthesis of isolated and purified polysaccharide-amino acid conjugates. Two different types of amino acid esters: glycine methyl ester and L-tryptophan methyl ester, as model compounds for peptides, were conjugated to the polysaccharide carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in water using carbodiimide at ambient conditions. Detailed and systematic pH-dependent charge titration and spectroscopy (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance: 1H, 13C- DEPT 135, 1H- 13C HMBC/HSQC correlation), UV–vis, elemental and ninhydrin analysis provided solid and direct evidence for the successful conjugation of the amino acid esters to the CMC backbone via an amide bond. As the concentration of amino acid esters increased, a conjugation efficiency of 20–80% was achieved. Activated charcoal aided base-catalyzed deprotection of the methyl esters improved the solubility of the conjugates in water. The approach proposed in this work should have the potential to tailor the backbone of polysaccharides containing di- or tri-peptides.

Thin films of trimethylsilyl cellulose are obtained by spin coating and regenerated to cellulose. The surface is activated with N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole and aminolysis with lysine is carried out in aqueous solution to yield a cellulose lysine carbamate film. The surface is analytically characterized by ATR-IR spectroscopy, zetapotential measurements, contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy. The amount of functional groups is determined by pH potentiometric titration as well as the ninhydrin test and is in the range of 25 pmolcm−2. Adsorption of bovine serum albumine (BSA) and fibrinogen on the cellulose film and the cellulose lysine carbamate surface is studied at different pH values by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The adsorption of BSA is significantly reduced by modification with lysine. At physiological pH value (7.4) the adsorption of fibrinogen is even six times lower (1.0 mgm−2) compared to the pure cellulose surface. Thus, cellulose thin films with lysine moieties are promising candidates for hemo-compatible antifouling surfaces in the field of blood contacting devices.

Nonspecific protein deposition on Lyocell fibers via a cationization step was explored by adsorption of two different N,N,N -trimethyl chitosan chlorides (TMCs). Both, the cationization and the subsequent protein deposition steps were performed and monitored in situ by evaluating the zeta potential using the streaming potential method. Both employed TMCs (degree of substitution with N + Me 3 Cl groups: 0.27 and 0.64) irreversibly adsorb on the fibers as proven by charge reversal (−12 to +7 mV for both derivatives) after the final rinsing step. Onto these cationized fibers, BSA was deposited at different pH values (4, 5, and 7). Charge titrations revealed that close to the isoelectric point of BSA (4.7), BSA deposition was particularly favored, while at lower pH values (pH 4), hardly any adsorption took place due to electrostatic repulsion of the cationic fibers and the positively charged BSA. This work sets the foundation for further investigations to use zeta potential measurements for protein adsorption studies on fibrous materials.

The fabrication of superadsorbent for dye adsorption is a hot research area at present. However, the development of low-cost and highly efficient superadsorbents against toxic textile dyes is still a big challenge. Here, we fabricated hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber aerogels from cellulose nanofibers through an eco-friendly silanization reaction in liquid phase, which is an extremely efficient, rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly procedure. Moreover, the demonstrated eco-friendly silanization technique is easy to commercialize at the industrial level. Most of the works that have reported on the hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber aerogels explored their use for the elimination of oil from water. The key novelty of the present work is that the demonstrated hydrophobic cellulose nanofibers aerogels could serve as superadsorbents against toxic textile dyes such as crystal violet dye from water and insulating materials for building applications. Here, we make use of the possible hydrophobic interactions between silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel and crystal violet dye for the removal of the crystal violet dye from water. With a 10 mg/L of crystal violet (CV) aqueous solution, the silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel showed a high adsorption capacity value of 150 mg/g of the aerogel. The reason for this adsorption value was due to the short-range hydrophobic interaction between the silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel and the hydrophobic domains in crystal violet dye molecules. Additionally, the fabricated silane-modified cellulose nanofiber hydrophobic aerogels exhibited a lower thermal conductivity value of 0.037 W&middot, m&minus, 1 K&minus, 1, which was comparable to and lower than the commercial insulators such as mineral wools (0.040 W&middot, 1) and polystyrene foams (0.035 W&middot, 1). We firmly believe that the demonstrated silane-modified cellulose nanofiber aerogel could yield an eco-friendly adsorbent that is agreeable to adsorbing toxic crystal violet dyes from water as well as active building thermal insulators.

This study describes the formation of cellulose based polyelectrolyte charge complexes on the surface of biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) thin films. Anionic sulphated cellulose (CS) and protonated cationic amino cellulose (AC) were used to form these complexes with a layer-by-layer coating technique. Both polyelectrolytes were analyzed by charge titration methods to elucidate their pH-value dependent protonation behavior. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to follow the growth, stability and water content of up to three AC/CS bi-layers in aqueous environment. This was combined with coagulation studies on one, two and three bilayers of AC/CS, measuring the thrombin formation rate and the total coagulation time of citrated blood plasma with QCM-D. Stable mixed charged bilayers could be prepared on PCL and significantly higher masses of AC than of CS were present in these complexes. Strong hydration due to the presence of ammonium and sulphate substituents on the backbone of cellulose led to a significant BSA repellent character of three bilayers of AC/CS coatings. The total plasma coagulation time was increased in comparison to neat PCL, indicating an anticoagulative nature of the coatings. Surprisingly, a coating solely composed of an AC layer significantly prolonged the total coagulation time on the surfaces although it did not prevent fibrinogen deposition. It is suggested that these cellulose derivative-based coatings can therefore be used to prevent unwanted BSA deposition and fibrin clot formation on PCL to foster its biomedical application.

The use of biomass to produce value-adding materials is a core objective of the circular economy, which has attracted great research interest in recent decades. In this context, we present here a simple dispersion-casting process for consolidation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), lignosulphonate (LS)-rich bio-waste and CaCl2 in composite membranes. The addition of CaCl2 to CNF and LS dispersions reduces the ζ potential, due to an electrostatic screening, which promotes the aggregation of CNF, increases its moisture content and promotes LS deposition on CNFs already in the dispersion phase. Addition of both the LS and CaCl2 to CNF dispersion has an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the final membranes. The effectiveness of the new composite membranes has been described in terms of their passive (charring) flame retardancy and 100 % UVA/UVB shielding capacity, both identified for membranes with the highest LS content, as well as high electronic resistance.

Chitosan (CS) and trimethyl chitosan (TMC) solutions, as well as nanoparticles synthesized by ionic gelation method are studied. Their characterization is focused on determining the charge and antimicrobial properties against common pathogenic microorganisms and Lactobacillus spp., usually found in resident microbiota of vaginal and gastrointestinal tract. Special emphasis is given to the evaluation of antimicrobial activity in relation to the available cationic charge and the presence of nano-sized chitosan in comparison with chitosan macromolecules. In order to investigate the chitosan's antimicrobial mode of action diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (D-NMR) is used as a novel approach. This technique enables the monitoring of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) effects onto healthy Lactobacillus cells. D-NMR results indicate that CSNP interact with the membrane of Lactobacillus cells, causing the perturbation of the membrane wall and lead to the death of the cells, suggesting the mechanism of Lactobacillus inhibition caused by CSNP. Lactobacillus inhibition is also reflected in low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC).

The optimized preparation of novel electrospun nanofibrous composites from cellulose acetate (CA) and ultra-high silica zeolites (UHSZ) are reported as a promising material for the adsorption of Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs). Two types of UHSZs, i.e. silicalite and USY were prepared by hydrothermal crystallization while the fabrication of composites was performed using single needle and needle-less electrospinning systems, demonstrating the scalability of the composite fibres’ manufactured. Herein, factors such as properties of spinning solutions and electrospinning process parameters were studied, as well as interactions between the CA and UHSZs. In addition, Quartz Crystal Microbalance - Dissipation technique (QCM-D) was employed with an aim to study the adsorption behaviour of newly developed composites using ammonia as a model pollutant. The QCM-D data revealed that the presence of UHSZs in the CA materials increased adsorption capacity, designating CA/UHSZ composites as potential materials suitable for a large-scale removal of VOCs from polluted air.

As there is a large gap in the field of fibre microbiological testing, the successful establishment of appropriate techniques is extremely appreciated. Antimicrobials prevent bacterial cell division by damaging the cell wall or affecting the permeabilities of cells’ membranes ; they denature proteins, block enzyme activity, prevent cell survival, etc. Intracellular potassium cations are released by the inhibitions of pathogenic micro-organisms. Their quantitative determination enables monitoring of the bactericidal effect regarding antimicrobials. It can be used as an alternative technique for determining the inhibition of micro-organisms in contact with antimicrobial agents. Chitosan, a biodegradable natural polymer, possesses antimicrobial characteristics that depend on a number of factors such as the protonated amino groups’ quantities, degree of acetylation, molecular weight, solvents, etc. Over recent years chitosan has become extremely attractive for fibre functionalization usage. The aim of this paper was to apply spectrophotometry and potentiometry using potassium ion-selective electrode, respectively, for the quantitative analysis of potassium efflux, resulting from the degradation of micro-organisms’ membranes in contact with chitosan itself, as well as with cellulose fibres functionalised by chitosan.

In this investigation, a novel coating for viscose fabric surface modification was developed using a synergistic formulation between a natural antimicrobial cationic surfactant from lysine (MKM) and a biopolymer hyaluronic acid (HA). The interaction between MKM and HA in aqueous solutions, as well as the interactions between their synergistic formulation (HA-MKM) and viscose fabric (CV) were studied using pH-potentiometric titrations', turbidity measurements, the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen amounts, attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilic and antimicrobial properties of the functionalised CV were examined in order to evaluate its usages for medical applications. The results of the interaction studies showed that MKM and HA interact with each other by forming a precipitate when the binding sites of HA are saturated. The precipitate has a slightly positive charge at neutral pH due to excess binding of the MKM to HA. The excess positive charge was also detected on CV coated with HA-MKM. This was proven to be very beneficial for the antimicrobial properties of the functionalised CV. The antimicrobial tests showed exceptional antimicrobial activity of the functionalised CV against Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Streptococcus Agalactiae, Candida Albicans, and Candida Glabrata, making the CV fabric highly interesting for potential use in medicine. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht., The financial support of Savatech d.o.o., Industrial rubber products and tyres is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia through the program P2 0118 as well l as ARRS project L2-4060 .and the financial support from Spanish Plan National I+D+I MAT2012-38047-C02-02.

The flavonoid rutin (RU) is a known antioxidant substance of plant origin. Its potential application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields is, however, limited, due to its low water solubility. This limitation can be overcome by polymerization of the phenolic RU into polyrutin (PR). In this work, an enzymatic polymerization of RU was performed in water, without the addition of organic solvents. Further, the chemical structure of PR was investigated using 1H NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to determine the molecular weight of PR, while its acid/base character was studied by potentiometric charge titrations. Additionally, this work investigated the antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of PR with respect to its chemical structure, based on its ability to (i) scavenge non biological stable free radicals (ABTS), (ii) scavenge biologically important oxidants, such as O2&bull, NO&bull, and OH&bull, and (iii) chelate Fe2+. The influence of PR on fibroblast and HaCaT cell viability was evaluated to confirm the applicability of water soluble PR for wound healing application.

The purpose of this work was to develop new additive combinations between chitosan and curcumin in solutions as a fiber-coating. Diverse additive combinations between chitosan and curcumin in solutions were adsorbed onto viscose fabrics in order to reach the essential antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalization for medical textiles. The goal of this paper was to examine the adsorption of these two compounds as an additive formulation on viscose textile material as well as to analyze the desorptions of both substances from the fabric surface. Finally, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of viscose fabrics functionalized by chitosan–curcumin formulations were respectively examined. Curcumin as an adsorbate for textiles in combination with chitosan represents an added-value because of its anti-oxidative properties, and showing the potential to enhance existing antimicrobial performance of chitosan when applied using the preferred procedure.

During the last decade xylans were widely researched and several derivatives have been developed and analyzed. However, the application properties of these new products are still sparsely known. The main objective of the presented investigation was to examine whether sulfated xylans from different sources (hard wood and oat-spelt) possess antithrombotic properties and how their protonation/deprotonation behavior in water solutions influence these properties. Two types of xylans, glucuronoxylan derived from beech wood, and arabinoxylan from oat spelt, were sulfated. Infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, NMR and size exclusion chromatography were applied for analyzing the success of derivatization. Deprotonation/protonation behavior of xylan samples in water solutions was analyzed by titration methods and the antithrombotic properties were investigated using activated partial thromboplastin time determination. The results showed significant increases in negative charges for the sulfated samples, which were a consequence of introducing sulfated groups as strong acids. However, the increase of antithrombotic properties was not influenced only by the presence of certain amounts of sulfate functional groups but also by the total negative-charges originating from both sulfate and carboxyl groups. The later was proved by the high linear correlation between the activated partial thromboplastin time values, and the total charge of the samples.

A two-step procedure was applied to obtain antimicrobial films; this procedure involved a corona treatment of the polyethylene (PE) surface and its chemical activation with 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide, and this led to the covalent bonding of chitosan on the PE surface. Electrochemical methods were used to investigate the stability of the deposited chitosan layer. The potentiometric and polyelectrolyte titrations showed that some amount of chitosan desorbed faster from the surface until equilibrium was reached and also that the grafted chitosan layer was more stable than the physically adsorbed one. The chitosan immobilized on the PE surface exhibited the expected antibacterial activity when tested against three bacteria, which included two Gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli, and one Gram-positive bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2444–2457, 2013

Cellulose viscose fibres were functionalized by novel amino cellulose sulfates (ACS), namely 6-deoxy-6-(ω-aminoethyl) amino cellulose-2,3(6)-O-sulfate (AECS), and 6-deoxy-6-(2-(bis-N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)aminoethyl)) amino cellulose-2,3(6)-O-sulfate (BAECS). In this way an amphoteric characteristics were introduced onto cellulose viscose fibers which is extremely important by fiber applications. Whilst cellulose fibers possess only negligible carboxyl groups’ content, the coating of fibers by AECS and BAECS, respectively, introduces new functional groups to the fibers; as positively-charged amino groups and negatively-charged sulfate groups. The typical functional groups within the non-coated fibers, as well in the ACS-coated fibers, were characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, conductometric-, potentiometric and polyelectrolyte titrations, as well as conventionally by the spectroscopic methylene-blue method. The electro-kinetic behavior was evaluated by measuring the zeta-potential of the fibers as a function of pH. The amounts of the positive-charges (introduced protonated amino groups) determined by potentiometric titration agreed with the amounts of the positive charges determined by conductometric titration. The total amounts of negatively-charged fiber groups (sulfate and carboxyl) determined by polyelectrolyte titration were 38.8 and 32.1 mMol kg−1 for AECS-Vis and BAECS-Vis, respectively, and these results were in accordance with the conventional methylene-blue method.

The protonation of cotton fabric with irreversibly adsorbed medical chitosan (CO–CT) was measured in aquatic medium at 0.1 M ionic strength by means of potentiometric titrations, and compared with the results obtained for pure cotton and chitosan. For CO–CT, the charging isotherm exhibits a charge reversal around pH � 6:0, which is identified as the point of zero charge (PZC). The pure chitosan and the acid fraction that is present in cotton, protonate according to the one-pK model, with pK CT ¼ 6:3 and pK CO ¼ 4:7, respectively. At pH > PZC, the charge of the acid fraction in CO–CT is negative and constant, and the proton binding is attributed purely to the adsorbed chitosan. On the other hand, the cottonbound acid exhibits a more complex protonation mechanism in CO–CT than in the pure fabric, which is evidenced as an excess positive charge at pH < PZC and a deviation from the one-pK behavior.

In this investigation, partially deacetylated cellulose acetate (DCA) thin films were prepared and modified with hydrophilic polysaccharides with the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. As polysaccharides, chitosan (CHI) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used. DCA thin films were manufactured by exposing spin coated cellulose acetate to potassium hydroxide solutions for various times. The deacetylation process was monitored by attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy, film thickness and static water contact angle measurements. A maximum of three bilayers was created from the alternating deposition of CHI and CMC on the DCA films under two different conditions namely constant ionic strengths and varying pH values of the CMC solutions. Precoatings of CMC at pH 2 were used as a base layer. The sequential deposition of CMC and CHI was investigated with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, film thickness, static water contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The versatility and applicability of the developed functional coatings was shown by removing the multilayers by rinsing with mixtures containing HCl/NaCl. The developed LbL coatings are used for studying the fouling behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA).

The film formation of novel ω-aminoalkylcellulose carbamates on gold surface was studied by means of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The influence of the pH value of the buffer solution, the concentration, the degree of polymerization, and the structure (spacer length) of the polymers on the coating was investigated. The layer formation was explained based on the pKa value and the degree of substitution of the ω-aminoalkylcellulose carbamates determined by potentiometric titration. This work provides novel supporting materials that might be applied in field of immobilization of biomolecules.

The charging behavior of water-soluble cellulose-4-[ N -methylamino]butyrate hydrochloride (CMABH) with different degree of substitution (DS) is investigated by polyelectrolyte titration at different pH values. Samples of high DS (0.92) and low DS (0.31) exhibit a decrease in positively charged groups from pH 2 (3.9 and 1.9 mmol g − 1 ) to pH 9 (0.81 and 0.65 mmol g − 1 ) due to the deprotonation of the ammonium groups. The stability of the ester linkage of CMABH is examined as a function of pH value and storage time (up to 28 d). A hydrolysis of the ester moiety is evident after 2 h at pH 8, which is also proved by ATR-FTIR- and Raman spectroscopy.

This paper aims at a better understanding of the systematic production of the ethyl cellulose (EC) particles by using an emulsification-solvent evaporation method in the presence of different polysaccharide derivatives. In particular, the role of different surface active polymers i.e. one ionic—carboxymethyl cellulose, one nonionic—hydroxyethyl cellulose, and two amphiphilic—high molecular weight methyl cellulose and low molecular weight methyl cellulose on EC particle formation was investigated. We have established how individual surface active polysaccharides with varying concentration from 0.1 to 3.0 wt% affect particle size and its distribution, particle shape, surface charge, and particle surface morphology. The interdependencies between surfactant nature and concentration at constant processing parameters and the subsequent nano- to micro-particle characteristics are discussed. It was determined that the particle size, surface morphology, supramolecular structure and surface properties of EC particles, prepared by an emulsion evaporation method can be effectively controlled by the type and concentration of used polysaccharide surfactant yielding spherical particles sizes from 170 nm to the micrometer level with smooth particle surfaces or remarkably a wrinkled surface morphology or “particle on particle” structures.