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Cambuci (Campomanesia phaea Berg.) is a native fruit to the Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil with several bioactive compounds, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, volatile compounds, tannins, and carotenoids and it is used mainly to produce jellies, ice cream, juices, and alcoholic beverages. This review and bibliometric analysis establish the progress, trends, and perspectives of research on this fruit. The results show an increase in publications is related to the emergence of this new research and demonstrate the potential growth of cambuci in different studies. Between 2003 and 2022, 153 articles and 22 reviews related to cambuci were published. The bibliometric analysis revealed that the main research area was Agricultural and Biological Sciences, and the main country producing research on the cambuci fruit was Brazil, with 118 articles published. Given that most publications are associated with Brazil, the foremost institutions dedicated to cambuci research are also Brazilian. The University of São Paulo spearheads the list of affiliations and comprises eight other Brazilian organizations, including seven universities and one research institution. The author's keywords revealed that phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, bioactive compounds, and osmotic dehydration are motor themes in cambuci research. Additionally, ellagic acid is a bioactive phenolic compound in tannins, and proanthocyanidins are compounds of great relevance in cambuci and have great benefit for human health with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, and antidepressant activity. In conclusion, the review establishes that cambuci is an interesting source for its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted seed residues after the extraction of rose oil have their potential not fully described in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to determine and characterize the components important for the human body that are found in Rosa rugosa defatted seeds, including dietary fibers, proteins, selected minerals, polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Rosa rugosa seeds defatted with CO2 in supercritical conditions are a rich source of dietary fibers (approx. 65%) and proteins (15%); their macronutrients include the following: Ca (175.9), Mg (83.9), K (199.2) and Na (3.5 mg/100 g). They also contain polyphenols, including flavanols (0.9%) and total ellagic acid (0.5%), and they exhibit antioxidant activity (143.8 µM TAEC/g). Tellimagrandin I and II and rugosin A were found in the extracts, and ellagitannins with a yet-indeterminate structure were also present. The seeds also contained ellagitannin derivatives—galloyl-HHDP-glucose and bis-HHDP-glucose—at the same time, and they are characterized by a low-fat content—0.4%. The energy value of defatted rose seeds is about half the energy value of popular seeds used in the food industry. The findings of the present study suggest that defatted rosehip seeds, the by-product of rosehip processing, could be an important source of bioactive components like dietary fibers, flavanols, ellagitannins and mineral compounds. Therefore, defatted rose seeds are very promising and require further research, because they can potentially be used as a natural source of chemopreventive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rhizogenic culture of Drosera capensis L. was obtained. An HPLC method with UV and mass-spectrometric detection was applied to analyze the effect of different drying protocols on the yield of individual polyphenols and 1,4-naphthoquinones from the rhizogenic culture of D. capensis L. The results of this analysis were compared with similar data obtained on the previously established morphogenic culture of D. rotundifolia L. that has been maintained for more than 15 years. In the rhizogenic culture of D. capensis L., six compounds were identified for the first time (myricetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, rossoliside, 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-β-D-glycopyranoside, myricetin, 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid, and plumbagin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-structural protein 5 (Nsp5) is a cysteine protease that plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, suppressing host protein synthesis and promoting immune evasion. The investigation of natural products as a potential strategy for Nsp5 inhibition is gaining attention as a means of developing antiviral agents. In this work, we have investigated the physicochemical properties and structure-activity relationships of ellagic acid and its gut metabolites, urolithins A–D, as ligands of Nsp5. Results allow us to identify urolithin D as promising ligand of Nsp5, with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range of potency. Although urolithin D is able to bind to the catalytic cleft of Nsp5, the appraisal of its viral replication inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 assay highlights a lack of activity. While these results are discussed in the framework of the available literature reporting conflicting data on polyphenol antiviral activity, they provide new clues for natural products as potential viral protease inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first contact of polyphenols (tannins) with the human body occurs in the mouth, where they are known to interact with proline‐rich proteins (PRPs). These interactions are important at a sensory level, especially for the development of astringency, but affect also various other biochemical processes. Employing thermodynamic measurements, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, we investigated the binding process of the prototypical polyphenol ellagic acid (EA) to different IB‐PRPs and BSA, also in the presence of ethanol, which is known to influence tannin–protein interactions. Binding of EA to BSA and the small peptide IB7‐14 is weak, but very strong to IB9‐37. The differences in binding strength and stoichiometry are due to differences in the binding motifs, which also lead to differences in the thermodynamic signatures of the binding process. EA binding to BSA is enthalpy‐driven, whereas binding to both IB7‐14 and IB9‐37 is entropy‐driven. The presence of 10 vol.% EtOH, as present in wines, increases the binding constant of EA with BSA and IB7‐14 drastically, but not that with IB9‐37; however, it changes the binding stoichiometry. These differences can be attributed to the effect of EtOH on the conformation dynamics of the proteins and to changes in hydration properties in alcoholic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are the main component of Phyllanthus emblica (PE). However, polyphenols are so easy to transform that it is unknown that how drying methods driven by heating affect the anti-fatigue effect of PE. This manuscript investigated the effects of five drying methods on the chemical composition transformation and anti-fatigue of PE, and discussed the action mechanism. The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of PE with hot-air-dried at 100 °C was the best, which was as 1.63 times as that with freeze-drying. Ellagic acid (EA) may be a key component of PE in anti-fatigue, and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating intestinal microbiota, protecting mitochondria, and regulating energy metabolism. This study first revealed the thermal transformation of polyphenols in PE, found the most effective strategy for enhancing the anti-fatigue function, and explores its action mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective 　In order to rapidly detect the contents of the five active compounds ( total flavonoids, total polyphenols, forsythiaside A, forsythin and rutin) in Forsythia suspensa leaves and explore the nature of their annual dynamic changes, we established dynamic quantitative models based on near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy. Methods 　This study used F. suspensa leaves, which had been collected from May to November 2021(72 batches altogether), as samples. NIR spectroscopy combined with partial least-squares analysis was used to establish NIR rapid-detection models for the contents of the five active compounds, including total flavonoids, total polyphenols, forsythiaside A, forsythin, and rutin. Results 　The correlation coefficients in the quantitative models of total flavonoids, total polyphenols, forsythiaside A, forsythin, and rutin in F. suspensa leaves were 0. 950 1, 0. 931 1, 0. 957 3, 0. 942 9, and 0. 977 3, respectively. The standard errors of the validation set were 1. 39, 0. 68, 0. 48, 0. 10, and 0. 07, while the average relative errors between the predicted values and the measured values of the validation set were 9. 39%, 10. 27%, 16. 40%, 5. 58%, and 7. 96%. Paired t test values of the reference values of total flavonoids, total polyphenols, forsythiaside A, forsythin, and rutin to their corresponding predicted values of NIR spectroscopy were 1. 137, 0. 127, 0. 785, 1. 491, and 0. 150, while the P values were 0. 269, 0. 900, 0. 441, 0. 149, and 0. 882. The content of the five active compounds were higher from May to June, decreased quickly in July, recovered in August, and decreased from September to October. The content of active ingredients increased significantly after the first frost compared to before the frost, reaching the highest during the whole year, suggesting the best period for harvesting F. suspensa leaves. Conclusion　The NIR quantitative models established in this study were stable, showed efficacy, and displayed great prediction accuracy. This model can quickly predict the content of five active compounds and their dynamic changes in F. suspensa leaves across different harvesting periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Plant extracts are important sources of natural bioactive compounds, commonly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of plant extracts provides valuable information about their potential use. In the case of polyphenol-rich plant raw materials for external use, it is extremely important to test the ability of active substances to permeate the skin. Aim of the research: To determine the polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of horse chestnut, butcher's broom, and mountain arnica glycerol-water extracts and to assess the diffusion capacity of plant extracts from hydrogel formulations. Material and methods: The content of polyphenols was determined using a spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant properties were analysed using DPPH-EPR assay and the FRAP method. The pharmaceutical availability of the extracts in the hydrogels was tested using a simplified model of human skin represented by a cellulose dialysis membrane. Results and conclusions: The total polyphenol content in the extracts was highest in horse chestnut, followed by butcher's broom and mountain arnica, whereas the arnica extract had the highest flavonoid content. The obtained results indicate that the extracts have high antioxidant potential, which can be ranked as follows: A. montana > A. hippocastanum > R. aculeatus. The pharmaceutical availability analysis showed that the extract from A. hippocastanum is released most efficiently. Analyses of the kinetics of active substance release from hydrogel formulations have proven to be a useful tool for assessing the efficacy of semi-solid products. Tested plant extracts can be used as polyphenol-rich natural materials with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilm is a major contributor to the persistence of infection and the limited efficacy of antibiotics. Antibiofilm molecules that interfere with the biofilm lifestyle offer a valuable tool in fighting bacterial pathogens. Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural polyphenol that has shown attractive antibiofilm properties. However, its precise antibiofilm mode of action remains unknown. Experimental evidence links the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase enzyme WrbA to biofilm formation, stress response, and pathogen virulence. Moreover, WrbA has demonstrated interactions with antibiofilm molecules, suggesting its role in redox and biofilm modulation. This work aims to provide mechanistic insights into the antibiofilm mode of action of EA utilizing computational studies, biophysical measurements, enzyme inhibition studies on WrbA, and biofilm and reactive oxygen species assays exploiting a WrbA-deprived mutant strain of Escherichia coli. Our research efforts led us to propose that the antibiofilm mode of action of EA stems from its ability to perturb the bacterial redox homeostasis driven by WrbA. These findings shed new light on the antibiofilm properties of EA and could lead to the development of more effective treatments for biofilm-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a Plasmodium genus parasite that remains the most widespread parasitosis. The spread of Plasmodium clones that are increasingly resistant to antimalarial molecules is a serious public health problem for underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic approaches is necessary. For example, one strategy could consist of studying the redox process involved in the development of the parasite. Regarding potential drug candidates, ellagic acid is widely studied due to its antioxidant and parasite-inhibiting properties. However, its low oral bioavailability remains a concern and has led to pharmacomodulation and the synthesis of new polyphenolic compounds to improve antimalarial activity. This work aimed at investigating the modulatory effect of ellagic acid and its analogues on the redox activity of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase involved in malaria. Overall, the compounds show an inhibitory effect on free radicals as well as on the enzyme horseradish peroxidase- and myeloperoxidase (HRP/MPO)-catalyzed oxidation of substrates (L-012 and Amplex Red). Similar results are obtained with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phorbol 12-mystate acetate (PMA)-activated neutrophils. The efficiency of ellagic acid analogues will be discussed in terms of structure–activity relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Caries and erosions still remain a challenge for preventive dentistry. Certain plant extracts have shown beneficial effects in preventive dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, anti-adherent and erosion-protective properties of ellagic acid (EA) as a polyphenolic agent. The combination with olive oil was investigated additionally to verify a possible improved bioactive effect of EA. (2) An in situ study was carried out with six subjects. Individual splints were prepared with bovine enamel specimens. The splints were worn for 1 min (pellicle formation time). Thereafter, 10 min rinses were performed with EA in water/in oil. Bacterial adherence was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy (DAPI, ConA, BacLight) after an 8 h oral exposition time. Additionally, the splints were worn for 30 min to quantify demineralization processes. The ultrastructure of the pellicle was investigated after an oral exposure time of 2 h under a transmission electron microscope. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal–Wallis tests, Mann–Whitney U tests and Bonferroni–Holm correction. (3) Rinsing with EA led to a significant reduction of adherent vital and dead bacteria. The combination with olive oil did not improve these outcomes. The assessment of glucan structures after rinsing with EA in water showed significant effects. Significant differences were observed for both rinses in calcium release at pH 3.0. After rinsing with EA in oil, significantly less calcium was released compared to rinsing with EA in water (pH = 3.0). (4) Olive oil is not suitable as a transport medium for lipophilic polyphenols. EA has anti-adherent and antibacterial properties in situ. EA also shows erosion-protective effects, which can be enhanced in combination with olive oil depending on the pH value. Ellagic acid has a neutral pH and could be an opportunity in the treatment of specific patient groups (xerostomia or mucositis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of polyphenols, including ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The plant is used in traditional medicine, and its purified components can provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and support of host defenses during viral infection and recovery from disease. Current data show that pomegranate polyphenol extract and its ellagitannin components and metabolites exert their beneficial effects by controlling immune cell infiltration, regulating the cytokine secretion and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production, and by modulating the activity of the NFκB pathway. In vitro, pomegranate extracts and ellagitannins interact with and inhibit the infectivity of a range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. In silico docking studies show that ellagitannins bind to several SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins, including a number of proteases. This warrants further exploration of polyphenol–viral and polyphenol–host interactions in in vitro and in vivo studies. Pomegranate extracts, ellagitannins and ellagic acid are promising agents to target the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to restrict the host inflammatory response to viral infections, as well as to supplement the depleted host antioxidant levels during the stage of recovery from COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases. The pharmacological properties of meadowsweet are derived from the presence of phenolic compounds of a diverse structure in sufficiently large quantities. The purpose of this study was to examine the vertical distribution of individual groups of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and tannins) and individual phenolic compounds in meadowsweet and to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts from various meadowsweet organs. It was found that the leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots of meadowsweet are characterized by a high total phenolics content (up to 65 mg g−1). A high content of flavonoids was determined in the upper leaves and flowers (117–167 mg g−1), with high contents of hydroxycinnamic acids in the upper leaves, flowers, and fruits (6.4–7.8 mg g–1); high contents of catechins and proanthocyanidins in the roots (45.1 and 3.4 mg g–1, respectively); and high tannin content in the fruits (38.3 mg g–1). Analysis of extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the qualitative and quantitative composition of individual phenolic compounds in various parts of the meadowsweet varied greatly. Among the flavonoids identified in meadowsweet, quercetin derivatives dominate, namely quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside, and quercetin 4′-O-glucoside. Quercetin 4′-O-glucoside (spiraeoside) was found only in the flowers and fruits. Catechin was identified in the leaves and roots of meadowsweet. The distribution of phenolic acids across the plant was also uneven. In the upper leaves, a higher content of chlorogenic acid was determined, and in the lower leaves, a higher content of ellagic acid determined. In flowers and fruits, a higher contents of gallic, caftaric, ellagic, and salicylic acids were noted. Ellagic and salicylic acids were also dominant among phenolic acids in the roots. Based on the results of the analysis of antioxidant activity in terms of the ability to utilize the radicals of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazolino-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and in terms of iron-reducing ability (FRAP), the upper leaves, flowers, and fruits of meadowsweet can be considered plant raw materials suitable to obtain extracts with high antioxidant activity. Extracts of plant fruits and flowers also showed high antibacterial activity against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammation plays a major part in brain ischemia. Propolis is a polyphenol-rich hive product with a set of pharmaceutical properties. Objectives: This research aims to investigate the impact of water extracts of brown propolis (WEPs) on stroke outcomes and inflammatory responses in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Materials & Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2017. WEPs were experimentally prepared from two regions in Iran. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Folin-Ciocalteu assays were used to determine chemical portrayal and the total polyphenol content, respectively. A total of 66 male adult mice were divided randomly into the surgical sham, control (vehicle-treated), and four WEPs-treated animal groups. WEPs-treated groups received doses of 100 and 200 (mg/kg, IP) four times, and their behavioral tests, brain edema, infarct volume, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) level were evaluated. Results: The samples were not significantly different in terms of the concentration of the total polyphenol content. Compared to the control, WEPs led to a substantial decrease in the TNF-a level (P<0.05) as well as a subsequent reduction in the brain edema and infarct volume (P<0.001) in all treatment groups. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in neurological deficits and sensory-motor impairments level (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the study findings, WEPs reduce brain ischemia damage, perhaps by exerting a neuroprotective effect on stroke-induced neuroinflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the potential role of ellagic acid on various biomarkers of oxidative stress during human ageing has been studied. The study was carried out on 75 healthy individuals of both sexes. They were divided into three age groups viz., young (<36 years; n=23; male=13, female=10), middle (36-60 years; n=38; male=25, female=13), and old (>60 years; n=14; male=8, female=6). The oxidative stress was induced by using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). In each age group, erythrocytes were incubated with ellagic acid (final concentration 10-5M). The result demonstrated a significant (P <0.01) decrease in total antioxidant potential in terms of FRAP value during ageing. A significant (P <0.05) in vitro protective effect of ellagic acid on malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels on erythrocytes against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide has been reported. The study was performed on erythrocytes of different age groups. The findings suggest a possible role of ellagic acid as an anti-ageing compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the greatest defense organ of the body, the skin is exposed to endogenous and external stressors that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). When the antioxidant system of the body fails to eliminate ROS, oxidative stress is initiated, which results in skin cellular senescence, inflammation, and cancer. Two main possible mechanisms underlie oxidative stress-induced skin cellular senescence, inflammation, and cancer. One mechanism is that ROS directly degrade biological macromolecules, including proteins, DNA, and lipids, that are essential for cell metabolism, survival, and genetics. Another one is that ROS mediate signaling pathways, such as MAPK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, Nrf2, and SIRT1/FOXO, affecting cytokine release and enzyme expression. As natural antioxidants, plant polyphenols are safe and exhibit a therapeutic potential. We here discuss in detail the therapeutic potential of selected polyphenolic compounds and outline relevant molecular targets. Polyphenols selected here for study according to their structural classification include curcumin, catechins, resveratrol, quercetin, ellagic acid, and procyanidins. Finally, the latest delivery of plant polyphenols to the skin (taking curcumin as an example) and the current status of clinical research are summarized, providing a theoretical foundation for future clinical research and the generation of new pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical synthesis of ellagic acid has been achieved from methyl gallate by a proposed synthetic route of five steps, consisting of ketal protection, regioselective bromination, bis -lactonization, C–C bond formation between the aromatic rings of the galloyl groups, and ketal deprotection, in 38% overall yield. Ellagic acid showed a slight inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a polyphenol-rich food and medicinal plant containing flavonols, anthocyanins, and tannins. Ellagitannins (ETs) are the most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate. A growing body of research shows that polyphenol-rich pomegranate extracts and their metabolites target multiple types of brain cell and support their redox balance, proliferation and survival, as well as cell signaling. Independent studies have demonstrated that the significant neuroprotective effects of ETs are mediated by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, their chelating properties, by their ability to activate various signaling pathways, as well as the ability to influence mitochondrial damage, thus regulating autophagy, apoptosis and neurotransmitter signaling. The multitude of in vitro and in vivo studies summarized in the present review suggest that pomegranate polyphenols act on both neuronal and glial cells directly, and also affect blood–brain barrier function, restoring redox balance in the blood and brain and increasing blood flow to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Ellagic acid (EA) is used in traditional medicine to treated hyperlipidaemia. Objective: This study examined if AMPK mediates the anti-steatotic effect of ellagic acid (EA) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Materials and methods: Adult male Wistar rats (130 ± 10 g) were divided into 6 groups (n=8 rats/group) as control, controlþEA, controlþEAþCC an AMPK inhibitor), T1DM, T1DMþEA, and T1DMþEAþCC. The treatments with EA (50 mg/kg/orally) and CC (200 ng/rat/i.p.) were given the desired groups for 12 weeks, daily. Results: In T1DM-rats, EA reduced fasting glucose levels (44.8%), increased fasting insulin levels (92.8%), prevented hepatic lipid accumulation, and decreased hepatic and serum levels of total triglycerides (54% & 61%), cholesterol (57% & 48%), and free fatty acids (40% & 37%). It also reduced hepatic levels of ROS (62%), MDA (52%), TNF-a (62%), and IL-6 (57.2%) and the nuclear activity of NF-jB p65 (54%) but increased the nuclear activity of Nrf-2 (4-fold) and levels of GSH (107%) and SOD (87%). Besides, EA reduced downregulated SREBP1 (35%), SREBP2 (34%), ACC-1 (36%), FAS (38%), and HMG-CoAR (49%) but stimulated mRNA levels of PPARa (1.7-fold) and CPT1a (1.8-fold), CPT1b (2.9-fold), and p-AMPK (4-fold). All these events were prevented by the co-administration of CC. Discussion and conclusions: These findings encourage the use of EA to treat hepatic disorders, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to validate its potential in clinical medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultrasonic assisted leaf extract of Basilicum polystachyon revealed the phenolic compounds present in the free, esterified and glycosylated forms. • First comparative RP-HPLC analysis of different phenolic forms in vivo and in vitro B. polystachyon leaf. • Gallic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid in B. polystachyon for the first time along with caffeic acid, p- coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid were identified. • B. polystachyon could serve as a souce of antioxidants. • Phenolic compounds of in vivo plants exhibited the higher antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, S. aureus, M. smegmatis, E. coli and C. albicans. Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench is a member of Lamiaceae family and important ethnomedicinal that is widely used in the treatment of several ailments and is reputed to possess an inhibitor of the dengue virus. In vitro propagation is an efficient strategy for large-scale production of plantlets. Such process is a good alternative method for the production of valuable secondary metabolites. Hence, the present study assesses the contents of phenolic compounds, radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial efficacy of in vivo grown compared with the in vitro grown B. polystachyon plants. Thus, the antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts was determined by scavengers like ABTS .+ , DPPH. , hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide along with lipid peroxidation inhibition, FRAP, reducing power and DNA damage protection assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disk diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration assay. RP-HPLC was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in the following forms: free, esterified and glycosylated. The leaf extract of in vivo plants exhibited stronger antioxidant activities. The FRAP assay revealed a maximum reducing power with leaf extract of in vivo grown plants (43.73±0.52 µM Fe(II) equivalent). Total phenolic content of in vivo plants presented a strong positive correlation to IC 50 values of ABTS, DPPH, and HPSA, whereas total flavonoid content of in vitro grown plant was strongly correlated to IC 50 values of DPPH and HPSA. In vivo plants showed the highest inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus aureus. RP-HPLC analysis showed the phenolic compounds present in all tested forms of B. polystachyon leaf. For the first time, gallic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid were identified in this extract. Also, caffeic acid, p -coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid were quantified. These findings strongly suggest that B. polystachyon may be exploited as a promising natural source of antioxidants along with efficient antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is a key protein responsible for transporting Ca2+ ions from the cytosol into the lumen of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER), thus maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis within cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that impaired SERCA function is associated with disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and induction of ER stress, leading to different chronic pathological conditions. Therefore, appropriate strategies to control Ca2+ homeostasis via modulation of either SERCA pump activity/expression or relevant signaling pathways may represent a useful approach to combat pathological states associated with ER stress. Natural dietary polyphenolic compounds, such as resveratrol, gingerol, ellagic acid, luteolin, or green tea polyphenols, with a number of health-promoting properties, have been described either to increase SERCA activity/expression directly or to affect Ca2+ signaling pathways. In this review, potential Ca2+-mediated effects of the most studied polyphenols on SERCA pumps or related Ca2+ signaling pathways are summarized, and relevant mechanisms of their action on Ca2+ regulation with respect to various ER stress-related states are depicted. All data were collected using scientific search tools (i.e., Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory loss and a progressive decline in cognitive activity. The two major pathophysiological factors responsible for AD are amyloid plaques (comprising amyloid-beta aggregates) and neurofibrillary tangles (consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau protein). Polyphenols, a class of naturally occurring compounds, are immensely beneficial for the treatment or management of various disorders and illnesses. Naturally occurring sources of polyphenols include plants and plant-based foods, such as fruits, herbs, tea, vegetables, coffee, red wine, and dark chocolate. Polyphenols have unique properties, such as being the major source of anti-oxidants and possessing anti-aging and anti-cancerous properties. Currently, dietary polyphenols have become a potential therapeutic approach for the management of AD, depending on various research findings. Dietary polyphenols can be an effective strategy to tackle multifactorial events that occur with AD. For instance, naturally occurring polyphenols have been reported to exhibit neuroprotection by modulating the Aβ biogenesis pathway in AD. Many nanoformulations have been established to enhance the bioavailability of polyphenols, with nanonization being the most promising. This review comprehensively provides mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective potential of dietary polyphenols in treating AD. It also reviews the usability of dietary polyphenol as nanoformulation for AD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the recovery ellagic acid (EA) obtained by solid-state fermentation (SSF) assisted extraction from Mexican Rambutan peel (Nephelium lappaceum L.). For the recovered compound, the influences of Aspergillus niger inoculum, temperature and moisture were evaluated. Maximum accumulation of EA, radial growth of the microorganism, water absorption capacity (WAC) of the rambutan peel and determination of best fermentation conditions were tested. The identification of recovered compounds and EA was performed by HPLC-MS. The total polyphenols (hydrolyzable and condensed assays) and antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH assays) were tested. The present study proposes a biotechnological alternative to obtain, from agro-industrial wastes, a high-added value compound using SSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen and carbonyl species promote oxidative and carbonyl stress, and the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and others. The traditional herb Cistus × incanus is known for its antioxidant properties; therefore, the current study aimed to assess how the chemical composition of a C. incanus water infusion corresponds with its antioxidative and antiglycative effects in vitro. The composition of infusions prepared from commercial products was analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and non-flavonoid polyphenols were determined. Antioxidant activity of infusions and selected polyphenols was investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Fluorometric measurements and methylglyoxal capture were performed to investigate the antiglycation activity. PCA and PLS-DA models were applied to explore the correlation between chemical and antioxidant results. The principal flavonoids in C. incanus were flavonols. In vitro tests revealed that a stronger antioxidant effect was demonstrated by plant material from Turkey rich in flavonoids, followed by Albania and Greece. Flavonols and ellagic acid displayed stronger antiradical and reducing power than EA-derived urolithins. Hyperoside was the most potent inhibitor of glycation. The results indicate that flavonoids are primarily responsible for rock rose antioxidant and antiglycation properties. PLS-DA modeling can be used to identify the origin of plant material with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chagas disease (CHD) is the highest economic burden parasitosis worldwide and the most important cardiac infection, without therapeutic alternatives to halt or reverse its progression. In CHD-experimental models, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds have demonstrated therapeutic potential in cardiac dysfunction. Theobroma cacao polyphenols are potent natural antioxidants with cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory action, which are susceptible to degradation, requiring technological approaches to guarantee their protection, stability, and controlled release. Here, 21 cocoa polyphenol-rich microencapsulates were produced by spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques using two wall materials (maltodextrin and gum arabic). Chemical (total and individual phenolic content and antioxidant activity), structural (morphology), and biological parameters (cytotoxicity, trypanocidal, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities) were assessed to determine the most efficient microencapsulation conditions on Trypanosoma cruzi -infected myocardioblast and macrophage cells. Significant antiproliferative properties against infected cells (superior to benznidazole) were found in two microencapsulates which also exhibited cardioprotective properties against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols, the secondary metabolites distributed in different parts of a plant, have major role in protecting the plants from deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiations and various diseases caused by pathogens. Considering the fact that these metabolites possess tremendous medicinal properties, extensive research has been carried out during the past few decades to explore their potential health benefits. Further, polyphenols are documented to possess different activities such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiulcer. The present study pertained to analyze different polyphenolic compounds in pollen grains of 9 medicinally important plant species viz., Bauhinia variegata, B.purpurea, Cassia biflora, C. fistula, C. glauca, C. saimea and Delonix regia belonging to Fabaceae family, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis belonging to Malvaceae family and Melia azadirach belonging toMeliaceaefamily using Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Various polyphenolic compounds likecaffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, tert-butyl hydroquinone andumbelliferonewere found to be present in the pollen grains of these plant species. The order of plant species in terms of maximum number of polyphenolic compounds was observed as Cassia saimea (10) > B. purpurea (9) = C. fistula (9) = Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (9) > Delonix regia (8) > B. variegata (6) > C. glauca (4) = Melia Azadirach (4) > C. biflora (3). The plants such as C. saimea, B. purpurea, C. fistula and H. rosa-sinensis with different polyphenolic compounds indicated their potential for the treatment of ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we carried out an exhaustive characterization of the polyphenol profile of strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, and blackberry decoctions; as well as the extractable (EPP) and hydrolysable (HPP) polyphenolic and proanthocyanidin profile of the residues obtained during berries decoctions (decoction by-products) by UPLC-ESI-Q-ToF MS. A greater variety of polyphenols was identified in the EPP fraction of the berry decoction by-products as compared to the decoctions, which were rich in several ellagitannins, flavonols, hydroxybenzoic acids, and anthocyanins. Ellagic acid was identified as the major polyphenol after acid hydrolysis in all berry decoction by-products, followed by hydroxybenzoic acid, which was found bound to the matrix by glycosidic, ether and ester bonds. Regarding proanthocyanidins, procyanidin, prodelphinidin, and propelargonidin dimers were identified in the strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry decoction by-products by MALDI-ToF MS. The results obtained from this study demonstrates that berries decoctions are rich in polyphenols; however, berry decoction by-products were richer in polyphenols with a great variety of extractable and non-extractable polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are important active components in tea plants, which have strong biological activity and antioxidant activity. A certain degree of stress or exogenous substances can significantly increase the content of polyphenols in plants. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a natural functional amino acid, was used to study whether exogenous GABA can increase the content of polyphenols and enhance antioxidant activity in tea plants under heat-stress conditions. The results showed that the content of GABA was positively correlated with the content of polyphenols (r = 0.649), especially with the content of total catechins (r = 0.837). Most of the related genes encoding flavonoid metabolism (PAL, C4H, 4CL , CHS, CHI, F3H, F3′H, F3′5′H, DFR, LAR, ANS , ANR and FLS) as well as enzyme activities (PAL, C4H and 4CL) were upregulated. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were induced under heat-stress conditions. However, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA), an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, exhibited opposite results under heat-stress conditions compared with GABA treatment. These results indicated that GABA plays a key role in the accumulation of polyphenols and the upregulation of the antioxidant system in tea plants under heat-stress conditions. • Exogenous GABA greatly contributed to catechin accumulation in tea. • Exogenous GABA actively induced increased POD, CAT and APX activities. • The catechin biosynthesis related genes were upregulated induced by GABA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Binding interaction of Ellagic acid with trypsin was investigated. • Experimental studies were applied to analyze the Ellagic acid - trypsin complex. • The conformation of trypsin was changed by Ellagic acid. • Ellagic acid affected the activity of trypsin. Several investigations have revealed the ability of phenolic compounds to form complexes with proteins and change their conformation. In the present paper, the interaction between trypsin and ellagic acid is studied using several techniques. The absorption investigation suggested an interaction between trypsin and ellagic acid. The fluorescence study illustrated that the hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces have a role in the static complex formation between trypsin and Ellagic acid (EA). On the other hand, the thermal stability study indicated that the trypsin-EA interaction could lead to a higher T m point (47.5 to 52.5 °C) and stability for the enzyme. Based on the CD analysis, the α-helix and β-sheet percent changed after joining with ellagic acid. Ellagic acid showed an uncompetitive role in the trypsin function in the kinetic analysis. Finally, the molecular docking and simulation investigations confirmed the structural and functional alterations in the trypsin structure obtained in the spectroscopic study. The results of this study help shed more light on the trypsin behavior against the phenolic compound, especially ellagic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Binding interaction of Ellagic acid with trypsin was investigated. • Experimental studies were applied to analyze the Ellagic acid - trypsin complex. • The conformation of trypsin was changed by Ellagic acid. • Ellagic acid affected the activity of trypsin. Several investigations have revealed the ability of phenolic compounds to form complexes with proteins and change their conformation. In the present paper, the interaction between trypsin and ellagic acid is studied using several techniques. The absorption investigation suggested an interaction between trypsin and ellagic acid. The fluorescence study illustrated that the hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces have a role in the static complex formation between trypsin and Ellagic acid (EA). On the other hand, the thermal stability study indicated that the trypsin-EA interaction could lead to a higher T m point (47.5 to 52.5 °C) and stability for the enzyme. Based on the CD analysis, the α-helix and β-sheet percent changed after joining with ellagic acid. Ellagic acid showed an uncompetitive role in the trypsin function in the kinetic analysis. Finally, the molecular docking and simulation investigations confirmed the structural and functional alterations in the trypsin structure obtained in the spectroscopic study. The results of this study help shed more light on the trypsin behavior against the phenolic compound, especially ellagic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Cover Feature: Alcohol-Induced Conformation Changes and Thermodynamic Signatures in the Binding of Polyphenols to Proline-Rich Salivary Proteins," explores the interaction between polyphenols, specifically ellagic acid, and salivary proteins in the mouth. The study found that the presence of ethanol, as found in wines, significantly increases the binding of ellagic acid to salivary proteins. This increase in binding is attributed to the effect of ethanol on the conformational dynamics and hydration of the proteins. For more information, readers can refer to the research article by N. Jahmidi-Azizi, R. Oliva, and R. Winter. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] • Urolithin, lunularin, and equol metabotypes coexist as ten different clusters (MCs). • Identifying MCs can help in personalized gut microbiome (GM)-targeted interventions. • GM's features and its modulation by polyphenols (PPs) differ depending on each MC. • PPs can impact the ecological network of the most robust gut microbiome (LP + UMA + EP). • First study on the composition, functions, and networks of GM in PPs metabolism. The gut microbiota (GM) produces different polyphenol-derived metabolites, yielding high interindividual variability and hampering consistent health effects. GM metabotypes associated with ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes A (UMA), B (UMB), and 0 (UM0)), resveratrol (lunularin -producers (LP) and non-producers (LNP)), and daidzein (equol-producers (EP) and non-producers (ENP)) are known. However, individual polyphenol-related metabotypes do not occur individually. In contrast, different combinations coexist (i.e., metabotype clusters, MCs). We report here for the first time these MCs, their distribution, and their associated GM in adult humans (n = 127) after consuming for 7 days a nutraceutical (pomegranate, Polygonum cuspidatum, and red clover extracts) containing ellagitannins + ellagic acid, resveratrol, and isoflavones. Urine metabolites (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and fecal microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing) were analyzed. Ten MCs were identified: LP + UMB + ENP (22.7%), LP + UMA + ENP (21.3%), LP + UMA + EP (16.7%), LP + UMB + EP (16%), LNP + UMA + ENP (11.3%), LNP + UMB + ENP (5.3%), LNP + UMA + EP (3.3%), LNP + UMB + EP (2%), LNP + UM0 + EP (0.7%), and LNP + UM0 + ENP (0.7%). Sex, BMI, and age did not affect the distribution of metabotypes or MCs. Multivariate analysis (MaAslin2) revealed genera differentially present in individual metabotypes and MCs. Network analysis (MENA) showed the taxa acting as module hubs and connectors. Compositional and functional profiling, alpha and beta diversities, topological network features, and GM modulation by the nutraceutical differed depending on whether the entire cohort or each MC was considered. The nutraceutical did not change the composition of LP + UMA + EP (the most robust GM with the most associated functions) but increased its network connectors. This pioneering approach, joining GM's compositional, functional, and network features in polyphenol metabolism, paves the way for identifying personalized GM-targeted strategies to improve polyphenol health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant production is an important source of animal proteins for human nutrition. However, ruminants contribute to about 30% of anthropogenic methane (CH 4) emissions worldwide. The reduction of CH 4 emissions could represent an important strategy against climate warming. Tannins can play an important role in the mitigation of CH 4 emissions from ruminants. However, their mode of action is not yet well known. Thus, the present study aimed to gain a better understanding of the effect of ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA) on rumen fermentation using a model of short-term in vitro rumen fermentation. The basal diet (hay) was supplemented with EA and GA in five treatments (mg/g dry matter): i) EA 75, ii) EA 150, iii) GA 75, iv) GA 150 and v) EA 75 + GA 75. After a 24 h incubation, pH, ammonia formation, gas production, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and the microbial count were assessed. Total gas production and digestible organic matter (dOM) were decreased after all the treatments, except for GA 75. The treatments EA 150 and EA+GA significantly decreased CH 4 production per unit of dietary DM, dOM, CO 2 and SCFA. Ammonia production was significantly decreased by EA 150 and EA+GA. EA and GA differently affected the relative abundance of selected bacterial taxa in rumen microbiota. To conclude, EA 150 and EA+GA exerted a significant effect on the reduction of CH 4 emissions and ammonia formation, but affecting also the rumen degradability of the diet and the total SCFA production, whereas EA 75 and GA 75 were not effective as EA 150 and EA+GA on CH 4 and ammonia, but were less detrimental on feed degradability and SCFA. Further studies are needed to determine whether the beneficial and detrimental effects of tannins on rumen fermentation can be dissociated. [Display omitted] • Ellagic and gallic acid were assessed in an in vitro model of rumen fermentation. • Ellagic and gallic acid decreased methane emissions and ammonia formation. • Ellagic and gallic acid modulated the rumen microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Urolithin, lunularin, and equol metabotypes coexist as ten different clusters (MCs). • Identifying MCs can help in personalized gut microbiome (GM)-targeted interventions. • GM's features and its modulation by polyphenols (PPs) differ depending on each MC. • PPs can impact the ecological network of the most robust gut microbiome (LP + UMA + EP). • First study on the composition, functions, and networks of GM in PPs metabolism. The gut microbiota (GM) produces different polyphenol-derived metabolites, yielding high interindividual variability and hampering consistent health effects. GM metabotypes associated with ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes A (UMA), B (UMB), and 0 (UM0)), resveratrol (lunularin -producers (LP) and non-producers (LNP)), and daidzein (equol-producers (EP) and non-producers (ENP)) are known. However, individual polyphenol-related metabotypes do not occur individually. In contrast, different combinations coexist (i.e., metabotype clusters, MCs). We report here for the first time these MCs, their distribution, and their associated GM in adult humans (n = 127) after consuming for 7 days a nutraceutical (pomegranate, Polygonum cuspidatum, and red clover extracts) containing ellagitannins + ellagic acid, resveratrol, and isoflavones. Urine metabolites (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and fecal microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing) were analyzed. Ten MCs were identified: LP + UMB + ENP (22.7%), LP + UMA + ENP (21.3%), LP + UMA + EP (16.7%), LP + UMB + EP (16%), LNP + UMA + ENP (11.3%), LNP + UMB + ENP (5.3%), LNP + UMA + EP (3.3%), LNP + UMB + EP (2%), LNP + UM0 + EP (0.7%), and LNP + UM0 + ENP (0.7%). Sex, BMI, and age did not affect the distribution of metabotypes or MCs. Multivariate analysis (MaAslin2) revealed genera differentially present in individual metabotypes and MCs. Network analysis (MENA) showed the taxa acting as module hubs and connectors. Compositional and functional profiling, alpha and beta diversities, topological network features, and GM modulation by the nutraceutical differed depending on whether the entire cohort or each MC was considered. The nutraceutical did not change the composition of LP + UMA + EP (the most robust GM with the most associated functions) but increased its network connectors. This pioneering approach, joining GM's compositional, functional, and network features in polyphenol metabolism, paves the way for identifying personalized GM-targeted strategies to improve polyphenol health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to characterize the quality and bioactive compounds from five cultivars grown in Mexico´s northern region: Heritage, Summit, Harvest, and red and yellow Autumn. The physicochemical characteristics, DPPH anti-radical capacity, total phenolics, flavonoid and anthocyanins, polyphenolic profile, and ascorbic acid levels of the raspberries were assessed. The Harvest cultivar presented the highest weight and firmness and the lowest yield, total phenolics, and flavonoids. The yellow Autumn Bliss contained higher concentrations of polyphenols and ascorbic acid, and the red Autumn Bliss contained higher concentrations of flavonoids and anthocyanins and possessed a greater antioxidant capacity. The polyphenol profile indicated the presence of seven phenolic acids, namely, ellagic, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, hydroxybenzoic, and protocatechuic acids; and four flavonoids, namely, catechin, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, and rutin; these compounds were present in all the varieties, except for rutin, in yellow Autumn Bliss. The results of this study highlight the most valuable raspberry cultivars in terms of weight and firmness (Harvest), yield (Heritage), polyphenols and ascorbic acid (yellow Autumn Bliss), and anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (red Autumn Bliss) in raspberries grown in northern Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of various processing techniques (canning, freezing, and drying) and storage period on polyphenols and antiproliferative activity of different apricot varieties were evaluated. Evaluation of phenolic compounds by HPLC revealed that amongst various processed samples, canned apricots recorded highest ellagic acid (15.8 mg/Kg DW), gallic acid (7.9 mg/Kg DW), epicatechin(21.6 mg/Kg DW), epigallocatechin (15.3 mg/Kg DW), rutin (10.2 mg/Kg DW), contents followed by frozen and dried apricots (p <.05). The phenolic compounds decreased significantly in all varieties as the storage period advanced. Antiproliferative properties of methanolic extracts of different apricot varieties on brain cancer cells revealed that inhibition of cell proliferation was observed when 50 μl of the extract was used compared to 10 μl and 50 μl methanol control. Among the varieties, CITH‐1 showed the highest cell proliferation inhibition. During processing antiproliferative activity of apricot samples increased and amongst processing methods canned apricots showed the highest activity. Practical applications: Due to the rise in health‐conscious consumers in recent times, the consumption of fruits rich in functional components has increased. For this reason, it is important to study the processing techniques that can help in retention as well as the stability of these health‐promoting molecules over a period of time. Canning, freezing, and drying are capable processing techniques for shelf life extension of apricots. In this perspective, this study investigated the effect and efficiency of these processing techniques on polyphenols and antiproliferative activity of apricots. Results revealed that these processing techniques have potential applications for retention of polyphenols and shelf‐life extension of perishable fruits like apricots and thus can be potential techniques for industrial utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irvingia gabonensis, also known as 'bush mango', is a multipurpose fruit tree, native to tropical Africa. It is a priority indigenous fruit tree in western and central Africa since its wood is used for making utensils and fruits are mostly used as food and medicine. The objective of this work is to provide an updated review of the available knowledge about physicochemical characteristics of I. gabonensis fruit in order to evaluate its potential use in the food industry. The fruit mesocarp contains various phytochemicals and ascorbic acid concentration higher than some vitamin C rich fruits, then it is consumed fresh or dried, used to produce juice and wine, or as a flavourant. I. gabonensis fruit kernel is rich in oil (63%–69% crude fat), mainly composed of myristic and lauric acids. Its triacylglycerol composition and, resultantly, melting curve and polymorphism indicate an aptitude for diverse applications, as it is solid at room temperature. Forty-one phenolic compounds were identified in the seeds and derived extracts and supplements, being ellagic acid and its derivates the most present. This review enhances our knowledge about nutritional content and health benefits of I. gabonensis whole fruit, especially its pulp and seed, evidencing the need for safer and more efficient production of value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, legume production is increasing as the world population but its consumption is declining due to dietary habit changes. Industry is finding new uses of legumes and creating new foods with a positive effect on health and well-being of humans. Key components in legume (like protein, soluble and insoluble fibre, resistant starch, and bioactive polyphenols) make beans suitable for a wide range of food product applications. The main phenolic compounds present in legume flours are flavonoids. The study is focused on determination of bioactive compounds content in seeds of four varieties of common bean. The samples of plant material were collected from the area of Piešťany (Slovakia). The samples of common bean seeds were homogenized and a methanolic extract was prepared. These extracts were used for analyses. The total content of polyphenols was determined spectrophotometrically and the content of individual phenolic by using the RP-HPLC/DAD method. The content of risky metals in samples was determined using the AAS method. TPC in studied varieties of common bean were determined in the range from 2156.87 mg.kg-1 (NEGRA) to 1362.70 mg. kg-1 (ZENIT). Highest concentration of phenolic acids was determined in ellagic acid, where the average value was 0.21845 mg.kg-1 DM (dry matter) and the lowest in trans-caffeic acid, with the average value 0.02380 mg.kg-1 DM. Highest concentration of flavonoids was determined in vitexin, where the average value was 0.02480 mg.kg-1 DM and the lowest in kaempferol, with the average value 0.00545 mg.kg-1 DM. Highest macro elements amount was determined in white beans. For potassium it was 12277 mg.kg-1 (ZENIT) and the lowest was in manganese, and it was 10.70 mg.kg-1 (RUBIN) in red beans. From the analyzed varieties we have found that they are important source of polyphenol substances with a demonstrable bioactive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results: The orange peelwaste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68 mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2 × 107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion: The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in colour and solubilisation of extract, polyphenols and ellagitannins were studied in wine spirit in new oak casks over a period of 23 years. Ellagitannins and oak colour were solubilised during the early years of maturation. After five years, the concentration of ellagitannins decreased markedly, while colour increased, although at a lower rate. Ellagitannins were oxidised into coloured polymers and hydrolysed into ellagic acid. The dry extract, containing polysaccharides, polyphenols and lignin, increased throughout maturation, growing quickly during the early years and slowly thereafter. In a model solution, ethanol exhibits a strong solvent effect. For higher concentrations (50% v/v and more), the extraction of colour was faster, and was typically dark yellow/brown with a red tone, attributable in part to the solubilisation of lignin and lignin by‐products. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical application of methotrexate (MTX), an efficacious cytotoxic drug, is restricted due to its associated liver toxicity. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenol, possesses hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: The present study seeks to address the hepatoprotective effects of Ellagic acid (EA) against MTX-mediated oxidative stress (OS) and widen our current knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of MTX toxicity. Methods: Wistar rats were orally given EA (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) for 10 successive days and at the end of the third day they were administered a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg i.p). Results: After performing biochemical analysis, liver enzymes and malondialdehyde were significantly higher in the MTX group, indicating hepatic oxidative damage. MTX-induced OS was further confirmed with observation of events such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, mitochondrial outer membrane potential decrease, mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release and caspase-3/9 increase, resulting in apoptosis. Furthermore, overexpression of pro-inflammatory factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) indicated the MTX-induced inflammation in MTX-treated group. Interestingly, EA was able to significantly prevent OS, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and inflammation induced by MTX. Also, EA-treated rats demonstrated significant upregulation of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which were considerably downregulated in MTX-treated rats. Conclusions: EA protects rats against MTX-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction via up-Regulating Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, EA may protect patients against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and encourage its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punicalagin and ellagic acid are the major polyphenols present in pomegranate peels. The contents of α‐punicalagin, β‐punicalagin, and ellagic acid in the pomegranate peels were approximately 75, 72, and 20 µM, respectively. The reactions of polyphenols in pomegranate peels with sodium nitrite under simulated stomach conditions were studied. The reactions decreased the polyphenolic contents of the pomegranate peels and accompanied the formation of nitroso compounds. The oxidation rates followed the order ellagic acid ＜α‐punicalagin ≈ β‐punicalagin. The results suggested that the reactions can occur in the stomach after a meal, while the pH changes from 2 to 4.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagitannin-derived ellagic acid (EA) and colonic metabolite urolithins are functional dietary ingredients for cancer prevention, but the underlying mechanism need elucidation. Mucin-type O-glycosylation, initiated by polypeptide N -acetyl-α-galactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-Ts), fine-tunes multiple biological processes and is closely associated with cancer progression. Herein, we aim to explore how specific tannin-based polyphenols affect tumor behavior of colorectal cancer cells (CRC) by modulating O-glycosylation. Utilizing HPLC-based enzyme assay, we find urolithin D (UroD), EA and gallic acid (GA) potently inhibit ppGalNAc-Ts. In particular, UroD inhibits ppGalNAc-T2 through a peptide/protein-competitive manner with nanomolar affinity. Computational simulations combined with site-directed mutagenesis further support the inhibitors' mode of action. Moreover, lectin analysis and metabolic labelling reveal that UroD can reduce cell O-glycans but not N -glycans. Transwell experiments prove that UroD inhibits migration and invasion of CRC cells. Our work proves that specific tannin-based polyphenols can potently inhibit ppGalNAc-Ts activity to reduce cell O-glycosylation and lead to lowering the migration and invasion of CRC cells, suggesting that disturbance of mucin-type O-glycosylation is an important mechanism for the function of dietary polyphenols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Polyphenols were extracted from vine wastes by conventional and alternative heatings. • Ethanol-water percentage, temperatura and time were optimized by experimental design. • Microwave assisted extraction was more efficient for polyphenols extraction. • High concentrations of apigenin and ellagic acid were obtained from vine waste. Abstract Polyphenol compounds from vine pruning residue (VPR) were extracted by conventional heating and microwave-assisted treatments. For each treatment, total phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity were optimized by experimental design. Maximal extraction of polyphenolic compounds (2.17 g/100 g VPR) was obtained at 80 °C, 120 min and 45% of ethanol by conventional heating, and 2.37 g/100 g of VPR were extracted by microwave-assisted process at 120 °C, 5 min and 60% of ethanol. Ellagic acid and apigenin were the predominant polyphenolic compounds in the extracts, achieving concentration of 68.65 and 208.23 mg/100 g VPR, respectively for conventional heating and 185.15 and 118.84 mg/100 g of VPR for microwave-assisted treatment. The results showed reduction of extraction time and energy consumption for microwave-assisted treatment leading to cost-effective technology for the extraction of polyphenol compounds. Furthermore, the results hereby compiled allow for the tailor-made extraction of specific high-value compounds from a renewable biomass as vine pruning residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum L. is one of the species enjoying growing interest due to its complex and unique chemical composition that encompasses the presence of anthocyanins, ellagic acid and ellagitannins, gallic acid and gallotannins, proanthocyanidins, flavanols and lignans. This combination is deemed responsible for a wide range of health-promoting biological activities. This study was focused on the analysis of flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolic acids in eight pomegranate varieties (Punica granatum) from Macedonia, in two consecutive years. Fruits from each cultivar were washed and manually peeled, and the juice was filtered. NaF (8.5 mg) was added to 100 ml juice as a stabilizer. The samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm and analyzed using an HPLC/DAD/MSn method that was optimized for determination of their polyphenolic fingerprints. The dominant anthocyanin in all pomegranate varieties was cyanidin-3-glucoside followed by cyanidin and delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside. From the results, it can be concluded that the content of anthocyanins was higher in 2016 compared to 2017. But in contrast, the total content of non-colored polyphenols was around 10 times lower in 2016 compared to the amount found in the same samples in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a popular fruit in tropical countries, can be consumed in natura or transformed into many products. Guava's processing waste (seed, peel, and pulp leftovers) can represent up to 30% of the fruit's volume. Evidence indicates that this fraction still holds a significant amount of antioxidant substances, such as phenolic compounds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition (total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, and condensed tannins), phenolic profile, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, modified DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of guava's pulp and waste extracts (GPE and GWE) obtained from guava's pulp and waste powders (GPP and GWP). The extraction was performed using a probe-type ultrasound for 2 min at 25 °C, using ethanol:water (30:70, v /v) as the solvent (15 mL for 1 g of sample). The phenolic profile of guava's powders and extracts was performed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. GPE showed the highest concentration of total phenolics (2348.3 mg GAE 100 g−1 by Folin-Ciocalteu and 518.00 mg GAE 100 g−1 by Prussian Blue), and the greater in vitro antioxidant activity among all the assays tested. On the other hand, GWE was found to hold a higher amount of flavonoids (1006.08 mg QE 100 g−1), flavonols (352.59 mg QE 100 g−1), and condensed tannins (1466.9 mg g−1). Overall, 37 phenolic compounds were identified among all the samples, with 14 compounds being reported for the first time for red guava. Ellagic acid was the major phenolic present in all samples. The results showed that guava's pulp and waste are a rich source of phenolics compounds and may be used as an ingredient for the development of functional foods. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Guava and its by-products are rich in flavonoids, flavonols, and condensed tannins. • Prussian Blue assay allows a more accurate estimate of the total phenol content. • 37 compounds were identified in guava and its by-products by LC-ESI-MS/MS. • 14 phenolic compounds are being reported for the first time in red guava. • Guava can be called a superfruit due to its concentration of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., belonging to the family Lythraceae and popularly known as ‘dedaleira’ and ‘mangava-brava,’ is a native tree of the Brazilian Cerrado , and its barks have been traditionally used as a tonic to treat inflammatory conditions, particularly related to gastric ulcers, wounds or fevers and various types of cancer. Aim of the study We have previously demonstrated the apoptogenic effects of the methanolic extract of L. pacari using various cancer cell lines. In the present study, this extract has been partitioned into fractions to identify the components that might be responsible for the apoptogenic effects using HRT-18 cells, which have been previously demonstrated to be sensitive to this extract. Materials and methods A standard methanolic extract was prepared and fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography. The fractions were submitted to cytotoxicity and clonogenic assays to monitor the effects in parallel with LC-DAD-MS and statistical analyses to suggest the potential bioactive compounds. Results Besides ellagic acid, the primary constituent of the plant and also the biomarker of the species, punicalin, pedunculagin and punicalagin isomers, catechin and ellagic acid derivatives were putatively identified. Conclusions The barks of L. pacari are rich in ellagic acid and various hydrolysable tannins, some of which were reported for the first time in this species, such as punicalagin and ellagitannins. This mixture of substances had the ability to kill proliferating cells and abrogate the growth of clonogenic cells in a similar manner shown by the methanolic extract of our previous study. The collective data reported herein suggest that the biological activities of the L. pacari barks used by population to treat cancer conditions are due to the apoptogenic effects promoted by a mixed content of ellagitannins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagic acid is a botanical polyphenol which has been shown to have numerous effects on cellular function. Ellagic acid can induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell types in vitro and in vivo . As such, ellagic acid has attracted significant interest as a potential chemotherapeutic compound. One mechanism by which ellagic acid has been proposed to affect cellular physiology is by regulating metabolic pathways. Here we show the dose-dependent effects of ellagic acid on cellular energy production and downstream induction of the apoptotic program in HEK293, HeLa, MCF7, and HepG2 cells. At physiologically relevant doses, ellagic acid has pleiotropic and cell-type specific effects on mitochondrial function. At high doses ellagic acid can also influence glycolytic pathways and induce cell death. Our results demonstrate that ellagic acid can influence mitochondrial function at therapeutically relevant concentrations. The observed effects of ellagic acid on cellular respiration are complex and cell type-specific, which may limit the chemotherapeutic utility of this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphala is a well-known prescription in Indian Ayurveda and TCM medicine for its great effect on gingivitis and hyperlipidemia. However, its solution is unstable for the containing of excessive polyphenol, leading to the production of sediment in the short term and the decrease of efficacy. Based on the analysis of sediment formation, a novel control strategy is proposed. To conduct the analysis, the sediment formation was recorded for a consecutive five days. The changes in the composition of the supernatant and the sediment were studied by the HPLC profile analysis. The main components of the sediment were identified as corilagin, ellagic acid and gallic acid, and the amount of ellagic acid sediment increased with the storage time. Then, with a series of pH status adjustments of the Triphala solution, the physical and chemical stabilities were acquired by Turbiscan and HPLC respectively. The results showed that as the pH value increased, so did the physical stability, but the particle size and TSI of the association decreased. While the fingerprint of chemical profile similarity decreased, so did the chemical stability. Combining physical and chemical stability parameters, an equilibrium point was found out. When the pH value was adjusted to 5.0, both the physical and chemical stabilities were better: the verification test showed that the sedimentation inhibition rates on the 3rd, 5th,10th and15th days were 41%, 55%, 41%, and 23%, respectively. This manuscript provided a new control strategy that will pique pharmaceutical and food development engineers’ interest and trigger research ideas controlling the quality of decoction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most common model for multiple sclerosis, is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the central nervous system and demyelination. Previous studies have demonstrated that administration of some polyphenols may reduce the neurological alterations of EAE. In this work, we show that ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound, is beneficial in EAE, most likely through stimulation of ceramide biosynthesis within the brain. EAE was induced in Lewis rats by injection of guinea-pig spinal cord tissue along with Freund's complete adjuvant containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Clinical signs first appeared at day 8 post-immunization and reached a peak within 3 days, coincident with reduction of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the cortex. Sphingolipids, the other major components of myelin, also decreased at the acute phase of EAE, both in the cerebral cortex and in the spinal cord. In rats receiving ellagic acid in the drinking water from 2 days before immunization, the onset of the disease was delayed and clinical signs were reduced. This amelioration of clinical signs was accompanied by sustained levels of both MBP and sphingolipid in the cortex, without apparent changes in infiltration of inflammatory CD3+ T-cells, microglial activation, or weight loss, which together suggest a neuroprotective effect of ellagic acid. Finally, in glioma and oligodendroglioma cells we demonstrate that urolithins, the ellagic acid metabolites that circulate in plasma, stimulate the synthesis of ceramide. Together these data suggest that ellagic acid consumption protects against demyelination in rats with induced EAE, likely by a mechanism involving sphingolipid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]